ESPINA

MAYA CIVILIZATION

GeographyThis region falls into

modern day southern Mexico, most of Guatemala, all of Belize, the northern tip of Honduras, and a northeast piece of El Salvador.

GeographyYou can find dry and arid land, rainforests,

swamps, and coastal areas. In the highlands to the south, among the Sierra Madre mountains, there are 37 volcanoes.

Earthquakes were frequent, there was flooding and mudslides, hurricanes and droughts.

MAYA

Nagtayo ng pamayanang lungsod sa mga rainforest

• Tikal• Chichen Itza• El Mirador• Copan• Uxmal• Edzna• Uaxactun

Bawat pamayanang lungsod ay pinamumunuan ng mayamang pamilya

Pinunong MayanHalach Uinic o

tunay na lalaki namamanaMay absolute

powerMay tungkuling

pulitikal at ispiritwal

Uniting FORCES of MAYANAll the Maya spoke the same language

(Mayan.) They worshipped the same godsThey set up their cities in the same wayThey had very similar lawsThey dressed in the same wayThe cities were connected with roadways

that were kept in good repair

May pagkahati-hati ng tao sa Lipunan

Ang mga Mayan ay nagsasaka at mangangalakal

Sistema ng Pagsasaka• In the mountainous highlands, they used step farming

• In the swampy lowlands, the Maya built raised earth platforms

• In the dense forest, they used a slash and burn technique to create a flat surface to plant crops

The Maya were great builders

Huge reservoirs of drinking water

with ceramic shards, similar

to outdoor pools today.

Mayan city of Uxul

Sumasamba sa kalikasan

Mayan religion was characterized by the worship of nature gods (especially the gods of sun, rain and corn)

Itzamná; Kukulcán (Quetzalcóatl);

Bolon Tzacab; Chac

Quetzalcoalt “Feathered Serpent God”

SacrificeBlood LettingAnimal sacrifice– goatHuman sacrifice – slave or

any one could chosen ( it depends on the priest

Mayroong sistema ng pagsulat- Mayan Glyphs

They have rich Literature

Hunahpu and Xbalanque

Popol Vuh.

Interesting Facts about the Maya Hero Twins Characters very similar to the Hero Twins are

found in the mythology of several other Native American cultures.

The Hero Twins were made rulers of the Earth by the gods of the sky. One twin was turned into the Moon and the other into the Sun.

The Hero Twins brought their father back to life and turned him into the Maize god.

It was said that the rulers of the Maya were the descendents of the Hero Twins. This gave them the right to rule.

Many Maya vases are painted and carved with scenes from the stories of the Hero Twins.

The Mysterious Mayas

Dahilan ng Pagkawala ?Pagkasira ng kalikasanPaglaki ng populasyonPatuloy na digmaanPagbagsak ng produksyon ng pagkain

They have advance calendar

AMBAG

Toltec

Ang impeyo ng mga Toltec ay umusbong sa Central Mexico kung saan ang pangunahing lungsod ay ang Tula.

Pinaniniwalaang nagmula sa kulturang Teotihuacan.

• Ang lungsod na matatagpuan 50 kilometers Hilagang silangan ng Mexico City.

• Pangunahing makikita sa lungsod ay ang The Avenue of the Dead , Temple of the Sun and Moon, temple of the Jaguar temple of the Quetzalpapalotl, "divine butterfly and temple of Quetzalcoalt.

Click icon to add picture

The Avenue of the Dead“The place where the man met God”

Pyramid of the Sun“The largest pyramid at Teotihuacan”

Pyramid of The Moon“The 2nd Lagest Pyramid at Teotihhuacan

TheTemple of Quetzalcoalt“The 3rd largest Pyramid at Teotihuacan”

Nahualt ang kanilang wika

Ang kauna-unahang gumamit ng puwesang militar upang masakop ang mga karatig lugar.

Atlantes Warrior Statues“Toltec Warrior”

Temple of Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli ('House of the Morning Star'),

where there are four Atlantean figures standing over 15 feet

tall.

Temple of the Warrior at Chichen Itza

Mga ekspertong minero at mangangalakal

Sitemang Pang ekonomiya the Toltec Empire were mainly agricultural; they depended on several

crops to sustain life. They were able to grow beans, squash, and cacti. The cacti grew fruit that the people could eat; they didn't actually eat the cactus. Their diet also included the meat of rabbits and dogs. The main crop was maize (corn). They depended mainly on these crops but they also traded goods with other regions.

Much of what was traded was the artwork of the Toltecs. The people made small personal ornaments and small statues that could be traded easily. The people also were skilled in pottery and textiles. Another valuable trade resource was metal and stone tools because the location of the Teotihuacan Empire was in the immediate vicinity of the richest Mesoamerican deposits of exceptional obsidian. The Toltec people were among the first that we know of that were skilled in metalworking.

• Si CHALCHIUH TLATONAC ang kauna-unahang hari at tagapagtatag ng Tula.Ang mga pinuno ay pinaniniwalang diyos.

Toltec ArtsThis is a depiction of a religious or governmental leader. This shows that the Toltec were not necessarily concerned with proper or realistic proportion. They also were not interested in idealizing people. The nose on this sculpture is rather large also. This is because the rulers or other such important people would wear large nose pieces to elongate the nose. The reason for this is not known, but perhaps they felt it was a sign of wealth, a sign of virtue and honesty, or maybe just because they thought it was debonair.

Sumasamba kay Quetzalcoatl

Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli

• (Nahuatl for "Lord of the Dawn“

• considered a dangerous and malevolent god, and was associated with Quetzalcoatl

Kilala sa stone carving at metal working

Chac Mool

• The name given to a type of Pre-Columbian Mesoamerican stone statue. The Chac-Mool depicts a human figure in a position of reclining with the head up and turned to one side, holding a tray over the stomach. The meaning of the position or the statue itself remains unknown.

• Chac-Mool statues are found in or around temples in Toltec and other post-Classic central Mexican sites, and in post-Classic Maya civilization sites with heavy Toltec influence, such as Chichen Itza.

Toltec ArtThis stone panel depicts and eagle consuming a human heart. In the Toltec culture, eagles in the sky represented the sun. The sun needed energy and strength to survive the perilous nightly trek through the underworld to rise again each morning. It was the humans’ responsibility to provide food for the sun in the form of human heart or blood.

Ang kaalaman ukol sa mga Toltec ay mula sa mga alamat hango sa sumusunod na kabihasnan at batay sa mga panulat ng mga Aztec

AZTEC

MGA Aztec• Ang salitang

Aztec ay nangangahulugang “ Isang nagmula sa AZTLAN” isang mitikong lugar sa Hilagang Mexico.

• Itinatag ang pamayanan ng TENOCHTITLAN sa isang mallit na isla sa gitna ng Lawa ng Texcoco

• Ang TEXCOCO ay sento ng lambak ng Mexico

Aztec• Ng makita ng mga Aztec

ang isang Agila na may kagat na ahas sa ibabaw ng cactus ang naging sinyales ng mga Aztec na magtatag ng pamayanang Tenochtitlan sa Lake Texcoco.

• Sa ngayon ito rin ang sagisag na makikita sa watawat ng Mexico

Kahulugan sa WATAWATGreen - signifies hope, joy, and love;

White - represents peace and honesty;

Red - stands for hardiness, bravery, strength, and valor -

Kabuhayan• Nakabatay sa

paagtatanim ang ekonomiya ng Aztec

• Lumikha ng Chinampas, mga artipisyal na pulo na kung tawagin ay mga floating Gaden

• Nagtatanim sila sa malambot na lupa na ang gamit lamang ay maatulis na lupa.

• Mais ang pangunahing panananim

• Nag-aalaga sila ng ng mga pabo, aso, pato at gansa.

Acamapichtli1376-1396Guided early construction of the city,

accomplished a number of

local conquests

Huitzilihuitl

1397-1417

Chimalpopoca

1417-1427

Itzcoatl1428-1440

MoctezumaIlhuicamina1440-1469

Anak na

babae

Anak na lalaki

Axayacatl1469-1481

Tizoc1481-1486

Ahuitzotl1486-1502

Moctezuma

Xocoyotzin

1502-1520

Cuitlahuac

1520

Cuauhtemoc1520-1525

AZTEC Ruler

RELIHIYON• Huitzilopochtli – ang

diyos ng Araw, pangunahing diyos

• Tlaloc – Diyos ng ulan

• Quatzealcoalt – “ Ang puting Diyos”

• Nagsasagawa ng Human Saciface pra mapanatiling malakas ang kanilang diyos at malabanan ang masamang diyos sa sumisira ng daigdig

Aztec arts

Aztec Chocolate

• Nanggaling sa salitang CHOCOLATL na nangangahulugang “ Warm liquid”.

• Pinagsamang cacao seeds with various seasonings to make a spicy

• FOOD for the GODS

Hernando Cortes

Dahilan ng Pagbagsak• Epidemy

a ng smallpox

• Pang-aalipin sa digmaan

• Labis na paggawa

• Pagsasamantala

http://www.yoH_t_enrQ

Heograpiya ng South AmericaHilaga – matatagpuan ang Amazon River na

dumadaloy sa mayayabong na kagubatanTimog – Mga praire at steppe sa Andes

MountainKanluran – tuyot na mga disyeto sa gulod

ng mga bundok na nakahilera sa sa Pacific Ocean.

Three Geograpical RegionsAndes Mountains: North to south were the Andes

Mountains - home of the Inca civilization. The mountains dominated Incan society. The mountain peaks were worshiped as gods.

The Andes created a natural barrier between the coastal desert on one side and the jungle on the other. The snow-capped mountains were full of deep gorges.

The Inca built bridges across the gorges so they could reach all parts of their empire quickly and easily. These mountain gorges were natural barriers. If an enemy approached, the Incas could simply burn the bridges.

Three Geograpical Regions Amazon Jungle: On one side of the Andes was the Amazon

jungle. The Incas must have entered the jungle occasionally, as they did know about the many valuable things that could be found in the Amazon, like wood and fruit and natural medicines. But they never established settlements there. They had no desire to live in the jungle. The Incas expanded north and south instead.

Coastal Desert: Between the mountains and the Pacific Ocean is a coastal desert 2000 miles long and between 30-100 miles wide. The desert provided a wonderful natural barrier. Some scientists think it is the driest place in the world. It is not completely barren. There are fertile strips where small rivers and streams run from the Andes mountaintops to the sea.

Inca Ang Inca ay

nangangahulugang “Imperyo”

Nanirahan sa hilagang-kanlurang bahagi ng Lake Titicaca sa matabang lupain sa Lambak ng Cuzco. Bumuo sila ng maliit na lungsod.

Si Manco Capac ang tagapagtatag ng lungsod ng Cuzco

Cuzcoruins

The Sacred Valley of the Incas is a valley in the Southern Sierra in Peru that contains many famous and beautiful Inca ruins. It was called the Sacred Valley because it contains some of the best land in the region and was not a part of the Empire but the property of the Emperor or Inca himself.

Sacred Valley of the Inca

The valley of Urubamba, situated close to Cusco was the agricultural larder of Cuzco in Inca times.

The valley is renowned for its excellent climate, fertile lands and the waters of the sacred river of the Inca, the Vilcanota (in Quechua: sacred or wonderful thing) that, in the town of Urubamba, the river changes its name to the UrubambaRiver.

The "Valle Sagrado" is embraced between the towns of Písac and Ollantaytambo, and has wonderful landscapes where its inhabitants, native of the Quechua ethnic group, conserve many customs, traditions and ancestral rites.

It is an area where you can appreciate the high technological development that the Inca reached in terms of agriculture through the "andenería" systems (platform terraces). These systems are still in use today and show sophisticated designs of hydraulic engineering for irrigation purposes. They were also outstanding adoration centers to the Pachamama (or

mother earth).

MANCO CAPAC Once upon a time, a long time ago, Inti, the sun god, created the first Incan, and named him Manco Capac. The sun god created a sister for Manco. The sister did not have a name of her own. She was simply called "his sister". The sun god told Manco and his sister to go on a journey. Their job was to search high and low for a special place, a placed called Cuzco. The sun god gave Manco a golden staff.

The sun god said, "You will know that you have found Cuzco when the staff is swallowed by the earth. When you find it, you will build a city and name it Cuzco. In this special city, you will teach other Indians about the power of the sun god."

Because no one argued with the sun god, Manco Capac and his sister immediately traveled into the harsh Andes Mountains (referred to in this myth as "the wilderness".) Things were looking pretty grim. Over and over they tried, but they could not find a place where the golden staff sank into the ground.

One day, they stumbled upon a most beautiful location, the most beautiful location they had ever seen. When Manco tested the ground, his staff sank immediately out of sight, just as the sun god had foretold. Manco Capac and his sister built their city on that spot. They named their city Cuzco.

There were other tribes in the area, but Manco soon took over leadership of all the tribes. Manco became the first ruler of the Incas. That's how Cuzco became the capital of the Incan empire.

Manco went on to have 400 children. When Manco died at a very old age, the Incas built the Temple of the Sun on the spot where he died.

Pachacuti / PachakutiNakapagtatag ng

makabagong Inca. Muling ipinaayos ang Cuzco

Ang ika siyam na sapa IncaPinaniniwalaang nagpagawa

ng Manchu PicchuINCA “Emperor”SAPA INCA “the only

emperor”

Iba pang Inca “emperor”

Topa Yupangui – H. Agentina,bahagi

ng Bolivia at Chile Huayna Capac - Equador

Relihiyon Ang mga Incas ay itinuturing na

“Anak ng Araw” Polytheism Naniniwala na ang diyos at

yumaong kaanak ay maaring maka-usap sa pamamagitan ng iyong panaginip.

Ang mga pari ay lubhang makapangyarihan dahil nakakabasa sila ng mga senyales

Naniniwala sa Life after Death - Mummification

Relihiyon The Incas also worshiped huacas - sacred

places or objects. Huacas were everywhere. A huaca could be a large building, or a tiny statue that fit in the palm of your hand. Every family said daily prayers to little family huacas. Priests performed daily ceremonies at the temples, offering prayers to the huacas in their care.

Festivals: Every month, the Incas held a major religious festival. Festivals were held outside. Games, songs, dancing, food, parades, and sacrifice (of animals usually) were all part of the festivities. If something special was happening, like the crowning of a new emperor or a drought, the Incas would include human sacrifice as part of the festival.

Apu Illapu was the rain god, an agricultural deity whom people would pray to when they needed rain. The Inca believed his shadow was in the Milky Way, where he drew the water that he poured down to earth as rain.

Ayar Cachi was a god with a very hot temper. He was so difficult that his brother Manco Capac and sister Mama Occlo locked him up in a cave. He still sits in that cave about 30 kilometres from Cuzco (a city in Peru) and tries to get out every now and then. Local people believe this causes earthquakes in the area.

Illapa was the goddess of thunder and lightning. When she came to earth she became Yakumama, the goddess of water and rivers.

Inti was the sun god and the patron deity of the holy city of Cuzco, home of the sun. He was the patron god of the Incas and especially worshipped by farmers who needed his warmth and light to grow crops. Inti was represented with a human face in a great disk and is found on many temples.

K'uychi was the rainbow god. This deity was connected with fertility. He was the heavenly form of the goddess Sach'mama, the Mother Tree.

Mama Kilya was the wife of the sun god Inti. She was the Moon Mother who regulated women's menstrual cycles.

Mama Occlo was the sister of Manco Capac chosen by Pachacamac for her wisdom to civilize the people. She taught the women how to weave cloth and build houses.

Manco Capac was Pachacamac's son, celebrated for his courage. He was sent to earth to become the first king of the Incas. He taught his people how to grow plants, make weapons, work together, share resources and worship the gods.

Pachacamac was the creator god of the Inca, also known as Viracocha. He was the sky god who created the sun, the moon and the people. He brought Manco Capac and Mama Occlo to the world to civilize people and teach them skills such as farming and crafts.

Pachamama was the goddess of the earth or earth mother and wife of Pachacamac. She is still the object of a cult all over the Andean mountains where people make her offerings of coca leaf and 'chicha' beer and pray to her on all major agricultural occasions.

Qochamama was the goddess of the sea or Sea Mother, especially worshipped in the coastal regions.

Sach'amama means Mother Tree. She was a goddess in the shape of a snake with two heads. When she passed on to the heavenly world she transformed into K'uychi.

Yakumama means Mother Water. This water goddess was portrayed as a snake. When she came to the earth's surface, she transformed into a great river. She could also pass to the upper world. In that shape she was called Illapa meaning thunder and lightning.

Lipunan The Royal Kabilang sa

mayayamang angkan Di nagbabayad ng buwis Nagmamay-ari ng lupa at

Llamas May magandang

kasuotan Mayroon maraming

asawa

The common People Walang karapatan na magmay-

ari ng lupa o negosyo Karamihan sa pangkat na ito ay

magsasaka Nagbabayad ng buwis sa

pamamagitan ng mahabang pagtatrabaho.

Hindi nabibigyan ng sapat na edukasyon

Binibigyan lamang ng magkaroon ng isang asawa

Ang bahay ay gawa sa luwad

Dahilan ng tagumpay ng IncaCommunication: (roads, runners(chaskis), string

writing)Specialized Professions (engineers, metal

workers, stone masons, other artisans)Service Tax (huge free labor force)Technology (terrace farming, surplus crops,

irrigation systems)Strong Central Government (all powerful Inca,

strict laws, basic needs satisfied)

PananakopFrancisco PizarroAng mananakop ng IncaMadaling nasakop ang

Inca dahil sa makabagong teknolohiya.

Binihag at pinatay si Ataluallpa

Pinugutan ng ulo si Tupac Amaru

Mga AmbagTerrace FarmingUse of Gold and SilverMarvelous stoneworkWonderful textileHanging BridgesPanpipesQuipusCultivate potatoes

http://incas.mrdonn.org/geography.html