STATES OF MATTER

DEFINE

• Matter:• Chemistry:• Mass:• Weight:• Energy:• Work:• Solid:• Liquid:

• Gas• Plasma• Steam or water vapor• Viscosity• Miscible• Immiscible• Diffuse

DEFINE

Matter:Stuff of which all materials are made; anything

that has mass and takes up space.Chemistry:

The study of matter and the changes it undergoes.

Mass:A measure of the quantity of matter.Weight:

A measure of the force of attraction of the earth on an object.

DEFINE (cont.):

EnergyThe capacity for doing work

Work

Force acting through a distance

Name and describe four states of matter

SolidA state of matter in which the substance

maintains its shape and volume. Particles are rigidly packed in a 3-dimensional pattern.

Liquid– A state of matter in which the substance assumes the shape of its container, flows

readily, and maintains a fairly constant volume. Particles are touching each other,

but are free to roll around.

Name and Describe Four States of Matter

GasThe state of matter in which the substance

maintains neither shape nor volume. Particles are not touching, and they bounce around, colliding with other particles and the

walls of the container.Plasma

A state of matter similar to a gas but composed of isolated electrons and nuclei rather than

discrete whole atoms or molecules

Insert figure 2.4

States of Matter

Properties of Solids, Liquids, and Gases

State Shape Volume

Solid Definite Definite

Liquid Indefinite Definite

Gas Indefinite Indefinite

Properties of Solids, Liquids, and Gases (continued)

State Compressibility

Solid

Liquid

Gas

Negligible

Very Little

High

Touching and packed

Touching and mobile

Far apart

Submicroscopic Properties of Particles

Changes of State

Solid

meltingLiquid

boiling Gas (vapor)condensingfreezing

Terms Related to States of Matter

• Steam or water vapor– Water in the gaseous state

• Viscosity– Resistance of a liquid to flow

• Miscible– Liquids that are soluble in all proportions

• Immiscible– Liquids that are not soluble in all proportions.

When shaken together, they will form a cloudy mixture or separate

Terms (Continued)

• Diffuse– The ability of a gas to mix with other gases as it

fills the available space.

CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER

Elements and Compounds

• Pure Substances• Elements• Compounds• Mixture

Insert figure 2.9

Classification of Matter

Elements and Compounds

Pure SubstancesA single chemical mix of the same type of matter.Elements

Fundamental Substances.Compounds

Made of two or more kinds of elements combined in fixed proportion.

Elements

Made of a single type of atom.An atom is the smallest particle that retains the

properties of the element.All atoms of the element copper are copper

atoms.Atoms can not be broken into smaller atoms.

A list of all the known elements is in the periodic table.

Insert periodic table here

Compounds

Composed of elements in definite proportion.Law of Definite Proportion or Definite

Composition.Formula indicates ratio in which elements are

combined.

Ammonia, NH3: One atom of nitrogen combined with three atoms of hydrogen.

Compounds

Properties of compounds are very different by the elements which they

are made off.Water H2O:

Liquid, is made of two hydrogen atoms (gas) and one oxygen atom

(gas).

Compounds

Sodium Chloride, NaCl (salt): A crystalline solid is composed of one sodium atom (reactive solid metal), and one chlorine atom (a

poison gas).

Mixtures

Composed of two or more pure substances (elements or compounds).

No fixed composition

Examples:

Orange juice

Milk

Sugar dissolved in water

Mixtures

HomogeneousUniform composition and appearance.Solution (clear)Alloys

Not uniform throughoutDifferent phasesMay be cloudy (suspension)For example, oil and water

Properties of Substances

• Characteristic Properties may be used to identify or characterize a substance and distinguish that substance from other substances.

• Types of properties–Physical–Chemical

Properties of Matter

• Physical - A characteristic shown by a substance itself, without interacting with or changing into other substances.

• Chemical - A characteristic of a substance appears as it interacts with, or transforms into, other substances.

Physical Properties

• Color

• Odor

• Density

• Melting Point

• Boiling Point

• Malleability

• Viscosity

• Hardness

• Metallic Luster

• Ductility

Chemical Properties

• Does it burn in air?• Does it decompose when heated?• Does it react with another substance?

– Oxygen– Acid– Metal

• In what ways it´s changed by other substances?

Intensive Properties

• Do not depend on the amount of substance.– Melting point– Boiling point– Color– Flammability– Reactivity– Conductivity– Physical State (solid, liquid, gas)

Extensive Properties

• Depend on the amount of material present– Mass– Volume– Length– Moles– Weight– Total amount of heat given off in combustion

Changes in Matter

• Physical- No change in the composition of the substance:–Melting–Boiling–Cutting

• Chemical- Change in composition of substance.–Combustion–Corrosion

Law of Conservation of Mass

• Lavoisier

• Matter can neither be created nor destroyed during a chemical change.

Energy

• Energy-The capacity for doing work.

• Work-Mass moving through a distance.

• Types of Energy:

– Kinetic (KE) Energy of motion:

– KE = ½mv2 m=mass, v = velocity

– Potential (PE) stored energy

Energy Terms

• exothermic – gives off heat

• endothermic- absorbs heat

• exergonic – releases energy other than heat

• endergonic – absorbs energy other than heat

Law of Conservation of Energy

• (First Law of Thermodynamics)• Energy is neither created nor destroyed

during chemical processes.• Energy can be converted between forms:• Kinetic to potential; potential to kinetic;

work to heat, etc.

Law of Conservation of Mass/Energy

• Mass can be converted to energy and energy to mass:

• Einstein’s Equation:• E = mc2

– E is energy, m is mass, c is speed of light• Mass is converted to energy in nuclear

reactions such as fission and fusion.• The total sum of matter and energy in the

universe is constant.