AP U.S. HistoryCh. 12

The war of 1812

ThemeTheme

Napoleon’s diplomatic maneuvering and the demands of western war hawks drew President Madison into the War of 1812 with Great Britain. The two-and-a-half-year conflict ended in a military stalemate although the U.S. nearly lost the war. Meanwhile, New England Federalist opposition to the war led to the destruction of the party.

President James MadisonPresident James Madison1809-18171809-1817

Democratic RepublicanDemocratic Republican

Presidential Rankings: C-Span Survey, 2009Presidential Rankings: C-Span Survey, 2009

1. Abraham Lincoln

2. Franklin Roosevelt

3. George Washington

4. Theodore Roosevelt

5. Harry Truman

6. John Kennedy

7. Thomas Jefferson

8. Dwight Eisenhower

9. Woodrow Wilson

10. Ronald Reagan

11. Lyndon Johnson

12. James Polk

13. Andrew Jackson

14. James Monroe

15. Bill Clinton

16. William McKinley

17. John Adams

18. George H.W. Bush

19. John Quincy Adams

20. James Madison

21. Grover Cleveland

22. Gerald Ford

23. Ulysses Grant

24. William Taft

25. Jimmy Carter

26. Calvin Coolidge

27. Richard Nixon

28. James Garfield

29. Zachary Taylor

30. Benjamin Harrison

31. Martin Van Buren

32. Chester Arthur

33. Rutherford Hayes

34. Herbert Hoover

35. John Tyler

36. George W. Bush

37. Millard Fillmore

38. Warren Harding

39. William Harrison

40. Franklin Pierce

41. Andrew Johnson

42. James Buchanan

  I. President Madison drifts I. President Madison drifts

towards war.towards war. A. James Madison: strong Jeffersonian

B. Macon’s Bill No. 2 (1810) 1. Situation: Non-Intercourse Act of

1809 would expire within a year.

2. Purpose: entice Britain and France to respect U.S. shipping

-- U.S. would maintain its embargo on the country that didn’t sign an agreement

3. Napoleon agreed. Why?4. Tensions increased between U.S. and Britain

B. War Hawks1. 1811, new Congress differed

from past Congresses

a. Characteristics b. Henry Clay: Speaker

of the House c. John C. Calhoun

 

2. Battle of Tippecanoea. Western war hawks sought to wipe out renewed Indian attacks on white settlements on the frontier

b. Shawnee Indians: Shawnee Indians: TecumsehTecumseh & the & the Prophet Prophet (Tenskwatawa)(Tenskwatawa)

-- Americans feared British aid to the Shawnee

Tecumseh was the military leader of the Shawnee Confederation and one of it’s

main political leaders

The Prophet (Tenskwatawa), Tecumseh’s brother, was a religious and political

leader of the Shawnee

c. Battle of Tippecanoe Battle of Tippecanoe (Nov, 1811) -- General William H. HarrisonGeneral William H. Harrison

d. Significance: effectively ended the Amerindian threat in the northwest

territory

An illustration of the Battle of Tippecanoe

U.S. General William H. Harrison

3. War hawks sought to conquer Canada a. It would remove other

Amerindian threats b. Canada appeared vulnerable as

Britain was preoccupied in fighting Napoleon

4. Southern expansionists desired Spanish Florida (Spain was Britain’s ally)

5. War hawks were outraged over British impressment & the Order in Council

D. War with Britain was opposed by Daniel Daniel WebsterWebster

The “Great Triumvirate”The “Great Triumvirate”

Clay

Calhoun

Webster

E. US declared war on Britain: June, 1812

1. Opposition to war 2. Why fight Britain instead of France?

a. War Hawks b. Republican views

c British impressments & arming of Indians

d. Chesapeake-Leopard Affair

e. Lure of Canada

II. “Mr. Madison’s War” A. Overview

1. Small war: 6,000 American casualties 2. One of US’s worst-fought wars on land

a. Nation was militarily unprepared

b. Attack on Canada a complete failure

c. Washington, D.C. burned by the British

d. Britain nearly won large territories in the North

Dolly Madison, First Dolly Madison, First LadyLady

While the British were invading Washington, D.C., Dolly Madison saved some important works of art in the White House and fled just before the

British arrived and torched the White House.

Washington BurnedWashington Burned

GB marched on and captured D.C.—set the capital a fire

3. National disunity --Federalists undermined the war effort (e.g. Hartford Convention, 1814)

4. American victories a. U.S. Navy out-performed the Royal Navy on the Great Lakes i. Lake Erie -- Oliver Hazard Perry

ii. Battle of Thames: Gen. Harrison

Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry led U.S.

forces to victory in Lake Erie

b. Fort McHenry Fort McHenry (Sept. 1814) -- Francis Scott Key: Francis Scott Key: “Star Spangled Banner”

The flag that flew at Fort McHenry The flag that flew at Fort McHenry the night of the British the night of the British

bombardmentbombardmentThe flag has been restored and is on display at the The flag has been restored and is on display at the

Smithsonian National History Museum in Washington, D.C.Smithsonian National History Museum in Washington, D.C.

c. General Andrew JacksonGeneral Andrew Jackson i. Horseshoe Bend, Horseshoe Bend, 1814

-- Defeat of Creek Indians

ii. Battle of New OrleansBattle of New Orleans, 1815

Map of Battle of New Map of Battle of New OrleansOrleans

Battle of New OrleansBattle of New Orleans

An American War HeroAn American War Hero

General Andrew Jackson

5. Treaty of Ghent (1815)a. Both sides agreed to stop

fighting and restore conquered territory

b. No mention of pre-war grievances 6. America gained respect diplomatically & militarily -- “Second War for Independence”7. Fall of the Federalists

a. Mainly due to opposing the war

b. Temporary reduction of sectionalism

8. Large Native-American losses during the war

-- Especially in lands north of the Ohio River9. Beginning of the American Industrial Revolution

. Hartford Convention (1814) A. Attended by New England FederalistsB. Sought financial compensation for losses during the warC. A small minority urged secession

D. Recommended amendments to the Constitution

1. Repeal 3/5 compromise 2. 2/3 vote in Congress for an embargo, admission of western states, or for declaration of war.

3. Limit the term of the president

4. Deny naturalized citizens the right to vote E. Battle of New Orleans & Treaty of Ghent made their pleas moot

F. Results

1. Death of the Federalist party a.1816 election, James Monroe

crushed his Federalist opponent

b. Exaggerated accounts of treason doomed the Federalists

-- More talk of nullification and secession in New England

than any other section up until this point

c. Anti-war effort also hurt the party

IV. New Era of American NationalismA. War heroes

1. Andrew Jackson: Battle of New Orleans2. Stephen Decatur: naval

victories3. William H. Harrison: Battle of

the Great Lakes B. Americans now looked westward

toward settlement of the West C. U.S. no longer worried over

European intervention in North America

““ERA OF GOOD ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS”FEELINGS”

Ch. 12

ERA OF GOOD ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS: FEELINGS: 1816-18241816-1824

The aftermath of the War of The aftermath of the War of 1812 produced a strong surge of 1812 produced a strong surge of American nationalism that was American nationalism that was reflected in economics, law, and reflected in economics, law, and foreign policy. The rising foreign policy. The rising nationalistic spirit was only nationalistic spirit was only temporarily threatened by the temporarily threatened by the first severe sectional dispute first severe sectional dispute over slavery that was settled over slavery that was settled with the Missouri Compromise of with the Missouri Compromise of 1820.1820.

Nascent NationalismNascent NationalismA. CausesA. Causes

1.1. Victories in War of 1812 (esp. Battle of Victories in War of 1812 (esp. Battle of

New Orleans)New Orleans)2. Less Federalist sectionalism and 2. Less Federalist sectionalism and

states’ states’ rightism rightism3. Less economic and political 3. Less economic and political

dependence dependence on Europe on Europe4. Westward expansion and optimism 4. Westward expansion and optimism about the future about the future

5.5. Many Americans see themselves as Many Americans see themselves as Americans first and state citizens Americans first and state citizens secondsecond

B. New western states continued to B. New western states continued to enter the Unionenter the Union1. New states: IN, IL, MS, AL1. New states: IN, IL, MS, AL

2. Indian removal continued to 2. Indian removal continued to make make way for westward- way for westward-moving settlersmoving settlers3. Eventually, a strong belief in 3. Eventually, a strong belief in “Manifest Destiny” “Manifest Destiny” developed by the developed by the the the 1840s1840s

4. 4. Davy CrockettDavy Crockett – America’s – America’s first first pop icon pop icon

Davy Crockett became America’s Davy Crockett became America’s first pop culture hero throughout first pop culture hero throughout the country for his hunting and the country for his hunting and

fighting skills in the west.fighting skills in the west.

Henry Clay’s “American Henry Clay’s “American System” System”

A.A. Second National BankSecond National Bank (1816) (1816)1. No BUS during War of 1812: impact1. No BUS during War of 1812: impact2. Modeled after first BUS, but larger2. Modeled after first BUS, but larger3. Jeffersonian support3. Jeffersonian support4. Federalist opposition (why now?)4. Federalist opposition (why now?)

The Second Bank of the United States, Philadelphia

B. B. Tariff of 1816Tariff of 18161. Purpose: protect U.S. businesses from 1. Purpose: protect U.S. businesses from British competition British competition a. First protective tariff in U.S. historya. First protective tariff in U.S. history

b. Began a protectionist trend in U.S.b. Began a protectionist trend in U.S.2. Sectional battle over tariff2. Sectional battle over tariff a. a. John C. CalhounJohn C. Calhoun – South – South► ► Opposed the tariffOpposed the tariff b. b. Daniel Webster Daniel Webster – North– North► ► Opposed the tariffOpposed the tariff

3. 3. Henry Clay Henry Clay – West– West a. Believed the tariff would a. Believed the tariff would

benefit benefit Eastern manufacturers Eastern manufacturers b. Tariff revenues would fund b. Tariff revenues would fund

internal internal improvementsimprovements c. Foodstuffs and raw materials c. Foodstuffs and raw materials

from from the South and West would the South and West would flow intoflow into the North and Eastthe North and East

Increased Tariff Rates in the Increased Tariff Rates in the 1820s1820s

U.S. Tariff Rates, 1820-2005U.S. Tariff Rates, 1820-2005

C. Internal improvements (did not pass)C. Internal improvements (did not pass)1. Calhoun’s 1. Calhoun’s Bonus BillBonus Bill (1817) would (1817) would

have have funded internal funded internal improvementsimprovements

a. Vetoed by Madison & Monroea. Vetoed by Madison & Monroe ► ► Strict construction: states Strict construction: states

responsible responsible for internal for internal improvementsimprovements not the not the federal federal governmentgovernment

b. Jeffersonian opposition: saw it as b. Jeffersonian opposition: saw it as states’ states’ rights issue rights issue

c. Federalist opposition: feared c. Federalist opposition: feared westward westward expansion and growth expansion and growth

2. Prior to the Civil War most internal 2. Prior to the Civil War most internal improvements (except railroads) improvements (except railroads)

were paid were paid for by the states (e.g. for by the states (e.g. Erie Canal in New Erie Canal in New York) York)

Memory Device for Clay’s Memory Device for Clay’s American System:American System:

“ “BITBIT” ” BBUSUS IInternal Improvementsnternal Improvements TTariffariff

““Era of Good Era of Good Feelings” so calledFeelings” so called A. Monroe elected President in A. Monroe elected President in 1816 1816

1. Continued the “Virginia 1. Continued the “Virginia dynasty”dynasty”

2. Death of Federalist 2. Death of Federalist partyparty

President James President James Monroe Monroe 1817-18251817-1825

Democratic-RepublicanDemocratic-Republican

B. “Era of Good Feelings”: one-party ruleB. “Era of Good Feelings”: one-party rule -- -- Term is misleadingTerm is misleading::

1. Emerging sectionalism 1. Emerging sectionalism

(South, West, & East)(South, West, & East) 2. Tariff issue2. Tariff issue 3. Internal improvements3. Internal improvements 4. 24. 2ndnd Bank of the United States Bank of the United States 5. Sale of public lands in West5. Sale of public lands in West

6. Panic of 18196. Panic of 1819 7. Slavery issue: Missouri 7. Slavery issue: Missouri

CompromiseCompromise 8. Republican party factions8. Republican party factions

C. Two major issues during C. Two major issues during Monroe’s Presidency:Monroe’s Presidency:

1. Panic of 18191. Panic of 1819

2. Missouri Compromise of 2. Missouri Compromise of 18201820

Panic of 1819Panic of 1819

A. Financial panic and a subsequent A. Financial panic and a subsequent depression hit in 1819depression hit in 1819

B. Causes: B. Causes: 1. Immediate cause: overspeculation on 1. Immediate cause: overspeculation on frontier lands by banks (esp. the frontier lands by banks (esp. the BUS)BUS)2. Inflation from the war and economic 2. Inflation from the war and economic downturn after the war downturn after the war3. Significant budget deficit (U.S. drained 3. Significant budget deficit (U.S. drained of specie) of specie)4. “Wildcat” western banks foreclosed 4. “Wildcat” western banks foreclosed on western farms on western farms

Resulted in calls for reform and Resulted in calls for reform and increased increased democracydemocracy

1. Western farmers’ views1. Western farmers’ views2. Stimulated the “New 2. Stimulated the “New

Democracy”: Democracy”: desire for desire for more responsive gov’tmore responsive gov’t

3. Land Act of 1820: New 3. Land Act of 1820: New trend in land trend in land legislationlegislation

4. 4. Calls to end debtors’ Calls to end debtors’ prisonsprisons

Growing Pains of the West

Slavery and Sectional BalanceSlavery and Sectional BalanceA. Missouri asked Congress to enter A. Missouri asked Congress to enter the the union in 1819union in 1819 ► ► Tallmadge AmendmentTallmadge AmendmentB. Southern states feared destruction B. Southern states feared destruction of of sectional balancesectional balance

1. Jefferson: crisis was like “a 1. Jefferson: crisis was like “a firebell in firebell in the night” the night”

2. Northern growth was dramatic2. Northern growth was dramatic ► ► Senate still balanced 11 to Senate still balanced 11 to

11113. Future of the slave system 3. Future of the slave system

seemed to seemed to be in peril be in peril 4. The Senate killed the bill4. The Senate killed the bill

Missouri Compromise of 1820Missouri Compromise of 1820 1. Henry Clay “The Great 1. Henry Clay “The Great Compromiser”Compromiser” 2. Provisions:2. Provisions:

a. Missouri entered the Union as a. Missouri entered the Union as a a slave state slave state

b. Maine entered the Union as a b. Maine entered the Union as a free free state state

c. Henceforth, slavery would not c. Henceforth, slavery would not be be allowed above the 36˚30’ allowed above the 36˚30’ lineline 3. Reaction on both sides3. Reaction on both sides

Missouri CompromiseMissouri Compromise

D. Legacy of the CompromiseD. Legacy of the Compromise

1. Lasted 34 years (until the 1. Lasted 34 years (until the Kansas-Kansas- Nebraska Act of 1854) Nebraska Act of 1854)

2. Henceforth, slavery issue 2. Henceforth, slavery issue became abecame a dominant issue in dominant issue in U.S. politics U.S. politics

3. The South developed a 3. The South developed a sectional sectional nationalism of its nationalism of its own.own.

4. Clay later criticized by 4. Clay later criticized by northerners as an “appeaser” northerners as an “appeaser”

John MarshallJohn Marshall and Judicial and Judicial

NationalismNationalism A. Marshall is the most significant A. Marshall is the most significant chief chief justice in U.S. historyjustice in U.S. history 1. Strengthened the Supreme 1. Strengthened the Supreme Court in Court in Marbury v. Madison, Marbury v. Madison, 1803)1803) 2. His decisions greatly 2. His decisions greatly increased the increased the power of the power of the federal government over federal government over the the statesstates 3. Federalist philosophy; 3. Federalist philosophy; HamiltonianHamiltonian

B. B. Fletcher v. PeckFletcher v. Peck (1810) (1810)1. Dealt with the protection of 1. Dealt with the protection of property property rights against rights against popular pressurespopular pressures2. Issue: Yazoo land controversy2. Issue: Yazoo land controversy3. Significance: Constitution forbids 3. Significance: Constitution forbids states from “impairing contracts” states from “impairing contracts” ► ► One of earliest examples of the One of earliest examples of the Court asserting its right to Court asserting its right to invalidate state laws. invalidate state laws.

C. C. Martin v. Hunter’s LesseeMartin v. Hunter’s Lessee (1816)(1816)

1. 1. Issue: Virginia sought to Issue: Virginia sought to nullify nullify provisions in Treaty provisions in Treaty of Paris (1783) of Paris (1783) & & Jay Treaty Jay Treaty regarding Loyalist regarding Loyalist property. property.

2. 2. Decision: Court upheld Decision: Court upheld “Supremacy“Supremacy Clause” of Clause” of Constitution and rejected Constitution and rejected the the “compact theory.”“compact theory.”

D.D. McCulloch v. MarylandMcCulloch v. Maryland (1819) (1819)

1. Issue: Maryland sought to tax the 1. Issue: Maryland sought to tax the BUS BUS

2. Marshall: declared the BUS 2. Marshall: declared the BUS constitutional constitutional

► ► Loose construction; “elastic Loose construction; “elastic clause” clause”

3. 3. Denied Maryland the right to tax the Denied Maryland the right to tax the bank (blow to states’ rights) bank (blow to states’ rights)

► “► “The power to tax involves the The power to tax involves the power to destroy.” power to destroy.”

E. E. Dartmouth College v. WoodwardDartmouth College v. Woodward , 1819 , 1819 (Protection of property rights from the (Protection of property rights from the states)states) 1. Issue: New Hampshire sought to change1. Issue: New Hampshire sought to change a charter that had been granted in 1769 a charter that had been granted in 1769

► ► Dartmouth defended by Daniel Dartmouth defended by Daniel WebsterWebster 2. Ruling: the charter was a contract 2. Ruling: the charter was a contract

and could not be invalidatedand could not be invalidated 3. Significance:3. Significance: a. Positive: safeguarded businesses a. Positive: safeguarded businesses

from domination from the states from domination from the states b. Negative: corporations could escape b. Negative: corporations could escape

gov’t control gov’t control

F.F. Cohens v. VirginiaCohens v. Virginia (1821) (1821) 1. Significance: U.S. Supreme Court 1. Significance: U.S. Supreme Court overturned a Virginia Supreme Court overturned a Virginia Supreme Court decision.decision.

G.G. Gibbons v. OgdenGibbons v. Ogden (1824) (1824) “steamboat “steamboat case”case”

1. Issue: NY granted monopoly of 1. Issue: NY granted monopoly of Hudson River trade to Ogden’s Hudson River trade to Ogden’s steamboat company. steamboat company. 2. Significance: Only Congress had 2. Significance: Only Congress had right to control Interstate right to control Interstate

commerce. commerce.

H. H. Daniel Webster: Daniel Webster: he “ghost he “ghost wrote” wrote” some of Marshall’s some of Marshall’s decisionsdecisions

Oregon and FloridaOregon and Florida

A.A.    Rush-Bagot TreatyRush-Bagot Treaty (1817) (1817) ► ►Disarmament of U.S.-Canadian Disarmament of U.S.-Canadian borderborder

B. B. Convention of 1818Convention of 1818 with with England England (negotiated by John Quincy (negotiated by John Quincy Adams)Adams) 1. 49th parallel became American-1. 49th parallel became American-

Canadian border from Lake of Canadian border from Lake of the the Woods to the Rocky Mountains.Woods to the Rocky Mountains. 2. 10 year joint occupation of 2. 10 year joint occupation of Oregon countryOregon country 3. Americans could share 3. Americans could share

Newfoundland fisheriesNewfoundland fisheries

Convention of 1818Convention of 1818

C. U.S. gains Florida from SpainC. U.S. gains Florida from Spain1. Andrew Jackson invaded Florida 1. Andrew Jackson invaded Florida during during the First Seminole War the First Seminole War (1816-1818)(1816-1818)

2. Monroe’s ultimatum to Spain 2. Monroe’s ultimatum to Spain (urged by (urged by J.Q. Adams)J.Q. Adams)

3.3. Adams-Onis Treaty (Florida Adams-Onis Treaty (Florida Purchase Treaty of 1819)Purchase Treaty of 1819) a. Spain ceded Florida & claims to a. Spain ceded Florida & claims to Oregon territory Oregon territory b. U.S. abandoned claims to Texab. U.S. abandoned claims to Texass

Florida Purchase Treaty, Florida Purchase Treaty, 18191819

D.D. Monroe DoctrineMonroe Doctrine

1. European monarchies 1. European monarchies opposed opposed Latin Latin American revolutions.American revolutions.

2. Americans alarmed at 2. Americans alarmed at European European hostility to hostility to democracy in Latin democracy in Latin AmericaAmerica

3. Great Britain sought an 3. Great Britain sought an alliance with alliance with the U.S. to the U.S. to protect its interests in protect its interests in Latin AmericaLatin America

Monroe Doctrine Monroe Doctrine (1823)(1823) a. Written by John Quincy Adamsa. Written by John Quincy Adams b. Stern warning to Europeans b. Stern warning to Europeans (especially Russia) (especially Russia)i. No new colonies in Latin i. No new colonies in Latin America America ii. Leave existing ii. Leave existing

independent independent countries in Latin countries in Latin America to America to govern themselves govern themselves

c. American reaction was c. American reaction was positive positive due to rising nationalism due to rising nationalism

d. Foreign reactiond. Foreign reaction i. British reaction was mixedi. British reaction was mixed ii. Autocratic Europeans ii. Autocratic Europeans

angered at angered at perceived U.S. perceived U.S. arrogancearrogance

iii. Latin America saw the U.S. iii. Latin America saw the U.S. merely merely protecting its own protecting its own interestsinterests

e. Contemporary significance: e. Contemporary significance: smallsmall f. Long-term significance: f. Long-term significance: cornerstone cornerstone of U.S. foreign policy of U.S. foreign policy in late-19in late-19thth and and 20 20thth centuries centuries

6. 6. John Quincy Adams:John Quincy Adams: one of one of the most significant secretaries the most significant secretaries of state in U.S. history:of state in U.S. history:

a. Convention of 1818 a. Convention of 1818

b. Adams-Onis Treaty b. Adams-Onis Treaty (Florida (Florida Purchase Treaty) Purchase Treaty)

c. Monroe Doctrinec. Monroe Doctrine

By the late-19th century, the U.S. had enough military to enforce the Monroe Doctrine with regard to major powers such

as Britain and Germany.