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HISTORY OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION: 1648 TO PRESENT What is a Civil Rights Movement?

Meeting 27: What is a Civil Rights Movement?

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Page 1: Meeting 27: What is a Civil Rights Movement?

HISTORY OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION:1648 TO PRESENT

What is a Civil Rights Movement?

Page 2: Meeting 27: What is a Civil Rights Movement?

I. WWII and Civil Rights

A. Rights in the 1930s & 40s

1. The Lynching of Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wXX6ER9_I2s

Page 3: Meeting 27: What is a Civil Rights Movement?

Lawrence H. Beitler. Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith Postcard. Marion, Indiana. August 7, 1930.

Page 4: Meeting 27: What is a Civil Rights Movement?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Web007rzSOI

Southern trees bear strange fruitBlood on the leaves and blood at the rootBlack bodies swinging in the southern breezeStrange fruit hanging from the poplar trees

Pastoral scene of the gallant southThe bulging eyes and the twisted mouthScent of magnolias, sweet and freshThen the sudden smell of burning flesh

Here is fruit for the crows to pluckFor the rain to gather, for the wind to suckFor the sun to rot, for the trees to dropHere is a strange and bitter crop

Strange Fruit (1939)

Page 5: Meeting 27: What is a Civil Rights Movement?

I. WWII and Civil Rights

A. Rights in the 1930s & 40s

1. The Lynching of Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith

2. A Jim Crow War

"Why Should We March?" March on Washington fliers, 1941. A. Philip Randolph Papers, Manuscript Division

(8-8) Courtesy of the A. Philip Randolph Institute, Washington, D.C..

Page 6: Meeting 27: What is a Civil Rights Movement?

I. WWII and Civil Rights

A. Rights in the 1930s & 40s

1. The Lynching of Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith

2. A Jim Crow War

Toni Frissell. Tuskegee Airmen, 1945. Silver gelatin print. LOC Prints and Photographs Division. Reproduction

Number: LC-F9-02-4503-330-5 (8-6)

Page 7: Meeting 27: What is a Civil Rights Movement?

I. WWII and Civil Rights

A. Rights in the 1930s & 40s

1. The Lynching of Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith

2. A Jim Crow War

Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps. 1945

Page 8: Meeting 27: What is a Civil Rights Movement?

I. WWII and Civil Rights

A. Rights in the 1930s & 40s

1. The Lynching of Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith

2. A Jim Crow War

Double V Campaign

Page 9: Meeting 27: What is a Civil Rights Movement?

I. WWII and Civil RightsA. Rights in the 1930s & 40s

1. The Lynching of Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith

2. A Jim Crow War

Left: Isaac Woodward

Right: Charles White.The Return of the Soldier, 1946. Pen and ink on

illustration board. Prints and Photographs Division. Reproduction

Number: LC-USZC4-4886 (8-19)

Page 10: Meeting 27: What is a Civil Rights Movement?

I. WWII and Civil RightsA. Rights in the 1930s & 40s

1. The Lynching of Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith

2. A Jim Crow War3. The G.I. Bill

• Low cost mortgages• Low-interest loans for business• Tuition & living expenses for college

Page 11: Meeting 27: What is a Civil Rights Movement?

I. WWII & Civil Rights

II. The Civil Rights Movement

Civil Rights Movement (1954-1971)adapted from <http://www.pbs.org/wnet/aaworld/timeline/civil_01.html> 1954 In Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, the Supreme Court rules unanimously against school segregation, overturning its 1896 decision in Plessy v. Ferguson. 1955Rosa Parks refuses to give up her seat on a Montgomery, Alabama, bus to a white person, triggering a successful, year-long African American boycott of the bus system. 1956The U.S. Supreme Court rules that the segregation of Montgomery, Ala., buses is unconstitutional. 1957King, Jr., helps found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference to work for full equality for African Americans. For the first time since Reconstruction, the federal government uses the military to uphold African Americans' civil rights, as soldiers escort nine African American students to desegregate a school in Little Rock, Arkansas. Daisy Bates, an NAACP leader, advised and assisted the students and eventually had a state holiday dedicated to her.

Rosa Parks sits in the front of a bus in Montgomery, Alabama, after the Supreme Court ruled segregation illegal on the city bus system on December 21st, 1956. Parks was arrested on December 1, 1955 for refusing to give up her seat in the front of a bus in Montgomery set off a successful boycott of the city busses. Man sitting behind Parks is Nicholas C. Chriss, a reporter for United Press International out of Atlanta. © Bettmann/CORBIS

Page 12: Meeting 27: What is a Civil Rights Movement?

I. WWII & Civil Rights

II. The Civil Rights Movement

1960Four African American college students hold a sit-in to integrate a Woolworth's lunch counter in Greensboro, N.C., launching a wave of similar protests across the South. 1961The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) begins to organize Freedom Rides throughout the South to try to de-segregate interstate public bus travel.  1962African American radical Malcolm X becomes national minister of the Nation of Islam. He rejects the nonviolent civil-rights movement and integration, and becomes a champion of African American separatism and black pride. At one point he states that equal rights should be secured "by any means necessary," a position he later revises. 1963More than 200,000 people march on Washington, D.C., in the largest civil rights demonstration ever; Martin Luther King, Jr., gives his "I Have a Dream" speech. Four African American girls are killed in the bombing of the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama.

Martin Luther King Jr., “I have a dream”. 28 August 1963

Page 13: Meeting 27: What is a Civil Rights Movement?

I. WWII & Civil Rights

II. The Civil Rights Movement

1964The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), CORE and the NAACP and other civil-rights groups organize a massive African American voter registration drive in Mississippi known as "Freedom Summer." Three CORE civil rights workers are murdered. In the five years following Freedom Summer, black voter registration in Mississippi will rise from a mere 7 percent to 67 percent.

President Lyndon Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act, which gives the federal government far-reaching powers to prosecute discrimination in employment, voting, and education.  1965One year after splitting from the Nation of Islam, Malcolm X is assassinated in New York by gunmen affiliated with the NOI. King organizes a protest march from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama, for African American voting rights. A shocked nation watches on television as police club and teargas protesters. In the wake of the Selma-Montgomery March, the Voting Rights Act is passed, outlawing the practices used in the South to disenfranchise African American voters 

Segregationist protests civil rights march outside Montgomery Capitol building by carrying a sign that reads, "Civil Rights Bill Un-Constitutional." Civil rights activists marched from Selma to Montgomery to protest denial of voting rights to African Americans.March 1965. © Steve Schapiro/Corbis

Page 14: Meeting 27: What is a Civil Rights Movement?

I. WWII & Civil Rights

II. The Civil Rights Movement

1965Race riots break out in the Watts area of Los Angeles, leaving 34 dead and roughly a thousand hurt. The immediate trigger is the arrest of a young African American man charged with reckless driving; the underlying cause is probably mass unemployment and poor living conditions among L.A,'s African Americans, combined with widespread racism. 1966Stokely Carmichael, chairman of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, calls for "black power" in a speech, ushering in a more militant civil rights stance. Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seales found the Black Panther Party, a radical black power group, in Oakland, California. Although it develops a reputation for militant rhetoric and clashes with the police, the group also becomes a national organization that supports food, education, and healthcare programs in poor African American communities. 1967Thurgood Marshall becomes the first African American justice on the Supreme Court. 

Stokely Carmichael at a peace rally at the United Nations in New York City. 1967. © Bob Adelman/Corbis

Stokely Carmichael. Speech at UC Berkley. January 1966.

Page 15: Meeting 27: What is a Civil Rights Movement?

I. WWII & Civil Rights

II. The Civil Rights Movement

1968Martin Luther King, Jr., is assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. His murder sparks a week of rioting across the country. Shirley Chisholm becomes the first African American woman to be elected to Congress. 1971Fifteen African American members of Congress form the Congressional Black Caucus to present a unified African American voice in Congress.

Shirley Chisholm after winning Brooklyn’s 12th District on 5 November 1968 © Bettmann/CORBIS