Modern latin america

WAR IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY WAR IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY LATIN AMERICALATIN AMERICA

History 141 # 71154Student: B Lukas

Instructor: Dr. M Arguello

WHAT WERE THE CAUSES?WHAT WERE THE CAUSES?By Robert L. Scheina By Robert L. Scheina

RACE WAR RACE WAR IDEOLOGY OF INDEPENDENCE IDEOLOGY OF INDEPENDENCE SEPARATION VERSUS UNION SEPARATION VERSUS UNION BOUNDARY DISPUTES BOUNDARY DISPUTES WARS OF TERRITORIAL CONQUEST WARS OF TERRITORIAL CONQUEST

WHAT WERE THE CAUSES?WHAT WERE THE CAUSES? RACE WAR RACE WAR 1791-1804 The 1791-1804 The Haitian RevolutionHaitian Revolutionwas a period of conflict in was a period of conflict in

the French the French colonycolony of of Saint-Saint-DomingueDomingue, which culminated in the , which culminated in the elimination of elimination of slaveryslavery there and the founding of the there and the founding of the Haitian republicHaitian republic. .

Rapidly became an all-out race war when the third and largest Rapidly became an all-out race war when the third and largest racial element, the pure blacks, ultimately dominated. racial element, the pure blacks, ultimately dominated.

In 1791 the affranchis sought the liberties given to all citizens In 1791 the affranchis sought the liberties given to all citizens by the French Revolution. During the early years of the bloody by the French Revolution. During the early years of the bloody warfare, some wealthy plantation owners were able to escape warfare, some wealthy plantation owners were able to escape from Haiti with their slaves, contributing to the spread of race from Haiti with their slaves, contributing to the spread of race as a cause for conflict, particularly in neighboring Cuba. as a cause for conflict, particularly in neighboring Cuba. Conflicts in other areas of Latin America have also had racial Conflicts in other areas of Latin America have also had racial overtones, but none equaled the extremes of the Caribbean overtones, but none equaled the extremes of the Caribbean experience. experience.

WHAT WERE THE CAUSES?WHAT WERE THE CAUSES? RACE WAR RACE WAR Although hundreds of rebellions Although hundreds of rebellions

occurred in the occurred in the New WorldNew World during the centuries of slavery, during the centuries of slavery, only two, the only two, the American RevolutionAmerican Revolution that that began in 1776 and the Haitian began in 1776 and the Haitian revolution that began in 1791, revolution that began in 1791, were successful in achieving were successful in achieving permanent independence. permanent independence.

The Haitian Revolution is The Haitian Revolution is regarded as a defining moment regarded as a defining moment in the history of Africans in the in the history of Africans in the New World. New World.

WHAT WERE THE CAUSES?WHAT WERE THE CAUSES? IDEOLOGY OF INDEPENDENCE IDEOLOGY OF INDEPENDENCE Latin American wars for independence were an outgrowth of deep-Latin American wars for independence were an outgrowth of deep-

seated political, economic, and social frustrations. seated political, economic, and social frustrations. Events in Europe and North America were additional catalysts for Events in Europe and North America were additional catalysts for

independence, although not pervasive. independence, although not pervasive. The American Revolution (1775-1783), which had had the support of The American Revolution (1775-1783), which had had the support of

Spain, and the French Revolution (1789-1799) provided models. Spain, and the French Revolution (1789-1799) provided models. These influenced some of the privileged of the New World, the two These influenced some of the privileged of the New World, the two most important being Simon Bolivar of New Granada and Miguel most important being Simon Bolivar of New Granada and Miguel Hidalgo of Mexico. Hidalgo of Mexico.

Not all wars for independence within Latin America were against the Not all wars for independence within Latin America were against the European monarch. Some were caused by the heterogeneity within European monarch. Some were caused by the heterogeneity within the vast viceregal governments. For example, Asunci6n and its the vast viceregal governments. For example, Asunci6n and its surroundings had evolved very differently from Buenos Aires, the surroundings had evolved very differently from Buenos Aires, the viceregal capital. viceregal capital.

Another factor that caused regions within a viceregal colony to seek Another factor that caused regions within a viceregal colony to seek independence from the colonial seat of power was economic independence from the colonial seat of power was economic competition within that colony. competition within that colony.

WHAT WERE THE CAUSES?WHAT WERE THE CAUSES? SEPARATION VERSUS UNION SEPARATION VERSUS UNION During the colonial era, many administrative entities within During the colonial era, many administrative entities within

the Spanish colonial empire had been held together primarily the Spanish colonial empire had been held together primarily through their loyalty to the King; he was the glue. Formidable through their loyalty to the King; he was the glue. Formidable geographical barriers of mountains, jungles, deserts, rivers, geographical barriers of mountains, jungles, deserts, rivers, and vast distances created isolated pockets of population. and vast distances created isolated pockets of population. Once this European monarch had been forced to abandon his Once this European monarch had been forced to abandon his Latin American supporters, a prime issue became whether Latin American supporters, a prime issue became whether these vast but sparsely populated colonial entities would these vast but sparsely populated colonial entities would become a single nation or whether they would break up-become a single nation or whether they would break up-separation versus union. separation versus union.

The potential of the young nation breaking apart dominated The potential of the young nation breaking apart dominated Argentine politics and military operations for almost six decades Argentine politics and military operations for almost six decades (1816-61). Colombia was subjected to nearly eighty years of on-(1816-61). Colombia was subjected to nearly eighty years of on-again, off-again civil wars between Centralists and Federalists; again, off-again civil wars between Centralists and Federalists; between 1828 and 1871 some fifty revolts occurred. Liberal Jose between 1828 and 1871 some fifty revolts occurred. Liberal Jose Antonio Gamboa argued at the 1857 constitutional convention that Antonio Gamboa argued at the 1857 constitutional convention that Mexico's second most important problem (the Roman Catholic Mexico's second most important problem (the Roman Catholic Church being the first) was the potential of national disintegration Church being the first) was the potential of national disintegration because of a lack of identity. because of a lack of identity.

WHAT WERE THE CAUSES?WHAT WERE THE CAUSES? BOUNDARY DISPUTESBOUNDARY DISPUTES The poorly defined boundaries of the newly independent The poorly defined boundaries of the newly independent

nations caused wars. The Spanish king's inadequate nations caused wars. The Spanish king's inadequate knowledge of the geography transferred vast areas from one knowledge of the geography transferred vast areas from one administrative entity to another in attempts to improve administrative entity to another in attempts to improve political, social, and economic control. This gave almost every political, social, and economic control. This gave almost every post-independence Spanish-speaking nation some basis to post-independence Spanish-speaking nation some basis to claim lands also cherished by a neighbor. The colonial claim lands also cherished by a neighbor. The colonial boundaries in Spanish South America were particularly boundaries in Spanish South America were particularly complex because the continent had been administratively complex because the continent had been administratively reorganized in 1776, thus further confusing historical ties. reorganized in 1776, thus further confusing historical ties. Also, the kings of Spain and Portugal were occasionally at war Also, the kings of Spain and Portugal were occasionally at war during the colonial era and the same held true for their during the colonial era and the same held true for their colonies. Not surprisingly, a golden rule of Latin America colonies. Not surprisingly, a golden rule of Latin America power politics became: Relations between nations which power politics became: Relations between nations which share a common border are cool and those which do not are share a common border are cool and those which do not are warm. Boundary wars began immediately after the wars of warm. Boundary wars began immediately after the wars of independence and continued throughout the nineteenth independence and continued throughout the nineteenth century. century.

WHAT WERE THE CAUSES?WHAT WERE THE CAUSES? WARS OF TERRITORIAL CONQUEST WARS OF TERRITORIAL CONQUEST The post-independence wars of territorial conquest against The post-independence wars of territorial conquest against

the native Americans (the Indians) were an extension of the the native Americans (the Indians) were an extension of the colonial experience. Unassimilated tribes inhabited the colonial experience. Unassimilated tribes inhabited the more inhospitable regions throughout Latin America, and more inhospitable regions throughout Latin America, and the new nations conducted campaigns against these the new nations conducted campaigns against these Indians which continue in some places today. Indians which continue in some places today.

Only a few wars for territorial conquest were initiated within Only a few wars for territorial conquest were initiated within Latin America in the years following independence. True, a Latin America in the years following independence. True, a border dispute may have been the excuse to begin the border dispute may have been the excuse to begin the conflict, but in a war for territorial conquest, the aggressor conflict, but in a war for territorial conquest, the aggressor had aspirations from the beginning of winning land well had aspirations from the beginning of winning land well beyond any of those in dispute. The clearest example of beyond any of those in dispute. The clearest example of wars for territorial conquest were the United States wars for territorial conquest were the United States confrontations with Mexico (1835-48) and British expansion confrontations with Mexico (1835-48) and British expansion in Central America (1821-56). in Central America (1821-56).

The Second World,The Second World,by Dr. Parag Khannaby Dr. Parag Khanna

What is the “Second World” according to Dr. Parag Khanna?What is the “Second World” according to Dr. Parag Khanna? The term “The Second World” has fallen out.The term “The Second World” has fallen out. It used to mean countries of the socialist refer to those It used to mean countries of the socialist refer to those

countries in eastern Europe and central Asia, Latin countries in eastern Europe and central Asia, Latin America, the middle east and southeast Asia which are both America, the middle east and southeast Asia which are both rich and poor, developed and underdeveloped, postmodern, rich and poor, developed and underdeveloped, postmodern, and cosmopolitan and tribal, all at the same time.and cosmopolitan and tribal, all at the same time.

Not temporary state between third world and first, but a Not temporary state between third world and first, but a permanent condition in which winner and loser are chosen permanent condition in which winner and loser are chosen by collectives likes cities and corporations rather than by collectives likes cities and corporations rather than entire states.entire states.

Introduction

The second world,The second world,by Dr. Parag Khannaby Dr. Parag Khanna

The The North American North American Free Trade Free Trade AgreementAgreement or or NAFTANAFTA

It’s an agreement signed It’s an agreement signed by the governments of by the governments of CanadaCanada, , MexicoMexico, and the , and the United StatesUnited States, creating a , creating a trilateral trilateral trade bloctrade bloc in in North America. The North America. The agreement came into agreement came into force on January 1, 1994. force on January 1, 1994.

It superseded the It superseded the Canada – United States FrCanada – United States Free Trade Agreementee Trade Agreement between the U.S. and between the U.S. and Canada.Canada.

Part III, Chapter 15 Mexico: The Umbilical Cord


NAFTA NAFTA meant to propel Mexico into meant to propel Mexico into the first world but Jan 1, 1994 The the first world but Jan 1, 1994 The Zapatista national Liberation Army Zapatista national Liberation Army (EZLN) seized four southern (EZLN) seized four southern municipalities and assassinated two municipalities and assassinated two top leaders of the PRI party top leaders of the PRI party

Mexico is drifting away from Mexico is drifting away from dependency on one commodity. dependency on one commodity.

Once mainly an oil exporter but now Once mainly an oil exporter but now manufactured products account for manufactured products account for 80% of its exports.80% of its exports.

Public investment in hospitals Public investment in hospitals and schools is an afterthought.and schools is an afterthought.



Former Mayor of Mexico City, Andres Former Mayor of Mexico City, Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador built his Manuel Lopez Obrador built his reputation by creating social and food reputation by creating social and food support programs for elderly which support programs for elderly which lead to him running for the Mexican lead to him running for the Mexican presidency but lost by narrow margins.presidency but lost by narrow margins.

Mexicans have been continuously and Mexicans have been continuously and regularly protesting against the regularly protesting against the ridiculous high food prices for simple ridiculous high food prices for simple foods such as tortillas and other basic foods such as tortillas and other basic foods.foods.



2006 Mexican state of Oaxaca suffered months of brutal conflict 2006 Mexican state of Oaxaca suffered months of brutal conflict which involved armed gangs, police squads, and indigenous which involved armed gangs, police squads, and indigenous activists which ultimately destroyed its tourism industry.activists which ultimately destroyed its tourism industry.

Mexican Immigrants become a double-edged sword for United Mexican Immigrants become a double-edged sword for United States, they take jobs that they don’t want and work harder for States, they take jobs that they don’t want and work harder for longer hours, and also will do it for much cheaper. But also strain longer hours, and also will do it for much cheaper. But also strain underfunded education and health systems. underfunded education and health systems.

$16 Billion in Revenue from all 50 states is Mexico’s primary source $16 Billion in Revenue from all 50 states is Mexico’s primary source of national income. of national income.


Andrés Manuel López ObradorAndrés Manuel López Obrador Andrés Manuel López ObradorAndrés Manuel López Obrador was born was born

on November 13 1952 in the southern on November 13 1952 in the southern state of state of TabascoTabasco..

He ,known as He ,known as AMLOAMLO or or El PejeEl Peje, is a , is a MexicanMexican politician who held the position of politician who held the position of Head of Government of the Federal DistrictHead of Government of the Federal District (roughly, Mayor of Mexico City) from 2000 (roughly, Mayor of Mexico City) from 2000 to 2005.to 2005.

He joined the PRI in 1976 to actively He joined the PRI in 1976 to actively collaborate in collaborate in Carlos Carlos PellicerPellicer's campaign for 's campaign for a a senate seatsenate seat for Tabasco. A year later, he for Tabasco. A year later, he headed the headed the InstitutoInstituto IndigenistaIndigenista (Indigenous People's Institute) of his state. (Indigenous People's Institute) of his state.

In 1984, he relocated to Mexico City to In 1984, he relocated to Mexico City to work at the work at the InstitutoInstituto NacionalNacional del del ConsumidorConsumidor (National Consumers' (National Consumers' Institute), a Government agency. Institute), a Government agency.

Andrés Manuel López ObradorAndrés Manuel López Obrador López Obrador is rumored to be an López Obrador is rumored to be an

Evangelical ChristianEvangelical Christian or or PresbyterianPresbyterian, , which would be consistent with other which would be consistent with other natives from his home state but at natives from his home state but at odds with his image as a center-left odds with his image as a center-left politician. López publicly denied being politician. López publicly denied being a Protestant, and in a television a Protestant, and in a television interview he called himself a interview he called himself a Roman CatholicRoman Catholic..

López Obrador was president of López Obrador was president of the Institutional Revolutionary the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) in his home state. He Party (PRI) in his home state. He resigned his post working for the resigned his post working for the government of this state in 1988 to government of this state in 1988 to join the new dissenting left wing of join the new dissenting left wing of the PRI, then called the Democratic the PRI, then called the Democratic Current, led by Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas. Current, led by Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas. This movement formed the National This movement formed the National Democratic Front and later became Democratic Front and later became the Party of the Democratic the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD). Revolution (PRD).

López Obrador was president of López Obrador was president of the PRD from 2 August 1996 to 10 the PRD from 2 August 1996 to 10 April 1999.April 1999.

SOURCESSOURCES WHAT WERE THE CAUSES FOR WAR IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY WHAT WERE THE CAUSES FOR WAR IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY

LATIN AMERICA? By Robert L. Scheina LATIN AMERICA? By Robert L. Scheina The second world by Dr. Parag Khanna The second world by Dr. Parag Khanna WIKIPEDIA the Free Encyclopedia en.wikipedia.org WIKIPEDIA the Free Encyclopedia en.wikipedia.org Google Image Search www.google.comGoogle Image Search www.google.com

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Modern latin america