Mac os installation and Hardware Report

A

Project Report

On

OS Installation

Prepared By:

Vyas Pratik

(090570116066)

Vyas Pratik (090570116066)

OS Installation

Index

Sr. No Title Page No

1 Mac OS installation 4

2 Requirement 11

3 What is Hardwar 12

4 Random Access Memory (RAM) 14

5 Mouse 14

6 Keyboard 15

7 Motherboard 15

8 Hard Disk 18

9 PC Case 19

10 Monitor CRT Monitor 20 LCD Monitor 21

11 Reference 22

MEFGI, RAJKOT Page 2

Vyas Pratik (090570116066)

OS Installation

Mac OS installation[1]

Step 1: Insert the Mac OS X Install discDouble-click the Install Mac OS X icon, and

then click Restart. The installer opens automatically when your computer restarts.


Double Click this icon on the installation disk

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OS Installation


Click Restart to begin.

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OS Installation

Step 2: Follow the onscreen instructionsSelect the language you want to use, and then click the forward arrow. The

Welcomescreen appears.


Click here for further process.

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Step 3: Select a destinationOn the “Select a Destination” pane, select the volume on which you want to

installMac OS X. The screen tells you how much space is required for installation.


Select Destination & Click to Continue

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OS Installation

Step 4: Select how you want to install Mac OS XClick the Options button to select “Archive and Install” or “Erase and Install”.

One of thefollowing screens appears:

Select how you want to install Mac OS X, and then click OK. Click Continue when you’reready to proceed to the next pane.

Install Mac OS XThis option appears if you don’t have Mac OS X installed on your computer or you

havean early version of Mac OS X (v10.2.8) that can’t be upgraded. Select this option toinstall Leopard on your computer.

Archive and InstallSelect this option if you want to install a fresh system on your computer.

“Archive and Install” moves your existing Mac OS X system files to a folder namedPrevious System, and then installs a new copy of Mac OS X on the selected volume.Mac OS X–installed applications, such as Address Book and Safari, are archived, and


This is selected if Mac OS XIsn’t installed.

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New versions are installed in the Applications folder.

Erase and InstallThis method completely erases the destination volume, and then installs a new copy

ofMac OS X.


This is selected ifMac OS X is alreadyInstalled on the volume.

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OS Installation

Step 5: Select additional software packages to installThe default installation contains all the software you need to use Mac OS X.

However, the Mac OS X Install disc contains additional software—such as printer drivers, fonts, and language translations—that you may want to install. To see the available packages, click Customize on the Install Summary screen.

The Custom Install pane appears, as shown on the following page. Click the arrowsto reveal specific components. Select the software you want to install, and thenclick Done.

When you’re ready to install Mac OS X and the selected software, click Install on theInstall Summary screen.


Click the arrow toReveal components.

Only the selectedcomponents willbe installed.

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OS Installation

Requirement:[2]


Mac OS X RecommendedProcessor: Intel Core 2 Due, Core i3/i5/i7, or Xeon

processorRAM 2 GBOS Requirement OS Lion or laterHard Disk space 7 GB of SpaceScreen Resolution: 1024x768 pixels or higherGraphics Card: ATI: 4850, 4870

OR NVIDIA: 9800

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OS Installation

What is Hardware[5]

Your PC (Personal Computer) is a system, consisting of many components. Some of those components, like Windows XP, and all your other programs, are software. The stuff you can actually see and touch, and would likely break if you threw it out a fifth-story window, is hardware.

Not everybody has exactly the same hardware. But those of you who have a desktop system, like the example shown in Figure 1, probably have most of the components shown in that same figure. Those of you with notebook computers probably have most of the same components. Only in your case the components are all integrated into a single book-sized portable unit.

The system unit is the actual computer; everything else is called a peripheral device. Your computer's system unit probably has at least one floppy disk drive, and one CD or DVD drive, into which you can insert floppy disks and CDs. There's another disk drive, called the hard disk inside the system unit, as shown in Figure 2. You can't remove that disk, or even see it. But it's there. And everything that's currently "in your computer" is actually stored on that hard disk.


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The floppy drive and CD drive are often referred to as drives with removable media or removable drives for short, because you can remove whatever disk is currently in the drive, and replace it with another. Your computer's hard disk can store as much information as tens of thousands of floppy disks, so don't worry about running out of space on your hard disk any time soon. As a rule, you want to store everything you create or download on your hard disk. Use the floppy disks and CDs to send copies of files through the mail, or to make backup copies of important items.

This following list represents a basic set of hardware found in most PCs.

Random Access Memory (RAM) Muse Keyboard Motherboard Hard Disk Monitor Speaker


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OS Installation

Random Access Memory (RAM)[3]

There's too much "stuff" on your computer's hard disk to use it all at the same time. During the average session sitting at the computer, you'll probably use only a small amount of all that's available. The stuff you're working with at any given moment is stored in random access memory (often abbreviated RAM, and often called simply "memory"). The advantage using RAM to store whatever you're working on at the moment is that RAM is very fast. Much faster than any disk. For you, "fast" translates to less time waiting and more time being productive.

Mouse[3]

Obviously you know how to use your mouse, since you must have used it to get here. But let's take a look at the facts and buzzwords anyway. Your mouse probably has at least two buttons on it. The button on the left is called the primary mouse button, the button on the right is called the secondary mouse button or just the right mouse button. I'll just refer to them as the left and right mouse buttons. Many mice have a small wheel between the two mouse buttons, as illustrated.


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Keyboard[3]

Like the mouse, the keyboard is a means of interacting with your computer. You really only need to use the keyboard when you're typing text. Most of the keys on the keyboard are laid out like the keys on a typewriter. But there are some special keys like Esc (Escape), Ctrl (Control), and Alt (Alternate). There are also some keys across the top of the keyboard labeled F1, F2, F3, and so forth. Those are called the function keys, and the exact role they play depends on which program you happen to be using at the moment.

Motherboard[4]

The motherboard is the main circuit board in a PC. It contains all the circuits and components that run the PC.


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Major Components found on the motherboard are:

CPU - the Central Processing Unit is often an Intel Pentium or Celeron processor. It is the heart of every PC. All scheduling, computation and control occurs here.

BIOS - Basic Input Output System is a non-volatile memory that contains configuration information about the PC. It contains all the code required for the CPU to communicate with the keyboard, mouse video display, disk drives and communications devices.

When a PC is powered on it uses the BIOS 'boot code' to set up many required functions that bring the PC to a point where it is ready to work.

RTC - the Real Time Clock chip keeps date, day and time in a 24 hour format just like your watch. The PC uses this clock to 'time stamp' files as they are created and modified. When you print a file it time stamps the pages as they are printed.

Chip Set - these are large chip(s) that integrate many functions that used to be found in separate smaller chips on the motherboard. They save space and cost.

The functions performed by these chip sets often broken into two devices with one providing an interface from the CPU to the memory and the other providing controllers for IDE, ISA, PCI and USB devices (see below).

Primary Connectors found on the motherboard are:

Power - A 20 pin connector accepts a plug from the power supply. This plug carry DC power to all the circuits on the motherboard.

Keyboard - A Mini-din 6-pin (round) connector found at the back of the motherboard is where the keyboard plugs in.

Mouse - A Mini-din 6-pin connector found next to the keyboard connector is where the where the mouse plugs in.

Display - This connector is not integrated into the motherboard but is included in this list since its function is absolutely necessary. It is a 15-pin, D-shell type connector found on a video card that plugs into the AGP connector of the motherboard (see below).

IDE - stands for Integrated Drive Electronics. These are 40 pin connectors that provide a place to connect the ribbon cables from the drives (hard and CD/DVD). All data between the motherboard and the drives is carried in these cables. They are not accessible unless the PC cover is removed.


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FDD connector - it is similar in function to the IDE connector. It is a 34 pin ribbon connector that carries data between the motherboard and any floppy drive installed in the PC. Not accessible with PC cover on.

DRAM - Dynamic Random Access Memory connectors for SIMM and DIMM type memory modules. Not accessible with chassis cover on.

Serial Connectors

o Standard Serial Connector - This connector has been around in PCs since they first appeared. It was originally located on ISA expansion type cards (see below). Today it is an integral part of newer motherboards. It is a 9- pin, D-shell connector that allows you to connect external devices with serial ports to your PC. The maximum data rate is 115 KB/s.

o USB - Universal Serial Bus This is a relatively new serial bus. Originally specified as low speed, 1.2 Mb/s, it was enhanced to full speed, 12Mb/s. The latest version 2.0 is specified as high speed, 400 MB/s.

Someday USB will completely replace the standard serial connector that has been the workhorse serial port in earlier PCs. USB is now a standard connector on all new motherboards.

Unlike serial and parallel ports, the USB port is designed to power devices connected to it. The devices must be low power devices and must be able to reduce their current draw to less than 0.5uAmps when commanded to do so by the PC.

Parallel Connectors

o Centronix or Standard Parallel - This connector has been around in PCs since they first appeared. It has 37-pins and is now integrated on new motherboards. It is usually used to connect your printer to the PC and moves data at about 1MB/s.

o SCSI - Small Computer System Interface moves data at a maximum of up to 80Mb/s. It not integrated into most PC motherboards. It can be added to a PC as an Expansion card (see below). Some printers and hard disk drives use SCSI interfaces.

Expansion Card Connectors - The CPU connects to expansion card connectors through one of the chip set ICs mentioned above. They are located on the motherboard near the rear of the PC. These connectors allow special function cards to plug into and work with the PC.

Before motherboards integrated the serial and centronix connectors they were found on expansion boards that plugged into ISA slots.

Most PCs have the following expansion connector types:


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o ISA - Industry Standard Architecture connectors have been around since 1980 and first appeared in the IBM XT PC. This type of slot still appears on some newer motherboards so that older expansion boards can still be used. However, many motherboards no longer have ISA connectors on them.

o PCI - Peripheral Component Interconnect is a newer and faster interface that accepts all expansion cards that have a PCI interface.

o AGP - Accelerated Graphics Port is a connector that is designed to work with video cards. Your video display plugs into and is controlled by one of these video cards. Many modern video cards offer enhanced 3D-graphics and fast, full motion video.

The Hard Disk[4]

All of the information that's "in your computer", so to speak, is stored on your computer's hard disk. You never see that actual hard disk because it's sealed inside a special housing and needs to stay that way. Unlike RAM, which is volatile, the hard disk can hold information forever -- with or without electricity. Most modern hard disks have tens of billions of bytes of storage space on them.


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PC Case[4]

The PC case is a thin sheet metal enclosure that houses the motherboard, power supply and various drives (HDD, FDD, CD, DVD).

The motherboard and power supply mount to the floor at the rear of the case. The drives (hard, floppy and CD/DVD) mount in enclosures called drive bays at the front of the case.


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Monitor[4]

CRT Monitors

1. Up until recently, CRTs (Cathode RayTubes) were the only type of displays for use with desktop PCs. They are relatively big (14" to 16" deep) and heavy (over 15 lbs).

2. They are available in screen sizes from 14" to 21". A 17" display means that it is 17" measured diagonally from one corner of the tube to the other. The actual viewing area is smaller than 17" (about 16") since the electron gun can't sweep completely to the tube edge.

3. CRTs send a stream of electrons at the screen, which is charged to about 25,000 volts. As they strike it they cause phosphor on the backside of the screen to glow creating light which you see. The electron stream is sweep back and forth and up and down at about 60 sweeps per second and turned off and on at the right time to make text and graphics images appear.

4.

5. Data is transferred to the display on a cable with a 15-pin D-shell connector that plugs into a connector on the video card which in turn plugs into one of the PC's expansion slots.


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LCD Monitors

1. Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) technology has been used in laptops for some time. It has recently been made commercially available as monitors for desktop PCs.

2. LCDs have no electron gun and are therefore not very deep like CRTs. The text and images you see are created by a back light behind the panel, that shines through pixels (picture elements). Each pixel is made up of three chambers red, green and blue. The chambers in each pixel must be opened enough and in the proper proportion to produce the correct brightness and color.

3.For an LCD to provide a screen resolution 1024 x 768 pixels (SVGA), it must have 786,432 (1024 x 768) pixels. In TFT (Thin Film Transistor) type LCDs, each pixel is controlled by a tiny transistor that opens and closes the chambers in each pixel.

4.Data is transferred to the display on a cable with a 15-pin connector that plugs into a mating connector on the video card seated in an expansion slot in the PC.


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Reference:

1] www.secondlife.com

2] www.apple.guide.com

3] www.computerhelpatoz.com

4] www.coolnerds.com

5] www.pccomputernotes.com


http://www.pccomputernotes.com/

http://www.coolnerds.com/

http://www.computerhelpatoz.com/

http://www.apple.guide.com/

http://www.secondlife.com/

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Mac os installation and Hardware Report