Loading, please wait....

INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS

ENGLISH Literature DepartmentYogyakarta State of University

DZAKI JABBAR MAHDI (16211144004)

MEIDIANA SUYONO (16211141035)

WIDYA AYU JATIKUSUMA (16211144019)

Definition of morphology Morphemes : free vs bound, lexical vs

functional, inflectional vs derivational Morphs and allomorphs

Word formations

Contents

WHAT IS MORPHOLOGY ?

Morphology

Is the study of investigating basic forms in language. Used to describe the types of investigation that analyzes all

those basic “elements” used in a language. “elements” in the form of a linguistic message are technically

known as “morphemes”.

Morpheme Definitions

It is the linguistic terms for the most elemental unit of grammatical form (2003 : 76), it means that morphemes are the minimal units of linguistic form and meaning and how they make up word.

• Ingo Plag (2003) says, “Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit.”

• Hanafi (2003) states that morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of an utterance.

• Morpheme is the smallest difference in the shape of a word that correlates with the smallest difference in a word or sentence meaning or in grammatical structure. (Katamba: 1993)

BOUND MORPHEMES

A bound morpheme is a morpheme (or word element) that cannot stand alone as a word. Bound morphemes are also referred to as affixes. Affixes (prefixes, suffixes, infixes, circumfixes).

There are two main types of bound morphemes :

Derivational to make new words or to make words of a different grammatical category from the stem. Ex : ImpossibleIm- deriv.Possible – root wordthe verb teach become teacher if we add the derivational morpheme –er.

VS

Inflectional to indicate aspects of the grammatical function of a word.

Ex : StoppedStop- root word -ed –

inflectional (past tense)

An inflectional morpheme never changes the grammatical category of a word.

old and older are adjectives

FREE MORPHEMEScan stand on its own. (root words and function words)

Lexical (content words) Noun (Boy & girl) Adverb (quickly) Adjectives (beautiful) Verb (walk)

Function (grammatical)

Pronoun (I, you, we, they, them, my, who, etc) Conjunction (and, but, however, yet)

Preposition (to, buy, from)

Article (a, an, the)

Morphs & Allomorphs

Morph is the phonetic realization of a morpheme which study the unit of form, sounds and phonetic symbol.

a. Lexical morph is the morph that denote directly objects actions, qualities and other pieces of real word (ex : table, dog, walk, etc.)

b. Grammatical morph is the morph that has been modifiying  the meaning of the lexical morphs by adding a certain element to them. (ex : un-, -able, re-, -d, in-, -ent, -ly, -al, -ize, -a-, -tion, anti-, dis-, -ment, -ari-, -an, -ism)

Example :The word/morpheme disbelieve has a phonetic symbol /dIsbI’li:v/morphsDis /dIs/Believe /bI’li:v/So, every phonetic symbol of morpheme is called morph

A morpheme may display allomorphy that have more than one form, each of the forms of a particular morpheme is called an allomorph. For example :

/z/ dogs, sods, slabs. /s/ bits, tips, tacks. /&z/ sneezes, bosses, fishes.

Allomorph is variant form of morpheme about the sounds and phonetic symbols but it doesn’t change the meaning. Phonologically conditioned allomorph

The choice of allomorph is predictable on the basis of the pronounciationAllomorph of the indefinite article : an (before vowels, ex : an elephant) and a (before consonant, ex : a dog) both of them have meaning one,single. Allomorphs of the regular past tense morpheme/id/ after d,t : hated/t/ after all other voiceless sounds : picked/d/ after all other voiced sounds : wedged/im/ before bilabial sounds : impossible/il/ before consonant /l/ : illegal/in/ elsewhere : independent

Morphologically conditioned allomorphThe choice of allomorph is determined by particular morphemes, not just by their pronounciation, ex : the morpheme –sume in changes to –sumpt- in (consume = consumption).

Lexically conditioned allomorphThe choice of allomorph is unpredictable, thus memorized on a word by word basis, ex : ox –plural- oxen, sheep-plural- sheep.

Example :

Three different allomorphs Cats /s/Dogs/z/Boxes/iz/

One allomoprhDisagreement /dis/Discount /dis/Disbelieve /dis/

Two different allomorphsLoved /d/Voiced /d/Walked /t/Stopped /t/Kicked /t/

Note : allomorph occur at every morpheme, ex : agree (one morpheme, one allomorph)So, allomorph is variant form of a morpheme about the sounds and phonetic symbol but it doesn’t change the meaning. Allomorph has different in pronounciation and spelling according to their condition. It means that allomorph will have different sound, pronounciation or spelling in different condition.