ppt. by Robin D. Seamon

Microbiology 1: Cells & Processes

HOOK VIDEO: COSMOS Deeper, Deeper Still

C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S of L I F E

1. Made up of cells

2. Reproduce

3. Have DNA

4. Grow & Change

5. Metabolism: use materials & Energy to maintain homeostasis

6. Respond to stimuli

VIDEO: Introduction to Cells (3min)

VIDEO: Discovery Video- Cells (3:30)

SINGLE-CELLED ORGANISMS:

Prokaryotes- no nucleus or organelles

Bacteria

SINGLE-CELLED ORGANISMS:

Prokaryotes- no nucleus or organelles

Archaea

Halobacteria

C E L L T H E O R Y

1. All organisms composed of one or more cells

2. Cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms

3. All cells come from preexisting cells

VIDEO: Wacky History of Cell Theory (6 min)VIDEO: The operating system of life (4:00)

Robert Hooke: named the cell after observing cork through his microscope (like monks’ cells)

In time, scientists put together the Cell Theory

T O O L S

Compound Microscope: 1590 Zacharias Janssen- created this system of two lenses

1. Ocular (eyepiece)

2. Objective lens (closest to the specimen

VIEW SLIDES: LINKHow to USE A MICROSCOPE LINKHow to make a wet slide VIDEO

1. When focusing a specimen, you should always start with the coarse objective.2. When using the high power objective, only the fine focus knob should be used.3. The type of microscope used in most science classes is the light (compound) microscope.4. You should carry the microscope by the arm and the base.5. The objectives are attached to the revolving nosepiece that can be rotated to click lenses into place.6. A microscope has an ocular objective of 10x and a high power objective of 50x, what is the microscope's total magnification? ___500x___

Eyepiece Lens: the lens at the top that you look through. They are usually 10X or 15X power.Tube: Connects the eyepiece to the objective lensesArm: Supports the tube and connects it to the baseBase: The bottom of the microscope, used for supportIlluminator: A steady light source (110 volts) used in place of a mirror. If your microscope has a mirror, it is used to reflect light from an external light source up through the bottom of the stage.Stage: The flat platform where you place your slides. Stage clips hold the slides in place. If your microscope has a mechanical stage, you will be able to move the slide around by turning two knobs. One moves it left and right, the other moves it up and down.Revolving Nosepiece or Turret: This is the part that holds two or more objective lenses and can be rotated to easily change power.Objective Lenses: Usually you will find 3 or 4 objective lenses on a microscope. They almost always consist of 4X, 10X, 40X and 100X powers. When coupled with a 10X (most common) eyepiece lens, we get total magnifications of 40X (4X times 10X), 100X , 400X and 1000X. To have good resolution at 1000X, you will need a relatively sophisticated microscope with an Abbe condenser. The shortest lens is the lowest power, the longest one is the lens with the greatest power. Lenses are color coded and if built to DIN standards are interchangeable between microscopes. The high power objective lenses are retractable (i.e. 40XR). This means that if they hit a slide, the end of the lens will push in (spring loaded) thereby protecting the lens and the slide. All quality microscopes have achromatic, parcentered, parfocallenses.Rack Stop: This is an adjustment that determines how close the objective lens can get to the slide. It is set at the factory and keeps students from cranking the high power objective lens down into the slide and breaking things. You would only need to adjust this if you were using very thin slides and you weren't able to focus on the specimen at high power. (Tip: If you are using thin slides and can't focus, rather than adjust the rack stop, place a clear glass slide under the original slide to raise it a bit higher)

Condenser Lens: The purpose of the condenser lens is to focus the light onto the specimen. Condenser lenses are most useful at the highest powers (400X and above). Microscopes with in stage condenser lenses render a sharper image than those with no lens (at 400X). If your microscope has a maximum power of 400X, you will get the maximum benefit by using a condenser lenses rated at 0.65 NA or greater. 0.65 NA condenser lenses may be mounted in the stage and work quite well. A big advantage to a stage mounted lens is that there is one less focusing item to deal with. If you go to 1000X then you should have a focusable condenser lens with an N.A. of 1.25 or greater. Most 1000X microscopes use 1.25 Abbe condenser lens systems. The Abbe condenser lens can be moved up and down. It is set very close to the slide at 1000X and moved further away at the lower powers.Diaphragm or Iris: Many microscopes have a rotating disk under the stage. This diaphragm has different sized holes and is used to vary the intensity and size of the cone of light that is projected upward into the slide. There is no set rule regarding which setting to use for a particular power. Rather, the setting is a function of the transparency of the specimen, the degree of contrast you desire and the particular objective lens in use.

Microscope LAB

http://www.microscope-microscope.org/basic/microscope-parts.htm

Historians credit the invention of the compound microscope to the Dutch spectacle maker, Zacharias Janssen, around the year 1590. The compound microscope uses lenses and light to enlarge the image and is also called an optical or light microscope (vs./ an electron microscope). The simplest optical microscope is the magnifying glass and is good to about ten times (10X) magnification. The compound microscope has two systems of lenses for greater magnification, 1) the ocular, or eyepiece lens that one looks into and 2) the objective lens, or the lens closest to the object. Before purchasing or using a microscope, it is important to know the functions of each part.

How to Focus Your Microscope: The proper way to focus a microscope is to start with the lowest power objective lens first and while looking from the side, crank the lens down as close to the specimen as possible without touching it. Now, look through the eyepiece lens and focus upward only until the image is sharp. If you can't get it in focus, repeat the process again. Once the image is sharp with the low power lens, you should be able to simply click in the next power lens and do minor adjustments with the focus knob. If your microscope has a fine focus adjustment, turning it a bit should be all that's necessary. Continue with subsequent objective lenses and fine focus each time.

SINGLE-CELLED ORGANISMS:

Eukaryotes- have a nucleus and organelles; some are multi-cellular

Plant, Animal, Fungus

MULTI-CELLED EUKARYOTES

• Cells are specialized

• Cells work together inside the system of organism

• Mitosis: Cells must divide for the organism to repair & grow

Plant cell: interactive Link

VIDEO: Cells Cells-Parts of the Cell Rap (3min)

VIDEO: Crash Course Plant Cell (10 min)

VIDEO: Crash Course Animal Cell (10 min)

Cell wall- gives structure PLANTS

Cell membrane- barrier that allows needed molecules in and keeps unneeded ones out.

Vacuole-holds water for the cell, large in PLANTS

Mitochondria- MIGHTY MITOCHONDRIA: releases energy from the sugar molecules

Nucleus- is the ‘brain’ of the cell

Nucleolus- has all of the DNA in nucleus

Chloroplast- GREEN, makes sugar for PLANTS

CELL MODELS VIDEO: Insights into cell membranes via dish detergent (4 min)

Lysosome- organelles that produce enzymes that help to digest inside the cell;

Ribosome- makes proteins to build more cells

Cytoplasm- jelly-like liquid that fills the cell

DNA inside nucleus: instructions for making proteins

Contain 4 chemicals/nucleotides:

A (adenine) T (thymine)

C (cytosine) G (guanine)

VIDEO: The Book of You (4:30)

VIDEO: Journey inside the Cell (3:30) DNA replicates

VIDEO: From DNA to Protein (4:30) DNA working

VIDEO: CC # 10 DNA (Structure & Replication) (10 min)

Plant cell: interactive LinkREVIEW

REVIEW

Vacuole

Mitochondria

Nucleus

Nucleolus

Cell Wall

Cell Membrane

Cytoplasm

PLANT CELL

ANIMAL

CELL

D

Chloroplast

Ribosome

Lysosome

Cell Membrane

LAB

CELL REVIEW Game LINK

20

Microbiology UNIT CHECK 1 Cell Parts

a. vacuole b. nucleus c. lysosome d. nucleoluse. chloroplast f. mitochondria g. cytoplasm h. cell walli. ribosome j. cell membrane

A

1. ____ organelle that makes Energy for the cell

2. ____ organelle that holds water

3. ____ organelle that aides in digestion

4. ____ outside covering of a plant cell

5. ____the ‘brain’ of the cell

6. ____ organelle that turns sunlight into food for a plant

7. ____ the part of the cell that holds the DNA

8. ____ the jelly-like liquid that the organelles float in

9. ____ the then barrier surrounding a cell that holds

stuff in

10.____ the organelle that makes protein for the cell

B

C

DE

F

G

H

I

J

M E T A B O L I S M

• All organisms need chemical energy to carry out life processes- FOOD

• Eat

• Breathe

• Move

• Grow

• reproduce

LIFE CHEMISTRY: CHONCarbon CHydrogen HOxygen ONitrogen N

Cells put these atoms together to make useful molecules for food and energy.

4 Macromolecules for LIFE:

1. Carbohydrates: (sugars) 2. Lipids: (fats & oils) 3. Proteins: (amino acids) 4. Nucleic acids: (DNA & RNA)

C A R B O H Y D R A T E S

• Sugars, starches, cellulose

• Have ‘ose’ on the end of the word

• Made by plants throughphotosynthesis.

OTHER WORDS FOR SUGAR:

Glucose (grape sugar, corn sugar, dextrose)Fructose (honey)Galactose (part of milk… lactose)

Monomer: (small organic blocks)

CH 2

Polymer: (large organic blocks)

C H O6 12 6

L I P I D S

• Made of fatty acids• Fats, oils, steroids• Hydro-phobic

(repel water)• Energy storage• Cushions & insulates

OTHER WORDS RELATED TO LIPIDS:‘Bad’ fatsSaturated fats: (animal fats- bacon, lard, butter)*increase cholesterol levelIncrease risk of heart disease

Polyunsaturated Oils: ‘trans fats’*factory-made by adding H to liquid veg. oil to make shortening & margarineIncreases risk of heart disease BAD

‘Good’ fatsMonoUnsaturated Oils: (vegetable oils- olive oil, canola oil, peanut oil)*Decreases bad fats, increases good fats

P R O T E I N S

• Made of amino acids• Most Complex• Meat, hair, blood, insulin• CLASSES

• Structure• Enzymes• Hormones• Antibodies• …more• food

N U C L E I C A C I D S• Made of nucleotides• Make up macromolecules of DNA

1. DNA Replication (makes copies of itself)2. Encodes information (for proteins to be made)3. Controls & instructs cells4. Mutations (molecule of heredity)

It’s about glucose/sugar:

METABOLISM: how cells convert Energy for these processes

38 ATP

Autotrophs (producers) can convert certain molecules into Energy-containing molecules of sugar (ATP & NADH); producers

• Photosynthesis- plants use sunlight, H 0, CO2 2

VIDEO: simple story of photosynthesis & food TED Ed (4 min)

1. Chlorophyll absorbs light

from the sun

2. Sun’s energy splits water

molecule into hydrogen &

oxygen

3. Hydrogen joins

carbon dioxide to

make food

(sugar/glucose)

4. Sugar carried through the

plant; oxygen is released into

the air

6 6 6

H2O O2CO2 =+ + C6 H12 O6

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

MOVE

(Very over-simplified)

CC VIDEO: #8 Photosynthesis (10 min)

• Chemosynthesis- some bacteria use heat & H S , CH , O

2 4 2Hydrogen

sulfide

VIDEO Photosynthesis & Respiration 4 min

Autotroph or Heterotroph?

How do they metabolize?

LAB: Photosynthesis Molecules

Heterotrophs (consumers) must take in food for energy

• Organisms eat plants or other organisms

• Digestion: breaking down of the food into usable pieces

1. In animals- stomach acids & enzymes break down food into smaller compounds to be picked up by the blood

2. Blood (circulatory system) carries the compounds to the cell membranes which accept compounds

3. Lysosomes & mitochondria help to release Energy (oxidation) for the cells to keep homeostasis:

• Growing

• Releasing E

• Reproducing

• Repairing

• Keeping warm

• Changing shape

• Regulate chemicals

• Respiration

Homeostasis: body’s tendency to try to maintain equilibrium inside the body system

4. Blood carry away any extra materials as waste

5. Organism excretes waste

IN CELLS:C E L L U L A R R E S P I R A T I O N

Aerobic

1. Digestion: break down of starches into sugars

2. Circulatory System

3. Cellular Respiration: break down of sugars into Energy; aka oxidation

C H O + O CO H O 38 ATP6 12 6 2 2 26 66

Oxidation: Cells use oxygen inside the cells to break down sugars (chemical reaction)

this releases the Energy in the sugar C H O referred to as ATP

• Releases waste gases: CO and H O

• Animals release the waste through the respiratory system & excretory systems

2 2

6 12 6

• Plants BREATHE the waste gases out through transpiration & respiration in leaf stomata

VIDEO: Photosynthesis & Respiration The Fuse (4min)

VIDEO: CC #7- ATP & Respiration (12 min)

VIDEO: CC #5 In Da Club: Membranes & Transport (12 min)

39

1. organism without a nucleus or other organelles2. organism that makes it’s own food/sugar3. organism with a nucleus & other organelles4. organism that must take in food/sugar for energy5. nucleic acid that holds instructions for making proteins6. using light to create sugar7. using geothermal energy to create sugar8. the chemical reaction that turns sugar into Energy molecules of ATP

Microbiology 1UNIT CHECK 2

a. DNA b. prokaryote c. eukaryoted. heterotroph e. photosynthesis f. chemosynthesis g. cell respiration h. autotroph

A

Write which letter each nucleic acid pairs with:

1. Adenine 2. Cytosine 3. Guanine 4. Thymine

B

CD

EFG

H

T G C A

Label the parts of the equations.

5-6. What are the reactants? _________ & __________7-8. What are the products? _________ & __________

13-14. What are the reactants? _________ & __________15-16. What are the products? _________ & __________40

Microbiology 1UNIT CHECK 3

___________1.

___________2.

___________3.

___________4.

___________9.

___________10.

___________11.

___________12.

carbon dioxide

watercarbon dioxide

water

glucose

glucose

oxygen

oxygen

watercarbon dioxide

watercarbon dioxide

glucose oxygen

glucose oxygen

HUMAN HEALTH

3 BIG USA DISEASES YOU MIGHT BE ABLE TO PREVENT:

Heart disease: (cardiovascular disease) high cholesterol, high blood pressure, lack of exercise, smoking, genetics

Obesity: extra Calories that are not burned in the day convert to lipids/fats; lack of exercise, genetics

-the US suffers from an obesity epidemic today

Diabetes: metabolism disorder

Insulin (made by the pancreas) is used to break down sugars in the blood- when a person is not producing insulin or their cells don’t respond, too many sugars build up, unbalancing the system; diet, smoking, obesity, genetics are contributing factors.

Type 1 diabetes (10%): body doesn’t produce insulin; patients take insulin injections for whole life

Type 2 diabetes (90%): metabolism problem-body doesn’t produce enough insulin: sometimes happens later in life due to poor diet, lack of exercise, smoking

Genetics: some diseases are hereditary

Diet: eating healthy, balanced meals each day decreases risk of these diseases

Exercise: very important to burn our Calorie-rich diets

-lowers risk of heart disease

-lowers risk of obesity

-lowers risk of diabetes

Lifestyle choices: smoking, alcohol, drugs increase health risks

ADVANCE

BACKCC VIDEO: #3 You are what you eat (12 min)

47

1. Metabolism disorder where body doesn’t produce any insulin & must take insulin injections for life2. extra Calories that are not burned convert into too many lipids/fats. 3. metabolism disorder where body doesn’t produce enough insulin & must take insulin injections as needed4. cardiovascular disease in association with high cholesterol, blood pressure, & lack of exercise

a. diabetes type 2 b. diabetes type 1c. obesity d. heart disease

B

Microbiology 1UNIT CHECK 4

5-8. List the 4 elements of life:9-12. List the four macromolecules for Life:

C

A

D

C H O N

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

CELLS:

Mitosis animation

Smart Activity: Cells

BIOLOGY: http://www.biology4kids.com

VIRTUAL Microscope LINK

VIRTUAL Microscope NASA LINK

VIRTUAL Microscope BrainPop LINK