LINGUISTICS CURRICULUMLEC-05PRESENTED BYA.L. MOHAMMED ALADDIN

COMPOUNDING• THE PROCESS OF COMBINING TWO (OR MORE) WORDS TO FORM A NEW WORD

• (E.G. WATERBED)• IT IS VERY COMMON IN LANGUAGES SUCH AS GERMAN AND

ENGLISH, BUT MUCH LESS COMMON IN LANGUAGES SUCH AS FRENCH AND SPANISH.

• NOUNS: BOOKCASE, DOORKNOB, FINGERPRINT, SUNBURN, TEXTBOOK, WALLPAPER, WASTEBASKET AND WATERBED

• ADJECTIVES: GOOD-LOOKING, LOW-PAID) • ADJECTIVE PLUS NOUN: A FAST-FOOD RESTAURANT, A FULL-

TIME JOB

BLENDING• THE PROCESS OF COMBINING THE BEGINNING OF

ONE WORD AND THE END OF ANOTHER WORD TO FORM A NEW WORD.

• BLENDING IS TYPICALLY ACCOMPLISHED BY TAKING ONLY THE BEGINNING OF ONE WORD AND JOINING IT TO THE END OF THE OTHER WORD.

• SMOKE + FOG = SMOG, SMOKE + HAZE = SMAZE, SMOKE + MURK = SMURK BINARY/DIGIT = BIT, BREAKFAST/LUNCH = BRUNCH, MOTOR/HOTEL = MOTEL TELEVISION/BROADCAST = TELECAST

• IN A FEW BLENDS, WE COMBINE THE BEGINNINGS OF BOTH WORDS, AS IN TERMS FROM INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, SUCH AS TELEX (TELEPRINTER/EXCHANGE) OR MODEM (MODULATOR/DEMODULATOR).

CLIPPING• THE PROCESS OF REDUCING A WORD OF MORE THAN ONE SYLLABLE TO A SHORTER FORM THIS OCCURS WHEN A WORD OF MORE THAN ONE SYLLABLE.• (FACSIMILE) = (FAX), GASOLINE = GAS, AD =

(ADVERTISEMENT), CAB = (CABRIOLET), • FAN = (FANATIC), FLU = (INFLUENZA), PERM =

(PERMANENT WAVE), PUB (PUBLIC HOUSE), PUB = (PUBLIC HOUSE), PHONE, PLANE• ENGLISH SPEAKERS ALSO LIKE TO CLIP EACH

OTHER’S NAMES, AS IN AL, ED, LIZ, MIKE, RON, SAM, SUE AND TOM.

HYPONYMY• THE LEXICAL RELATION IN WHICH THE MEANING OF ONE WORD IS INCLUDED IN THE MEANING OF ANOTHER (E.G. “DAFFODIL” IS A HYPONYM OF “FLOWER”)• IN THIS PROCESS, A LONGER WORD IS REDUCED TO

A SINGLE SYLLABLE, THEN -Y OR -IE IS ADDED TO THE END. • MOVIE = (“MOVING PICTURES”), TELLY =

(“TELEVISION”).• AUSSIE = (“AUSTRALIAN”, BARBIE = (“BARBECUE”)• BOOKIE = (“BOOKMAKER”), BREKKY =

(“BREAKFAST”)• HANKIE = (“HANDKERCHIEF”).

BACKFORMATION• THE PROCESS OF REDUCING A WORD SUCH AS

A NOUN TO A SHORTER VERSION AND USING IT AS A NEW WORD SUCH AS A VERB (E.G. BABYSIT FROM BABYSITTER)

• TELEVISION = TELEVISE• DONATE = DONATION• TEXTING = TEXT• EMOTE = EMOTION

• ONE VERY REGULAR SOURCE OF BACKFORMED VERBS IN ENGLISH IS BASED ON THE COMMON PATTERN WORKER – WORK. THE ASSUMPTION SEEMS TO HAVE BEEN THAT IF THERE IS A NOUN ENDING IN -ER (OR SOMETHING CLOSE IN SOUND), THEN WE CAN CREATE A VERB FOR WHAT THAT NOUN -ER DOES. HENCE, AN EDITOR WILL EDIT, A SCULPTOR WILL SCULPT AND BURGLARS, PEDDLERS AND SWINDLERS WILL BURGLE, PEDDLE AND SWINDLE.

CONVERSION• THE PROCESS OF CHANGING THE FUNCTION OF A WORD, SUCH AS A NOUN TO A VERB, AS A WAY OF FORMING NEW WORDS, ALSO KNOWN AS “CATEGORY CHANGE” OR “FUNCTIONAL SHIFT” (E.G. VACATION IN THEY’RE VACATIONING IN FLORIDA).

“category change” and “functional shift.”

bottle, butter, chair and vacation Phrasal verbs (to print out, to take over) also become nouns (a printout, a takeover). One complex verb combination (want to be) has become a new noun, as in He isn’t in the group, he’s just a wannabe.

• VERBS (SEE THROUGH, STAND UP) ALSO BECOME ADJECTIVES, AS IN SEE-THROUGH MATERIAL OR A STAND-UP COMEDIAN. OR ADJECTIVES, AS IN A DIRTY FLOOR, AN EMPTY ROOM, SOME CRAZY IDEAS AND THOSE NASTY PEOPLE, CAN BECOME THE VERBS TO DIRTY AND TO EMPTY, OR THE NOUNS A CRAZY AND THE NASTY.

ACRONYMS• ACRONYMS ARE NEW WORDS FORMED FROM THE

INITIAL LETTERS OF A SET OF OTHER WORDS.• CD (“COMPACT DISK”), VCR (“VIDEO CASSETTE

RECORDER”), LASER (“LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION”), RADAR (“RADIO

• DETECTING AND RANGING”), SCUBA (“SELF-CONTAINED UNDERWATER BREATHING APPARATUS”), ZIP (“ZONE IMPROVEMENT PLAN”), ATM (“AUTOMATIC TELLER MACHINE”), PIN (“PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION NUMBER”)

DERIVATION• THE PROCESS OF FORMING NEW WORDS BY ADDING AFFIXES

ANY QUESTIONS?

THANK YOU

• NEXT LECTURE: DERIVATION AND MULTIPLE PROCESSES