- 1. Citizenship and inequality Overview Sharlene Tauia 17354875
Week 9 Week 10 Week 11
2. Human rights... do not belong to human beings; this assists
us to create who and how one becomes human Costas Douzinas (2009).
In this notion of citizenship in Australia, it is seen as an
entitlement to identity and rights to the protection of individual
freedoms, political voting and mate ship for a fair go. However, to
understand the key concepts that bind them together carries with it
unwanted frameworks that have been shaped and embedded from the
myth of a classless society Hage, G. (2003). The displacement and
dispossession which had Aboriginal people segregated and lost
within a system referred to as White Australia Hage, G. (2003). The
theoretical frameworks of power have liberal, pluralist,
Marshallian, and Marxist theories, that have highlighted the
ever-present inequality since the French revolution Nash, K.
(2007). This National sovereignty model implemented has presently
restricted citizens in endless circumstances, economically,
politically and socially by both objective criteria and subjective
experience Arvanitakis, J. (2009). Image 2 Image 1 Image 3 Image 2
3. Aborigines have been subjected to years of inequality from 1788
with the British invasion, isolated through assimilation policies,
discriminated through the white policy subjected to remote then
lost through the stolen generation. This has highlighted
multi-dimensional inequalities related to marginal status in
society based on gender, culture, colour, location, age, health and
many other counts Wilkinson, R & Pickett, K. (2009). In
redressing cultural nationalism the positive concept for Australia
is better access to health and education, gender equality for women
initiatives for more girls to attend school, more leadership given
to women and helping the unemployed Wilkinson, R & Pickett, K.
(2009). The Australian government within a shrinking society need
to play an active role for a vision of a better world and the sense
of hope Hage, G. (2003). Image 6 Image 4 Image 5 4. In analysing
the theories that have influenced how past and present governments
have integrated their decisions have constructed a rigid and a
facade of unchangeable distinctions on multicultural citizenship
Nash, K. (2007). These cultural and social constraints have been
seen as problematic that as individuals face multiple challenges as
Gilroy refers to as ethnic absolutism (Gilroy, 1993). The twentieth
century has developed a nation of fear where even Australia day
interpreted to many as a celebration or remberance day, to others a
day of invasion and sadness. Since 1950s and 1960s the vision of
equality bring constant protests, struggles and extensive power
wars amongst the powers that be. Finally, the conepts of
citizenship and inequality need to change with the no one left
behind concept recognising that Fair Go mate ship in Australia
Wilkinson, R & Pickett, K. (2009). Image 8 Image 9 Image 7 5.
Wk 9 Inequalities Overview in Australia References Arvanitakis, J.
(2009) Contemporary Society. Oxford University Press, Melbourne.
Gilroy, (1993) Hage, G. (2003), Against Paranoid Nationalism:
Searching for hope in a Shrinking Society, Pluto Press, Sydney.
Nash, K. (2007) Citizenship, Contemporary Political Sociology:
Globalisation, Politics, and Power. London: Wiley Wilkinson, R
& Pickett, K. (2009). The Spirit Level: Why More Equal
Societies Almost Always Do Better. Allen Lane/The Penguin Press,
2009. 6. Wk 10 Citizenship & Inequality Migration Sorry, when
we said we require you to speak English we meant only English.
Connecting from the citizenship overview to the concept of no one
left behind. The need to design goals and basic economic
opportunities that focus on reaching excluded groups. For example
track progress at all levels of income, and provide social
protection to help citizens develop resilience to lifes fears
Cesarani, D. & Fulbrook, M. (1996). The Australian
representative democratic model through migration has been the
central topic of debate. In 1901, the Immigration Act that clearly
discriminated against Non Europeans and Asians with illegal
immigration and asylum seekers threatening border controls. The
underlying reality in this 21st Century, is that the Australian
government have become dependent on trade with the emerging Asian
nation, within the context Marixism theory of capitalism has had
Australia embrace multiculturalism with the abolishment of the
Immigration Act in 19th Century. (Image 6). Both economics and
sociology while each recognizes capitalism have seen global
processes depict the country. Nash, K (2007) p178. Image 12 Image
10 Image 11 7. For example Gina Rinehart 29th richest person in the
world having Capitalism Bargaining Power negotiate with government
an Enterprise Migration Agreements in allowing foreign workers to
work in Australia at a low rate of pay to work at the Roy Hill Iron
Ore project (Image 6). These Neo liberal ideologies, have resulted
in Australia taking measures to incorporate a globalised and
racialized legal policy to combat illegal immigration that has
highlighted and exposed the exploitation on asylum seekers,
refugees, citizens, and workers in Australia. Nash, K (2007) p179.
These controls were detention camps, deprivation of political
rights, inhuman exploitation of labor and excluded migrants from
citizenship entitlements. It has acknowledged UK, NZ, China and
India migrants numbers are steady since 2013. Nash, K (2007)p181.
In analyzing the disparities in citizenship through migration has
highlighted income-based inequalities together with social equity
targets to be redressed. The need is for strengthened set of
targets and indicators for a more equitable system for example, in
a wage share of GDP, access to decent work, human development
outcomes and the elimination of multiple forms of discrimination
relating to poverty and inequalities Wilkinson, R & Pickett, K.
(2009). Image 14 Image 13 Image 15 8. CONCLUSION Finally, it is
important to emphasise that the actions taken by government have
been the fear and the threatening component of skilled and
unskilled migrants arriving taking work from natural citizens these
methods adopted included key characteristics, which have played a
central role in inequalities. These actions need to be readdressed
for inclusive and effective participation in such social
accountability mechanisms. 9. Wk 10 Citizenship & Inequality
II: Migration in Australia References Cesarani, D & Fulbrook, M
(1996) , Citizenship, Nationality and Migration in Europe. London:
Routledge. Nash, K. (2007) Citizenship, Contemporary Political
Sociology: Globalisation, Politics, and Power. London: Wiley
Wilkinson, R & Pickett, K. (2009). The Spirit Level: Why More
Equal Societies Almost Always Do Better. Allen Lane/The Penguin
Press, 2009. 10. Week 11 Citizenship and inequalities Gender and
sexuality Liking your body can be a revolutionary act Jessica
Valenti Analysing gender and sexuality have highlighted citizenship
inequalities through the complexities of social norms. Arvanatakis
(2009) p72-81 Week eleven has the recognition of the citizenship
components linking gender and sexuality will have us analyse the
concept of promoting gender equality to empower citizens and
acknowledge the gap that has been an ongoing impact creating this
inequality. Gender and sexuality is a range of behavioural,
biological, mental and physical characteristics relevant to, and
giving balance to the differentiation between feminism and
masculinity. Power, N (2009). In the context of citizenship sex
based social structures will outline and recognise the citizens
identity and roles within Australia. The need to design goals and
basic economic opportunities that focus on reaching excluded
groups. For example track progress at all levels of income, and
provide social protection to help citizens develop resilience to
lifes fears Inequalities are multiple-dimensional and intersecting
in nature - spanning the economic, social, political, legal,
cultural and environmental spheres. Intersecting inequalities
reinforce 11. GENDER the10 UNICEF and UN Women, 2013, Addressing
Inequalities, Synthesis Report of Global Public Consultation3
deprivations faced by specific groups and individuals, and are
closely related to marginal status in society e.g. based on gender,
ethnicity, location, age, disability and indigenous identity11.
Multiple inequalities are reinforced in turn by dominant
ideologies, political and socio-economic marginalization, and,
often, group stereotyping and various forms of discrimination and
violence. Pervasive examples are the many forms of gender-based
violence and the widespread denial to marginalized women and
adolescents of access to services for the realization of their
sexual and reproductive health and rights. In some cases 12. gender
Gender is socially constructed and it is not transgender Australia,
India and Pakistan f blame avoidance (Weaver 1986; Pal/Weaver
2003). A gestalt switch in ideology has occurred: The publicly
provided benefits yesterdays efficient means of redressing social
inequalities and correcting market failures are now seen as
hindering economic growth, undermining individual self-sufficiency,
and overburdening public budgets (Prasad 2005). In public
discourse, ideological positions and political actors which see the
welfare state not as part of the solution to social problems, but
as part of the problem, have gained influence. A number of
governments in power have explicitly committed themselves to a
smaller, less bureaucratic and less expensive welfare state and
have brought the dynamic of welfare-state expansion to a halt,
shift. 13. Wk 11 Citizenship & Inequality III: Gender &
Sexuality in Australia References Quote:
http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/j/jessica_valenti.html
Book: Cesarani, D & Fulbrook, M (1996) , Citizenship,
Nationality and Migration in Europe. London: Routledge. Nash, K.
(2007) Citizenship, Contemporary Political Sociology:
Globalisation, Politics, and Power. London: Wiley Wilkinson, R
& Pickett, K. (2009). The Spirit Level: Why More Equal
Societies Almost Always Do Better. Allen Lane/The Penguin Press,
2009. 14. references Image 1
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