MemorySpecification:

• Types of long-term memory: episodic, semantic, procedural.

Memory

• Main problem with the multi-store model of memory is that it is a basic model of human memory.

• It is too simple.

• It cannot fully explain what we do with our memory.

Memory

• Case studies of patients with amnesia have provided evidence that LTM is not one single store.

• Retrograde amnesia: affects retrieval of information from LTM.

• Anterograde amnesia: affects the ability to transfer information from STM to LTM.

• H.M. had anterograde amnesia.

• He was unable to encode and transfer information from STM to LTM memory.

• His short-term memory was unaffected.

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• Clive wearing had anterograde amnesia and partial retrograde amnesia.

• He could not encode and transfer information from STM to LTM.

• He could not retrieve some autobiographical memories from LTM.

• He could retrieve complex music from LTM and play the piano from memory.

Memory

• This is evidence that LTM is made up of more than one memory store.

• It is evidence that there must be a memory store for autobiographical memories and a memory store for how to do things.

Memory

• Research has found that there are at least three LTM memory stores.

Memory: episodic memory

• Episodic memory.

• Autobiographical LTM store.

• Endel Tulving (1972)

Memory: semantic memory

• A LTM store for knowledge.

• A mental encyclopedia.

• Facts.

• Words.

• Concepts.

• Meanings.

Memory: procedural memory

• A LTM for learned tasks that do not require much conscious memory.

• Walking.

• Dressing.

• Riding a bike.

• Speech.

Types of LTM: evaluation

• Clinical evidence: case studies of patients with amnesia.

• H.M.

• Clive Wearing.

Types of LTM: evaluation

• Neuroimaging evidence.

• Studies using brain scans.

• PET scans: positron emission tomography.

• Brain scans have found that different parts of the brain store different types of LTM.

Types of LTM: evaluation

• Tulving (1989) found that episodic and semantic memories were recalled from the pre-frontal cortex.

• Right pre-frontal cortex: episodic memories.

• Left pre-frontal cortex: semantic memories.

Types of LTM: evaluation

• Real-life applications.

• The identification of different types of LTM and where they are stored in the brain has led to the development of treatment of memory loss.

Types of LTM: evaluation

• Complete the table ‘Types of LTM…….’

Types of LTM: evaluation

• Complete the types of LTM question sheet.