Mental Retardation(Intellectual Disabilities)

Andy HarrisAndy Harris

Raul JimenezRaul Jimenez

Stephanie KirbyStephanie Kirby

Alex ManningAlex Manning

Imagine if…

What is Mental Retardation?

• Also know as M.R. or Intellectual Disabilities

• IQ below 70

• Onset before 18 years

• Affects 1-3% of the population

• 11% of all students with disabilities in U.S. schools

Causes of M.R.

• 250 biological causes are known– Chromosomal abnormalities – Other genetic factors– Prenatal and perinatal factors (anoxia,

trauma during birth)– Childhood disorders– Environmental factors (lead, mercury)– Socio-cultural factors

Risk Factors of M.R.

• Infections• Chromosomal abnormalities• Genetic abnormalities and inherited

metabolic disorders• Metabolic • Nutritional• Toxic • Trauma

M.R. in Education

• Classification– Intellectual Functioning

• Adaptive Behavior• Levels of Functioning

• Assessment– Ongoing Assessment– Alternative Assessment

Educational Implications

• Early Intervention• Placement

– General Education with Supports– Self-Contained Classrooms

• Special Education Services– Functional Academics– Systematic Instruction

• Transition– Outcomes

Social-Emotional Characteristics

• Learning Social Rules

• Gullibility

• Low Tolerance for Frustration

• External Motivations

Learning Characteristics

• Oral language development

• Problem solving skills

• Memory

• Learning methods

• First person account Letter

Activity

Terminology

• Idiot (profound)

• Imbecile (moderate)

• Moron (mild)

• Educable (mild, students who can progress to a late elementary level)

• Trainable (capable of learning personal hygiene and other living skills)

Statistics in Terminology

• 27 states use the term mental retardation in their written educational guidelines.

• 2 still use mental handicap.

• All others are using some form of cognitive/intellectual disability.

IQ cut-offs vs. Adaptive Behavior Assessment

• 35 states require a cut-off score in classifying students with MR (usually between 70 and 75)

• many states leave the IQ cut-off decision to the individual school districts.

• All states note that they require assessment in adaptive behavior, but how is AB measured? Most states only offer a loose definition.

Things are looking good

• American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD)

• Federal Language

“We can not ignore the consumer’s aversion to the label of mental retardation. The right of minority groups to select the name by which

they wish to be called is respected in our society”

(Snell and Voorhees, 2006, p. 74)

Questions?

References

American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD). (2009). Definition of Intellectual Disability. Available: http://www.aamr.org/content_100.cfm?navID=21

Davis, M., Galler, J. L., & Hunt, B. (2006). Within-state availability of transition-toadulthood services for youths with serious mental heath conditions. PsychiatricServices, 57(11), 1594-1599.

Hawkins-Shepard, C. (1994). Mental Retardation. ERIC Digest, E (528). Retrieved June 19, 2009, from ERICDigests.org.

Lewis, Rachel A.. (2007, November 11). Mental Retardation. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com

Pearson (2009). Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, Second Edition. Retrieved June 20, 2009, from http://www.pearsonassessments.com/vinelandadapt.aspx.

Polloway, E.A., Patton, J.R., Smith, J.D., Lubin, J., & Antoine, K. (2009). State guidelines for mental retardation and intellectual disabilities: A re-visitation of previous analysis in light of changes in the field. Education and Training in Developmental Disabilities, 44(1), 14-24.

Silka, Van R. & Hauser, Mark J. (March 1997). Psychiatric Assessment of the PersonWith Mental Retardation. Psychiatric Annals 27:3.Retrieved June 20, 2008, from http://www.psychiatry.com/mr/assessment.html.

Tammi Reynolds, BA & Mark Dombeck, Ph.D. (August 23, 2006). Mental Retardation Associated Traits. Retrieved from, http://www.mentalhelp.net/poc/view_doc.php?type=doc&id=10324&cn=208

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