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Elements of headstone and cemetery monument design (according to Australian Standards AS 4204 Headstones and cemetery monuments & AS 4425 Above-ground burial structures)
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BCF3040A
AS 4204-1994 Headstones and cemetery monuments
AS 4425-1996 Above-ground burial structures
BCF30600 Certificate 3 in Stonemasonry
AS 4204-1994 Headstones & cemetery monuments
Planning Monumental Construction
Fig 1.1 Monumental components
pier footing
ashlar kerb
ledger
pier
pillar dowel
cramp
headstone
base
Plot IDAS 4204-1994 Headstones & cemetery monuments
Plot identification1.6: Each monument shall be indelibly & legibly identified in accordance with the requirement of the cemetery authority
AS 4204-1994 Headstones & cemetery monuments
1.4.13a Granite Commercial definition
Texture: •Visibly granular
•Typically homogenous
•May be gneissic (small-grains) or porphyritic (larger crystals set in a fine-grained groundmass)Composed of:•Quartz
•Feldspars
•One or more mafic (dark) minerals)AS 4204-1994 Headstones & cemetery monuments
1.4.13b Granite Scientific definition
Visibly granular
•Crystalline
•Igneous rock
Equiangular or inequiangular texture
•Usually two feldspars and quartz
•Sometimes only one feldspar and one quartz
AS 4204-1994 Headstones & cemetery monuments
1.4.13c Granite Black granite
Dark-coloured igneous rocks:
•Anorthosite
•Basalt
•Diabase
•Diorite
•Gabbro
•Norite
While mineralogical and chemical compositions of these rocks are very different from those of
true granites, black granites may be satisfactorily used as commercial granite
AS 4204-1994 Headstones & cemetery monuments
1.4.27 SandstoneSedimentary rocks composed of mineral & rock fragments•Sand particle size 0.6mm – 2mm
•Displaying distinct bedding features
•Fractures around (not through) the constituent grains
•Grains are bonded by various minerals:
•Silica
•Clay
•Carbonates
•Iron oxides
AS 4204-1994 Headstones & cemetery monuments
Appendix C Marble
AS 4204-1994 Headstones & cemetery monuments
One of a variety of compositional & textural types•Pure carbonate
•White marble
•No carbonate
•Serpentine ‘marble’
•Verdite
•Chlorite
AS 4204-1994 Headstones & cemetery monuments
Appendix C MarbleInterlocking texture & a range of grain size from cryptocrystalline – 5mm•Marble
•Calcite
•Dolomite
•Distinctive crystalline texture caused by metamorphic process
•Limestone marble
•Compact, dense limestone
•Takes a polish
•Marketed as marble
AS 4204-1994 Headstones & cemetery monuments
Appendix C Slate Microcrystalline metamorphic rock
•Derived from shale
•Composed mainly of:
•Micas
•Chlorite
•Quartz
•Micaceous minerals have a subparallel orientation
•Impart strong cleavage to the rock
•Can be split into thin, tough sheets
Table 2.2 Minimum stone thickness
AS 4204-1994 Headstones & cemetery monuments
3.3.3 Soil descriptions
3.3.3.1 Sands & gravels
3.3.3.2 Clays
(a) Medium sand or gravel
(b) Dense sand or gravel
(a) Firm clay
(b) Stiff clay
(c) Very stiff clay
AS 4204-1994 Headstones & cemetery monuments
3.3.3 Soil descriptions
(3.3.3.1a) Medium sand or gravel
i. Can be removed by vigorous shovelling
ii. 50mm wooden square post can be driven into it (with some difficulty) using a hammer not exceeding 5kg
AS 4204-1994 Headstones & cemetery monuments
3.3.3 Soil descriptions
(3.3.3.1b) Dense sand or gravel
i. Sand or gravel requiring picking for removal
ii. Offers high resistance to penetration by excavating tools
AS 4204-1994 Headstones & cemetery monuments
3.3.3 Soil descriptions
(3.3.3.2a) Firm clay i. May be penetrated by the thumb up to 50mm
AS 4204-1994 Headstones & cemetery monuments
3.3.3 Soil descriptions
(3.3.3.2b) Stiff clay i. Readily indented by the thumb
ii. Penetrated by the thumb only with great effort
AS 4204-1994 Headstones & cemetery monuments
3.3.3 Soil descriptions
(3.3.3.2c) Very stiff clay
i. Readily indented by the thumbnail
AS 4204-1994 Headstones & cemetery monuments
AS 4204-1994 Headstones & cemetery monuments
Minimum footing requirements
AS 4204-1994 Headstones & cemetery monuments
Minimum footing requirements
This footing design is suitable for:
Headstone & part canopy (max 3 tonnes)
Canopy type (max 4 tonnes)
Other types (not greater than 4 tonnes)
AS 4204-1994 Headstones & cemetery monuments
Minimum footing requirements
Bored piers of ‘D’ diameter must extend ‘F’ distance below the grave depth
Figure 3.1: Depending on soil type and weight of monument,
Note: Centrally placed
Y12 bar
AS 4204-1994 Headstones & cemetery monuments
Commission headstone
Commission headstones are made from white marble
Smooth rubbed to a fine finish
Personal inscription not more than 70 letters
Concrete lawn pedestal
AS 4204-1994 Headstones & cemetery monuments
‘Dutchstool’
Commission headstone
AS 4204-1994 Headstones & cemetery monuments
Front view of Dutchstool
Bronze plaque
AS 4204-1994 Headstones & cemetery monuments
Bronze plaque concrete pedestal
AS 4204-1994 Headstones & cemetery monuments
Surface must be cast free from voids
Stone or concrete pedestal
AS 4204-1994 Headstones & cemetery monuments
Location holes for rag bolts in bronze plaque
Stone or concrete pedestal
AS 4204-1994 Headstones & cemetery monuments
Top view of pedestal
Front view
Stone or concrete pedestal
AS 4204-1994 Headstones & cemetery monuments
Sectional view of pedestal
Standard full grave cover
AS 4204-1994 Headstones & cemetery monuments
Standard full grave cover
AS 4204-1994 Headstones & cemetery monuments
Longitudinal section
Standard full grave cover
AS 4204-1994 Headstones & cemetery monuments
Top view
Standard full grave cover
AS 4204-1994 Headstones & cemetery monuments
Pedestal
Standard full grave cover
AS 4204-1994 Headstones & cemetery monuments
Sectional view of pedestal and grave cover
Standard full grave cover
AS 4425-1996 Above-ground burial structures
Front view of grave
Types of crypts
AS 4425-1996 Above-ground burial structures
Types of crypts
AS 4425-1996 Above-ground burial structures
Crypt space dimensions
AS 4425-1996 Above-ground burial structures
Top view: singl
e
Top view: single couch
Crypt space dimensions
AS 4425-1996 Above-ground burial structures
Section A - A Section B - B
Cemetery symbolism
Some famous monuments
The Vietnam Veterans MemorialWashington DC
Maya Ying Lin, Designer
The Kentucky Vietnam Veterans MemorialFrankfort, Kentucky
Helm Roberts, Architect/Planner
The Martin Luther King Memorial
Seattle, WashingtonSculpture and fountain by
Robert KellyDedicated November 16,
1991
The USS Arizona Memorial at Pearl HarbourHawaii, USA
Alfred Preis, ArchitectDedicated in 1962
Slot-and-tab tombs in rural Georgia
bottom-up view headstone & footstone with shoulders to support top slab
top-down view
http://www.darkfiber.com/tomb/
The End