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MONOPOLISTIC COMPETITION
Prof. Prabha Panth,Osmania University,
Hyderabad
01/05/2023 Prabha Panth
Monopolistic Competition• Capitalist markets are neither pure monopoly nor
perfect competition.• Monopolist cannot fully stop competition, because
some rival firms will enter.• And perfect competition does not really exist, there
will always be some monopoly factors in it.• Therefore capitalist markets could have some features
of monopoly and some of perfect competition.• Joan Robinson and Edward Chamberlin called such a
market as “Monopolistic Competition.”2
01/05/2023 Prabha Panth
Characteristics
Monopolistic competition refers to a market organisation that has many sellers of a differentiated product.
Characteristics:1. Large number of buyers and sellers, but
less than in PC. 2. Sellers cannot influence each other in the market3. Differentiated products: heterogeneous – so each
seller is a monopolist for his brand. Price maker.
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01/05/2023 Prabha Panth
4. D-curve for each firm is downward sloping, high price elasticity as there are many substitutes.
5. U-shaped cost curves.6. Free entry and exit.7. High cross elasticity: Many substitutes, so if firm A’s price
increases, consumers shift to B.8. No industry, but a group of firms producing similar but
differentiated products.9. Advertisement costs are extra costs in this market.10. Firms do not anticipate or retaliate to other firms’ market
practices. Are independent of each other.11. Non-price competition
Characteristics
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Product Differentiation • Non homogeneous and differentiated products.• Real or perceived differences of products, but
same in actual purpose of use.• Differences could be due to:– External features, such as branding of commodity
or features such as packaging– Internal features such as colour, perfume, shape,
size, – Examples: soaps, tooth paste, cosmetics, shampoos,
ready made, textiles, confectionery
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01/05/2023 Prabha Panth
Short Run Equilibrium of a MC firm
• The firm is rational – wants to maximise its profits.• Faces a downward sloping D-curve for its product.• Price maker.• AC includes Selling Costs. Has to advertise to
attract consumers.• Chamberlin’s two heroic assumptions:
1. Symmetry in Demand: all firms have the same demand levels. All firms are of the same size.
2. Uniform costs: all firms have the same levels of cost – U-shaped cost curves
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Short Run Equilibrium
RC
0 Q
D = AR
MR
SAC
SMC
F
Q1
E P
C C1
ABNORMAL PROFITS
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Firms earn short run profits by using the conditions for profit maximisation: - 1) MC = MR2) MC rising
01/05/2023 Prabha Panth
Product Differentiation and Advertisement
• Short term profits earned through successful advertisements.
• Advertisement needed to show product differentiation and attract consumers.
• But in the long run, other firms also advertise, or bring in other innovations.
• Mono-comp firms tend to cluster together, to attract customers from each other, called the “spill over effect”:– E.g. restaurants, medical shops, mechanics, gold and
jewellery shops8
01/05/2023 Prabha Panth
Long Run Equilibrium
• In the long run the Mono-Comp firm faces three situations: With free entry, the market size of each firm
decreases, Selling costs increase, and Economies of scale
• In the long run, the MC firm will earn only normal profits.
• But at an output < PC, and with excess capacity.• Inefficiency in production.
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01/05/2023 Prabha Panth
Long Run Equilibrium
RC
0 Q
D = AR
MR
LACLMC
F
E P = AC
Q1
Normal Profit
Efficient level of Production
G
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01/05/2023 Prabha Panth
Long run equilibrium
• Demand curve is less steep, and market share of firms decrease due to entry of new firms.
• Demand curve of a firm will shift downwards due to entry of new firms,
• Given the long run costs, equilibrium output, OQ1 gives zero profit, for at E, LAC = AR.
• But minimum LAC is at G, the level of efficient production.• The firm stops production at E, which is the falling part of
the LAC curve• Hence the firm, though getting zero profit in the long run,
is not as efficient as a firm in perfect competition.
01/05/2023 Prabha Panth
PC Mon-Comp MonopolyNumber of firms Large nos Large nos < PC Single firm
Demand curve Horizontal straight line
Downward sloping (gentle)
Downward sloping (steep)
Elasticity - Infinity Elastic (- e > 1) Inelastic (- e < 1)
Price Price taker Price maker Price maker
Product Homogeneous Differentiated No substitutes
Entry Easy Easy BlockedShort run profits Possible yes yesLong run profits Normal profits Normal profits Abnormal profitsEfficiency and size Optimum Efficient
(minimum LRAC)Inefficient, > optimum (LRAC)
Inefficient, > optimum (LRAC)
Capacity use Full Capacity Excess capacity Excess capacity
Welfare to consumers
P = MC P > MC P > MC
01/05/2023 Prabha Panth
Selling Costs
• Selling costs include • Promotion expenses, • Packaging, and • Advertisement expenditure.• Free gifts,
• Through this the firms want to influence consumers’ demand.
• But it also leads to increase in their costs.• These costs are extra in Mono-comp as compared to
other markets.13
01/05/2023 Prabha Panth
Merits of Advertising
• Mono-comp firms show product differentiation through advertising.
• Merits of Advertisement: Information on new products, and
improvements in old products, Consumers made aware of better deals and
offers. Reduces asymmetric information between seller
and the consumer. Intensifies competition, innovation and efficiency
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01/05/2023 Prabha Panth
Demerits
• Manipulates consumer tastes, without conveying any useful information. (e.g. fashions, food and drink habits, new gadgets)
• Advertising may also try to create differentiation within products that are actually very similar.
• Advertising tries to make demand curves less elastic, and impedes competition.
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Demerits of Advertisement
• Product differentiation encourages brand loyalty, and makes consumers less price sensitive
• This then leads to a high mark up over marginal cost.
• Increases the ability of firms to charge more than marginal cost. Market power.
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01/05/2023 Prabha Panth
Demerits of Advertisement
• Heavy spending on advertising creates barrier to entry, as new firms also have to spend on advertising.
• Wasteful costs on advertisement.• Affects size and quality of the product.• Wrong and misleading information, harmful
effects not shown. (smoking, junk food, colas)• Unethical and dangerous ads.
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01/05/2023 Prabha Panth
Questions
Short Answers:1. What is meant by differentiated products? Why
is this necessary in Monopolistic Competitive?2. What are the extra costs of production borne by
a firm in monopolistic competition?3. How does a monopolistic competitive firm
achieve short run equilibrium?
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01/05/2023 Prabha Panth
Essay Questions:1. Compare Monopolistic competition to a) monopoly,
and b) perfect competition?2. Explain the long run equilibrium situation of a
monopolistic competitive firm. How does it differ from other markets?
3. What are selling costs? What are the advantages and disadvantages – to the firm and to the consumers?
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