Media, technology, and learning

Media, Technology,

and Learning

Learning

Learning is acquiring new knowledge, behaviors, skills, values, or preferences and may involve synthesizing different types of information. The ability to learn is possessed by humans, animals and some machines. It is also the development of new knowledge, skills, or attitudes as an individual interacts with information and the environment.

Learning

HabituationIn psychology, habituation is

an example of non-associative learning in which there is a progressive diminution of behavioral response probability with repetition stimulus.

Types of Learning

SensitizationSensitization is an example of

non-associative learning in which the progressive amplification of a response follows repeated administrations of a stimulus (Bell et al., 1995).

Types of Learning

Associative learningAssociative learning is the

process by which an element is taught through association with a separate, pre-occurring element. It is also referred to as classical conditioning.

Types of Learning

Classical conditioningThe typical paradigm for classical

conditioning involves repeatedly pairing an unconditioned stimulus with another previously neutral stimulus. Following conditioning, the response occurs both to the unconditioned stimulus and to the other, unrelated stimulus (now referred to as the "conditioned stimulus"). The response to the conditioned stimulus is termed a conditioned response.

Types of Learning

ImprintingImprinting describes any kind

of phase-sensitive learning (learning occurring at a particular age or a particular life stage) that is rapid and apparently independent of the consequences of behavior.

Types of Learning

Observational learningThe learning process most

characteristic of humans is imitation; one's personal repetition of an observed behavior, such as a dance.

Types of Learning

PlayPlay generally describes

behavior which has no particular end in itself, but improves performance in similar situations in the future.

Types of Learning

EnculturationEnculturation is the process by

which a person learns the requirements of their native culture by which he or she is surrounded, and acquires values and behaviors that are appropriate or necessary in that culture.

Types of Learning

Multimedia learningMultimedia learning is where a

person uses both auditory and visual stimuli to learn information (Mayer 2001).

Types of Learning

E-learning and augmented learning

Electronic learning or e-learning is a general term used to refer to Internet-based networked computer-enhanced learning.

Types of Learning

Rote learningRote learning is a technique

which avoids understanding the inner complexities and inferences of the subject that is being learned and instead focuses on memorizing the material so that it can be recalled by the learner exactly the way it was read or heard.

Types of Learning

Informal learningInformal learning occurs

through the experience of day-to-day situations.

Types of Learning

Formal learningFormal learning is learning that

takes place within a teacher-student relationship, such as in a school system.

Types of Learning

Non-formal learningNon-formal learning is

organized learning outside the formal learning system.

Types of Learning

Tangential learningTangential learning is the

process by which some portion of people will self-educate if a topic is exposed to them in something that they already enjoy such as playing a musical instrument.

Types of Learning

Dialogic learningDialogic learning is a type of

learning based on dialogue.

Types of Learning

Benjamin Bloom has suggested three domains of learning:

Cognitive – To recall, calculate, discuss, analyze, problem solve, etc.

Psychomotor – To dance, swim, ski, dive, drive a car, ride a bike, etc.

Affective – To like something or someone, love, appreciate, fear, hate, worship, etc.

The Domains of Learning:

Behaviorist Perspective The behavior of an organism could be

shaped by reinforcing , or rewarding, the desired responses to the environment.

Psychological Perspectives on Learning

Cognitivist PerspectiveLearners combine the information and

skills in long term memory to develop cognitive strategies, or skills for dealing with complex tasks.


Cognitivist PerspectiveSchemata. Schemata (singular, schema)

are the mental structures by which individuals organize their perceived environment.

Assimilation. Assimilation is the cognitive process by which a learner integrates new information and experiences into existing schemata.

Accomodation. The process of modifying existing schemata or creating new ones.


Constructivist PerspectiveIt considers the engagement of students

in meaningful experiences as the essence of learning. The role of instruction is not to dispense facts but to provide students with ways to assemble knowledge.


Social – Psychological PerspectiveSocial psychologists look at the effects

of the social organization of the classroom on learning.


Media

Media refers to all modes of communication, including print and audio- visual forms and their accompanying technology.

Media

35 mm. slides. 35 mm. still camera permits the production of slide transparencies from actual objects. Properly equipped with macro-lens attachments can also produce visuals from flat pictures of standard book.

Overhead transparencies. The medium uses the overhead equipment by which 8x10 transparency materials are enlarged onto a screen through projection.

Moving films. Come in three gauges, namely in 35, 16, and 18 mm. sizes. 35 mm. films are more practical for educational purposes.

Types of Media

•Televisions or the beta-video system. The TV beta-video facility should not be seen merely as a boon to the families in the households.

•Charts. Self- made charts and posters serve as a basic and universal aid for bringing fascinating and exciting experiences in the classroom.

•Multimedia Presentation. Multimedia can mean either the use of media on a sequential arrangement on the use of various media presented simultaneously, as in the projection of several images, utilizing slides and moving films, on multiple screen.

Types of Media

Method

Methods are the procedures of instruction selected to help learners achieve the objectives or to internalize the content or message.

Method

1. Presentation. In the presentation method, a source tells, dramatizes, or otherwise disseminates information to learners.

2. Demonstration. In this method of instruction, learners view a real lifelike example of a skill or procedure to be learned.

Ten Method Categories

3. Discussion. As a method, discussion involves the exchange of ideas and opinions among students or among students and teacher.

4. Drill-and-practice. In drill-and-practice learners are led through a series of practice exercises designed to increase fluency in a new skill or to refresh an existing one.


5. Tutorial. A tutor on the form of a person, computer software, or special printed materials- presents the content, poses a question or problem , requests a learner’s response, analyzes her response, supplies appropriate feedback, and provides practice until the learner demonstrates a predetermined level of competency.


6. Cooperative Learning. Learner’s need to develop skills in working and learning together because their eventual workplaces will require teamwork.

7. Gaming. Gaming provides a playful environment in which learners follow prescribed rules as they strive to attain a challenging goal.


8. Simulation. Simulation involves learners confronting a sealed down version of a real life situation. It allows realistic practice without the expense or risks otherwise involved.

9. Discovery. The discovery method uses an inductive, or inquiry approach to learning; it presents problems to be solved through trial and error.


10. Problem Solving. Problem solving involves placing the students in the active role of being confronted with a novel problem situated in the real world.


Technology

The word technology does not necessarily imply the use of machines but refers to any practical art using scientific knowledge. Technology can make an ordinary person capable of superior performance and a means, either printed or electronic, to distribute that instruction.

Technology

1. Assertive Technology

It includes mechanical, electronic micro-processor based equipment, non-mechanical and non-electronic aids, specialized instructional materials services and strategies that people with disabilities can use either:•Assist them in learning•Make the environment•Enable them to complete in workplace•Enhance their independence •Otherwise improve their quality

Types of Technology

2. Information Technology

Provides access to knowledge and resources on a wide web component is the most prominent example of information.

3. Technology of Teaching

Refers to instructional approaches that are very systematically designed and applied in very precise ways.

Types of Technology

Roles of

Technology in Learning

Technology as tools to support knowledge construction

•For representing learning ideas, understanding, and belief.•For producing organized multimedia knowledge bases by learners.

Roles of Technology in Learning

Technology as information vehicles for exploring knowledge to support learning by constructing

•For accessing needed information.•For comparing perspectives, beliefs, and world views.


Technology as content to support learning by doing•For representing and stimulating meaningful real-world problems, situation and contexts.•For representing beliefs, perspectives, arguments, and stories of others.•For defining a safe, controllable problem space for student thinking.


Technology as a social medium to support learning by conversing•For collaborating with others.•For discussing, arguing, and building consensus among members for a community.•For supporting discourse among knowledge-building communities.


Technology as intellectual partner to support learning by reflecting•For helping learners to articulate and represent what they know.•For reflecting on what they have learned and how they come to know it.•For supporting learners internal negotiations and meaning making.•For constructing personal representations of meaning for supporting mindful thinking.


Education

Education in the largest sense is any act or experience that has a formative effect on the mind, character or physical ability of an individual. In its technical sense, education is the process by which society deliberately transmits its accumulated knowledge, skills and values from one generation to another.

Education

Education is the process by which people learn:Instruction refers to the facilitating of learning, usually by a teacher.Teaching refers to the actions of a real live instructor to impart learning to the student.Learning refers to learning with a view toward preparing learners with specific knowledge, skills, or abilities that can be applied immediately upon completion.

Educational

Technology

Educational Technology is the development application and evaluation on systems, techniques and aids to improve the process of human learning. It is also a systematic way, a process or an application of the scientific knowledge to improve the efficiency of the process of learning.

Educational Technology

Roles of

Educational

Technology in Learning

Essentially, educational technology helps to improve the overall efficiency of the teaching learning process. This is done through the following ways:

1. Increasing the quality of learning or the degree of mastery.

Roles of Educational Technology in Learning

2. Decreasing the time taken for learners to obtain desired learning objectives.

3. Increasing the efficiency of teachers in terms of numbers of learning taught without reducing the quality of learning.

4. Reducing educational cost without affecting educational quality.

Roles of Educational Technology in Learning