MITU – KUPFERSCHIEFER FORMATIONS:SIMILARITIESAND DIFFERENCES,

(PERU – POLAND)

MITU – KUPFERSCHIEFER FORMATIONS:SIMILARITIESAND DIFFERENCES,

(PERU – POLAND)

J. Pieczonka 1), S. Dunin-Borkowski , A. Piestrzyński 1), P. Lutyński 2), M. Wagner 1), A. Durand 3)

1) AGH-University of Science and Technology (Cracow, Poland)2) Amera Resources Corporation AMS-TSX-V (Vancouver, Canada)3) Resources de los Andes (Lima, Peru)

KupferschieferKupferschiefer –– PolandPoland

GENERALINFORMATION

• mining area 400 km2

• reserve area 500 km2

• depth of economic deposits 700-1250 m• average copper content 1.6-2.2 wt. %• copper reserves 32,000,000 t (1250 m)• silver reserves 86,000 t (1250 m)• average silver content 40-60 g/t of the ore• geological thickness 0.4-26 m• economical thickness above 0.8 m• annual copper production 520,000 t• annual silver production 1100 -1200 t• annual gold production 300-500 kg (20 t)

SR – Spessart-Rhon; R- Richelsdorf; S- Sangerhausen; M- Mansfeld; SW – Spremberg-Weisswasser;NP – deposits in North-Sudetic Trough (Konrad, Lena, Nowy Kościół); LS- Lubin-Sieroszowice

Geological cross-section through the Fore-Sudetic Monocline

A A AA A

... .. ... .

. .. ... .... ... .

.... . .. ..

. ...

... .

..

..

.

Per

mia

n Zec

hste

inR

otlie

gend

es

PZ1

PZ4

PZ2

PZ3

Wei

sslie

gend

esW

S

Lower Anhydrite

Zechstein LimestoneCa1

Kupferschiefer T1

Boundary Dolomite CaO

Zechstein Sandstone

Zechstein Conglomerate

Sandstone and ConglomeratesO

rese

ries

0

0,5

(m)

Sec

onda

ryO

xidi

zed

Sys

tem

(S.O

.S)

Hem

atiti

cP

atch

esG

old

Dep

osit

Hem

atite

Tran

sitio

nZ

one

(TZ)

Cop

perD

epos

it

COPER DEPOSIT GOLD DEPOSITCOPPER DEPOSIT GOLD DEPOSIT

100 m 100 m

400 m100 m

50 m 50 m

50 m 50 m

100 m

100 m

100 m

50 m 20 m

100 m 50 m

TOC [% wt.]

58000 60000 62000 64000 66000 68000 70000 72000 74000 76000 78000 80000 82000 84000 86000 88000 900006000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

20000

22000

24000

26000

28000

30000

32000

34000

36000

38000

scale 1:125 000

sampling pointslimi t of the mining area

1

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

60000 65000 70000 75000 80000 85000 90000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

0.75

0.8

0.85

0.9

0.95

1

1.05

1.1

1.15

1.2

1.25

1.3R [%]

Contour map of organic carbonreflectivity in shale, Kupferschiefer(kriging method)

scale 1:200 000

200 m

200 m

200 m

200 m

200 m

200 m

200 m

200 m

Hydrogenindex

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600

650

700

Br04-254/101 Br05-1003/113Br05-1124/112

Br05-1147/113Br05-1427/106

Br05-1479/104Br05-1480/108

Jm22-0006/105

Km11-0220/102

Km11-0276/1Km11-146/105

Km11-249/103

Km12-0001/107Km12-39s/105Km12-60s/104

Km16-0142/103Km16-160s/102

Ko01-0776/102

Ko06-1458/101

Ko11-2029/101

Ko11-2303/102Ko11-2410/102Ko11-2436/103

Ko11-2439/106

Ko12-0570/102

Ko12-740/103

Lu08-190/102

Lu08-566/101

Lu08-999/102

Lu09-569/103

Lu09-656/103

Lu09-727/102+103+104Lu09-765/102+103Lu10-203/105

Lu10-35/104Lu10-43/102

Lu13-1453/104

Lu13-1505/107

Lu13-1584/101+102 Lu14-281/101+102Lu14-291/102+103

Lu18-1359/103+104+105

Lu18-1374/101+102+103Lu18-711/103

Lu23-616/105Lu23-67/106

Lu23-670/102

Lu23-851/104Lu23-869/101+102+103

Mo01-340/108

Mo01-405/105Mo02-5012/105

Mo03-0290/109

Mo03-0607/107Mo03-0618/106Mo03-0857/1

Mo06-1071/106Mo06-690/108

Mo08-0451/105Mo09-0586/107

Mo09-0670/1

Mo11-2731/117

Mo13-1534/1

Mo22-2217/107Mo23-2187/110 Mo24-1282/1

Mo25-1372/104

Po02-2822/108Po02-2870/1

Po05-1536/102

Po10-0001/102

Po12-2504/110Po13-2496/109

Po13-2526s/1

Po17-2125/111Po17-2289/113

Po20-0195/103

Po20-0196/104Po20-0294/101

Po20-0302/101

Po20-0311s/1Pr18-0331/115Pr18-0367/114

PZ-13/2PZ-14/1

PZ-18/2PZ-19/2PZ-20/2

R-2a

R-4 sp¹g

Ra09-1028/108Ra09-364/113

Ra09-676/113

Ra10-337/110

Ra14-0274/113Ra19-0011/109

Ra19-84/112

S-214/sp¹g

S-64/sp¹gSr04-221/110

Sr09-815/109

Sr09-873/110

Sr10-3449/103Sr10-3484/105Sr10-3556/106Sr14-0979/106Sr14-0982/104Sr14-1071/104Sr14-1097/106Sr14-1103/106

Sr17-0036/108Sr17-0040/108Sr17-0070/109

Sr18-1725/106Sr18-1728/107Sr18-1741/109 Sr20-0822/116

SW8/97Co/³2

Sz05-1027/107Sz05-1154/102

Sz05-2140/104

Sz05-2207/104

Sz05-2246/108

Sz07-0054/118

Sz09-2041/106

Sz09-2063/109

Sz14-2051/111Sz14-2156/111Sz15-3678/107

Sz15-3780/110

Sz15-3781/110

Oxidationindex

Br04-254/101 Br05-1003/113Br05-1124/112

Br05-1147/113Br05-1427/106Br05-1479/104Br05-1480/108

Jm22-0006/105

Km11-0220/102

Km11-0276/1Km11-146/105

Km11-249/103

Km12-0001/107Km12-39s/105Km12-60s/104

Km16-0142/103Km16-160s/102

Ko01-0776/102

Ko06-1458/101Ko11-2029/101

Ko11-2303/102Ko11-2410/102Ko11-2436/103

Ko11-2439/106

Ko12-0570/102

Ko12-740/103

Lu08-190/102

Lu08-566/101

Lu08-999/102

Lu09-569/103

Lu09-656/103

Lu09-727/102+103+104Lu09-765/102+103 Lu10-203/105

Lu10-35/104Lu10-43/102

Lu13-1453/104

Lu13-1505/107Lu13-1584/101+102 Lu14-281/101+102

Lu14-291/102+103

Lu18-1359/103+104+105

Lu18-1374/101+102+103Lu18-711/103Lu23-616/105

Lu23-67/106

Lu23-670/102

Lu23-851/104

Lu23-869/101+102+103

Mo01-340/108

Mo01-405/105Mo02-5012/105

Mo03-0290/109Mo03-0607/107

Mo03-0618/106

Mo03-0857/1

Mo06-1071/106Mo06-690/108

Mo08-0451/105 Mo09-0586/107

Mo09-0670/1

Mo11-2731/117

Mo13-1534/1

Mo22-2217/107Mo23-2187/110 Mo24-1282/1

Mo25-1372/104

Po02-2822/108Po02-2870/1

Po05-1536/102

Po10-0001/102

Po12-2504/110Po13-2496/109

Po13-2526s/1

Po17-2125/111Po17-2289/113

Po20-0195/103

Po20-0196/104Po20-0294/101

Po20-0302/101

Po20-0311s/1Pr18-0331/115

Pr18-0367/114

PZ-13/2PZ-14/1

PZ-18/2PZ-19/2PZ-20/2

R-2a

R-4 sp¹g

Ra09-1028/108Ra09-364/113

Ra09-676/113

Ra10-337/110

Ra14-0274/113Ra19-0011/109

Ra19-84/112

S-214/sp¹g

S-64/sp¹gSr04-221/110

Sr09-815/109

Sr09-873/110

Sr10-3449/103Sr10-3484/105Sr10-3556/106Sr14-0979/106Sr14-0982/104Sr14-1071/104Sr14-1097/106Sr14-1103/106

Sr17-0036/108Sr17-0040/108Sr17-0070/109

Sr18-1725/106Sr18-1728/107Sr18-1741/109 Sr20-0822/116

SW8/97Co/³2

Sz05-1027/107

Sz05-1154/102

Sz05-2140/104

Sz05-2207/104

Sz05-2246/108Sz07-0054/118

Sz09-2041/106Sz09-2063/109

Sz14-2051/111Sz14-2156/111

Sz15-3678/107Sz15-3780/110

Sz15-3781/110

0

10

20

30

40

50

100

150

200

300

400

500

600

1- sandstone; 2 – Kupferschiefer shale; 3 – clay dolomite; 4 – streaky dolomite

1- sandstone; 2 – boundary dolomite; 3 – pitchy shale; 4 – carbonate-clay shale;5 – clay dolomite; 6- dolomite

1- sandstone; 2 – boundary dolomite; 3 – pitchy shale; 4 – carbonate-clay shale;5 – clay dolomite; 6- dolomite

PARAGENESESCopper deposit:

• Framboidal pyrite – digenite – bornite - galena• Chalcocite – digenite – djurleite – anilite – bornite - covellite• Bornite – chalcopyrite – galena - tennantite• Galena – sphalerite – pyrite - marcasite• pink-violet bornite – digenite - native silver - stromeyerite• Ag-amalgams – digenite – Cu-Ag-Hg-S and Cu-Ag-Hg-Fe-S• Molybdenite – digenite – covellite – blue remaining covellite –

castaingite• Chalcopyrite – idaite – covellite – blue remaining covellite• Digenite – rammelsbergite –gersdorffite – niccolite – covellite• electrum – covellite – digenite – Ni-Co arsenides, Pd-arsenides –

sobolevskite (PdBi), native Pd, (Au-PGM-enriched Ca-Fe phosphate);associated with boracite, native sulfur, thucholite (Kucha 1982, 1983,1999)

S isotopes

A A AA A

... .. ... .

. .. ... .... ... .

.... . .. ..

. ...

... .

..

..

.

Per

mia

n Zec

hste

inR

otlie

gend

es

PZ1

PZ4

PZ2

PZ3

Wei

sslie

gend

esW

S

Lower Anhydrite

Zechstein LimestoneCa1

Kupferschiefer T1

Boundary Dolomite CaO

Zechstein Sandstone

Zechstein Conglomerate

Sandstone and ConglomeratesO

rese

ries

0

0,5

(m)

Sec

onda

ryO

xidi

zed

Sys

tem

(S.O

.S)

Hem

atiti

cP

atch

esG

old

Dep

osit

Hem

atite

Tran

sitio

nZ

one

(TZ)

Cop

perD

epos

it

COPER DEPOSIT GOLD DEPOSITCOPPER DEPOSIT GOLD DEPOSIT

Secondaryoxidizedstage(SOS),TransitionZoneandCopperdepositparameters

SOS -Audeposit TZ CudepositLithology S Ks W-d S Ks W-d S Ks W-dsulfides abundant present veryrichhematite present,coarsegrains abundant,dispersed abundantFeO% 0.17 0.18 0.17-1.08 0.53 0.67 0.55 058Fe203% 2.14 5.0-8.7 3.2 1.5 3.09 0.53 0.98 0.75Cu% 0.01 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.15 2.0 10.0 1.5Auppm 0.01-

1100.5-101 0.012-1.499 0.01-4.264 0.01-71.29 0.004-13.13 0.137 0.013 0.048

Pt+Pdppm 0.007-0.8

0.5-2.92 0.008-1.332 0.004-0.10 0.005-3.76 0.004-0.308 0.014 0.018 0.008

Agppm 0.4 1.2-1.9 n.a. n.a 0.4-9.2 7.5 40 164 63Uppm 1.7 7.3-15.6 n.a. n.a. 7-14 2.8 13.0 25.9 5.3Thppm 1.8 5-13 n.a. n.a. 7-14 7.3 1.3 1.5 3.7Vppm 48 1000 n.a. n.a. 1100-1400 62 65 1106 151TOC% 0.1 0.08-0.4 n.a. n.a 0.4-1.7 0.15 0.40 7.32 0.78Fe2O3/TOC 21 12-87 1.1-1.7 1.3 0.8 0.96

Golddeposit :

• gold - hematite - covellite - Fe-chalcocite

• gold - electrum - digenite - bornite

• electrum - chalcocite - bornite - chalcopiryte - clausthalite

PARAGENESES

DEFINITIVECHARACTERISTICSOFTHE REDBED-TYPEDEPOSIT:

• basin-wide (tens of square kilometers) distribution of the Au-Pt-Pd, dispered character of mineralization

• association of gold and hydrotermal hematite

• the presence of redox barrier containing copper sulphides depositon the reduce side and gold mineralization within the red,secondary oxided sediments (SOS)

• the correlation of platinum and palladium with maximum goldconcetration is restricted only to the maroon variety of theKupferschiefer. No other PGM’s were observed in the deposit.

SEDIMENTATION

DIAGENESIS

CuDEPOSIT

OXIDATION

REDUCTIONOXIDATION

FINALCRYSTALIZATION

COPPERREDISTRIBUTION

GOLDDEPOSIT

MituMitu –– PeruPeru

200 m 200 m

100 m 100 m

100 m 100 m

Characteristics of organic mater from Mitu Formation, Peru

TOC - total organic carbon contentOI - oxidation indexHI - hydrogen indexS1 - oil and gas yield mgHC/g rockS2 - residual hydrocarbon potential (mg HC/g of rock);S3 - (mg CO2/g rock);PI - production index S1/(S1 + S)2

Pucara limestone

100 m

100 m 100 m

100 m 100 m

100 m 100 m

100 m 100 m

100 m

100 m

100 m

100 m

100 m

100 m

100 m

100 m

100 m

100 m

100 m

100 m 100 m

SEDIMENTATION

DIAGENESIS

CuDEPOSIT

OXIDATION REDUCTION

FINALCRYSTALIZATION

zeolite-greenshist facies

Element(ppm)

426200 425207 425205 425204 425203 425202 425201 sandstone shale dolomite

Cu [%] 1.750 0.709 0.043 0.0102 9.302 2.831 8.950 3.340 11.920 2.450Zn 27 42 55 63 276 296 255 400 400 300Pb 2 28 16 20 336 36 142 180 1,300 1,400Ag 36 9 4 6 1,005 121 395 40 200 60Bi 16 40 28 56 12 3 7Co 14 10 35 36 14 12 6 19 100 40Ni 30 17 24 42 18 14 12 46 200 60Fe [%] 3.79 0.50 23.85 21.75 1.76 3.07 1.44 0.95 1,35 1.19Cr 3 1.5 3 1.5 30 24 18V 24 8 45 74 75 45 40 59 1,200 120Cd 1 6 4 7 7 1 6S [%] 2.34 3.34 1.68C org. [%] 0.06 0.016 0.17 0.71 0.32 7.32 0.78Au 0.011 0.011 0.018 0.012 0.013 0.009 0.008 0.095 0.005 0.077Hg 0.215 0.258 0.163 0.024 2.85 1.71 1.27 3.70 22.74 3.03Pd 0.117 0.062 0.091 0.032 0.247 0.097 0.104 0.076 0.0003 0.1334Pt 0.0034 0.0002 0.002 0.0005 0.0049 0.003 0.0024 0.0088 0.0005 0.0062Re 0.0004 0.0014 0.0018 0.0002 0.049 0.022 0.036 0.7462 15.105 0.4382Sb 0.109 0.073 0.97 0.121 0.302 0.124 0.854 0.4293 0.2017 0.1879As 30.2 752 46.1 7.27 168 27.5 321 121.48 312.27 119.74Se 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.87 0.02 0.02 2.3963 27.085 5.739Sn 0.143 0.069 0.068 0.071 0.141 0.181 0.119 0.4183 0.3174 0.2494Mo 1.21 0.658 1.46 0.937 126 11.4 27.6 72.659 199.43 34.291U 0.131 1.29 0.632 3.38 17.8 0.143 0.93 0.2846 5.7919 1.4058

80 80 80

Cu ore Cu ore Cu ore

Mitu formation, Peru Lubin deposit, Poland

Number ofanalyses

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS

Mitu KupferschieferGeology clastic sediments

bimodal volcanismshallow to deep see

sediments,bimodal volcanism

Stratigraphy Permian PermianLithology sandstone,

schistdolomiteblack shale,sandstone,

Microtectonic present presentOre minerals sulphides

oxides15 phases

sulphides,native alloysoxidesarsenidesthiosulphides140 phases

Structures of or minerals Dissemination disseminationOrganic matter present, two types present, two typesDiagenesis silification

albitizationsericitizationzeolitisationoxidation

dolomitizationsilificationoxidation

Temperature 150-210ºC 70-100ºCCu rich, potential deposit: 52 MtV low richS isotopes ? -15 to -45Ag high highAu low Low and high in oxides

sectionsPt+Pd low Low and high in oxides

sectionsTectonic position ? close to regional deep faultsGenesis hydrothermal hydrothermal

Mitu – Kupferschiefer: similarities and differences

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