A BRIEF INTRODUCTION

Outline

0 Foundations0 Historic Developments0 Practical Disease Concepts0 Design Strategies and Statistical Methods0 Descriptive Epi0 General Health and Population Indicators0 Experimental Studies0 Causality0 Field Epi0 Chronic Disease Epi0 Clinical Epi

Definition of Epidemiology

What Epidemiology means to me

Role of Epidemiology in Public Health

Epidemics, Endemics and Pandemics

Epidemiology Triangle

Disease Transmission

Levels of Prevention

Definition of Epidemiology

0 the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in human populations and the application of this study to the prevention and control of health problems

What Epidemiology Means to Me

0Epidemiology and Health Informatics

0 SAPPHIRE

Role of Epidemiology in Public Health

0 Findings contribute to:

0 Preventing disease

0 Controlling disease

0 Treating disease

0Efficacy

0Effectiveness

Epidemics, Endemics and Pandemics

0Epidemics

0Endemics

0 Pandemics

Epidemiology Triangle

0Environment

0Host

0Agent

Disease Transmission

0 Fomite

0Vector

0Reservoir

0Vehicle

0 Carrier

Levels of Prevention

0 Primary Prevention

0 Secondary Prevention

0Tertiary Prevention

MY THOUGHTS SO FAR

Hippocrates

James Lind and Scurvy

John Snow and Cholera

Hippocrates

0Who was he?

0Why is he important?

James Lind

0Who was he?

0What did he do?

John Snow

0Who was he?

0Why was he important?

MY THOUGHTS SO FAR

Diseases and Conditions

Classifying Diseases

Disease Prevention and Control

Diseases and Conditions

0 Communicable VS Noncommunicable

0Vertical VS Horizontal Transmission

Classifying Diseases

0 Congenital and Hereditary

0Allergies and Inflammatory

0Degenerative

0Metabolic

0 Cancer

Disease Prevention and Control

0Remove, eliminate or contain the source of infection

0Disrupt and block the chain of disease transmission

0 Protect the susceptible population against the infection and disease

MY THOUGHTS SO FAR

Descriptive Study Designs

Types of Data

Analytic Study Designs

Descriptive Study Designs

0 Providing information

0 Clues to identify disease

0Extent of public health issue

0Description of public health issue

0 Identifying risk

0 Identifying avenues for further research

Types of Data

0Nominal

0Ordinal

0Discrete

0 Continuous

Analytic Study Designs

0 Similar to Descriptive Studies

0Use Comparison Groups

MY THOUGHTS SO FAR

Person, Place and Time

Public Health Surveillance

Person, Place and Time

0 Person

0 Place

0Time

Public Health Surveillance

0What is it?

MY THOUGHTS SO FAR

Health Indicator

Birth and Mortality

Health Indicator

0What is it?

0What is it for?

Birth and Mortality

0Why is this important?

0Birth Rate

0Mortality Rate

MY THOUGHTS SO FAR

Designs

Randomization

Binding

Nonrandomization

Designs

0 Clinical Trial

0 Prophylactic Trial

0Therapeutic Trial

0 Community Trial

0Between-Group Design

0Within-Group Design

Randomization

0What is randomization?

0Why is it beneficial?

Binding

0What is a binding?

0 Placebo

0 Placebo effect

Nonrandomization

0Why use nonrandomization and not randomization?

MY THOUGHTS SO FAR

Statistical Inference

Hypothesis Development and Testing

Statistical Inference

0What is statistical inference?

0Why use samples instead of the entire population?

Hypothesis Development and Testing

0 Start of all epidemiological studies

0 Inductive reasoning

0 6 steps of testing

MY THOUGHTS SO FAR

Conducting a Field Investigation

Conducting a Field Investigation

0When are field investigations conducted

0 Preparing for field word

0 Steps to conduct (14)

Chronic Disease Epidemiology

Chronic Disease Epidemiology

0What is it?

Clinical Epidemiology

Screening and Diagnosis

Evaluating the Screening Test

Clinical Epidemiology

0What is it?

0What is its focus?

Screening and Diagnosis

0What are these tools used for?

Evaluating the Screening Test

0True Positive

0True Negative

0 False Positive

0 False Negative

FINAL THOUGHTS

Bibliography

0 Cahill, R., & Advancement, I. (n.d.). Distinctions -Biosecurity System Improves Public Health Surveillance, Decision Making. The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) - Home. Retrieved January 14, 2013, from http://www.uthouston.edu/distinctions/archive/2007/may/archive.htm?id=792574.

0 Merrill, R.M. (2013). Introduction to Epidemiology(6th ed., pp. 2-4). Toronto, Canada.: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.