LING 100 - Morphosyntactic Categories

IntroductionCategories

Practice Problems

Morphosyntactic Categories and Midterm PracticeLING 100 2013W: Tutorial T02/T04

Meagan Louie

2013-10-25

Meagan Louie Morphosyntax


Practice Problems

Some Assignment 003 Notes

1 PDF!

2 Make sure your phonetic and phonological (phonemic and syllabic)analysis is based on an IPA transcription, not the orthography!

3 Provide evidence that X is a compound (or that it is not)



Practice Problems

Core Subdomains: Phonology and Morphology

Linguistics: The study of Language

Phonetics

Phonology

Morphology

Syntax

Semantics

Pragmatics



Practice Problems

NounsVerbsAdjectivesPrepositions

Parts of Speech

Q: How do you know if something is a...

1. Noun

2. Verb

3. Adjective

4. Determiners and/or Quantifiers

5. Complementizer, Prepositions

6. Adverb



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Parts of Speech

The traditional “semantic” or notional criteria (eg. a noun is a personplace or thing, a verb is an action/event, an adjective is a state) areproblematic. Why?

Because of examples like the following:

(1) a. Actions/Events: actionN, eventN, destructionN

b. States: illnessN, hungerN, intelligenceN

c. runN, runV



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Parts of Speech

The traditional “semantic” or notional criteria (eg. a noun is a personplace or thing, a verb is an action/event, an adjective is a state) areproblematic. Why?

Because of examples like the following:

(1) a. Actions/Events: actionN, eventN, destructionN

b. States: illnessN, hungerN, intelligenceN

c. runN, runV



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Parts of Speech

So we don’t want to use the traditional “semantic”1 criteria

Instead we’ll use formal/distributional criteria

- i.e., criteria relating to a word’s well-formedness/distribution inparticular morphological and syntactic environments

1I keep putting “semantic” in quotes, because at this point (in LING 100), we don’treally have a way to define what “meaning” is, which is why we might be forced intosaying that runV and runN don’t differ in their meaning. This doesn’t mean we can’thave a semantic framework that treats runV and runN as semantically, as well asformally, distinct.



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Formal Criteria for NounsIn English

If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s a noun:

1. Plural/Singular Morphology texttexttext-sPL

2. Preceded by determiners { The, a, every, my } texttexttext

3. Preceded by adjectives { red, hungry, ridiculous } texttexttext

4. Often formed by the derivational suffixes -er, -ion, -ment

. ×or X?



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. ×or X?



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. ×or X?



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. ×or X?



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. ×or X?



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. ×or X?



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Formal Criteria for NounsIn English: Examples


1. Plural/Singular Morphology baker-sPL

2. Preceded by determiners { The, a, every, my } baker

3. Preceded by adjectives { red, hungry, ridiculous } baker

4. Often formed by the derivational suffixes -er, -ion, -ment:

. X



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1. Plural/Singular Morphology cat-sPL

2. Preceded by determiners { The, a, every, my } cat

3. Preceded by adjectives { red, hungry, ridiculous }cat4. Often formed by the derivational suffixes -er, -ion, -ment: N/A

. X



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1. Plural/Singular Morphology enjoyment-sPL

2. Preceded by determiners { The, a, every, my } enjoyment

3. Preceded by adjectives { red, hungry, ridiculous }enjoyment


. X



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1. Plural/Singular Morphology *ascertain-sPL

2. Preceded by determiners { *The, a, every, my } ascertain

3. Preceded by adjectives { *red, hungry, ridiculous }ascertain4. Often formed by the derivational suffixes -er, -ion, -ment: N/A

. ×



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1. Plural/Singular Morphology *perpetuate-sPL

2. Preceded by determiners { *The, a, every, my } perpetuate

3. Preceded by adjectives { *red, hungry, ridiculous }perpetuate4. Often formed by the derivational suffixes -er, -ion, -ment: N/A

. ×



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Formal Criteria for VerbsIn English

If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s a verb:

1. Temporal/Aspectual Morphology

(i) Simple Past texttexttext-edPAST

(ii) Simple Present texttexttext-s3sg.PRESENT

(iii) Perfect Aspect have texttexttext-en/-edPAST

(iv) Progressive Aspect is texttexttext-ingPROG

. Xor ×?



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. Xor ×?



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. Xor ×?



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. Xor ×?



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. Xor ×?



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. Xor ×?



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Formal Criteria for VerbsIn English: Examples



(i) Simple Past ascertain-edPAST

(ii) Simple Present ascertain-s3sg.PRESENT

(iii) Perfect Aspect have ascertain-en/-edPAST

(iv) Progressive Aspect is ascertain-ingPROG

. X



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(i) Simple Past perpetuate-edPAST

(ii) Simple Present perpetuate-s3sg.PRESENT

(iii) Perfect Aspect have perpetuate-en/-edPAST

(iv) Progressive Aspect is perpetuate-ingPROG

. X



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(i) Simple Past *cat-edPAST

(ii) Simple Present *cat-s3sg.PRESENT

(iii) Perfect Aspect have *cat-en/-edPAST

(iv) Progressive Aspect is *cat-ingPROG

. ×



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(i) Simple Past *enjoyment-edPAST

(ii) Simple Present *enjoyment-s3sg.PRESENT

(iii) Perfect Aspect have *enjoyment-en/-edPAST

(iv) Progressive Aspect is *enjoyment-ingPROG

. ×



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2. Can appear before or after adverbs. { quickly, slowly, angrily }texttexttext. texttexttext{ quickly, slowly, angrily }

(2) a. They slowly perpetuated the stereotype. Xb. They ascertained (the answer) quickly. Xc. *They angrily cat. ×d. *He happily enjoyment. ×



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3. Can appear after modal auxiliaries. { must, might, can, will }texttexttext

(3) a. They must perpetuate the stereotype. Xb. They will ascertain (the answer) quickly. Xc. *They might cat. ×d. *He can enjoyment. ×



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Formal Criteria for AdjectivesIn English

If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s aadjective:

1. Can follow ”very”P very texttexttext

2. Can follow determiners and precede nounsP { The, a, every } texttexttextN

3. Can take comparative (-er) and superlative (-est) morphologyP texttexttext{ -er, -est }



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Formal Criteria for AdjectivesIn English: Examples


1. Can follow ”very”

2. Can follow determiners and precede nouns

3. Can take comparative (-er) and superlative (-est) morphology

4. Often formed by derivational suffixes -ish, -some

(4) a. The very hungry caterpillar crawled along the leaf.. Xb. *The very ascertain caterpillar crawled along the leaf.. ×c. *The very cat caterpillar crawled along the leaf.. ×d. *The very between caterpillar crawled along the leaf.. ×



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Formal Criteria for AdjectivesIn English: Examples


1. Can follow ”very”

2. Can follow determiners and precede nouns

3. Can take comparative (-er) and superlative (-est) morphology

(5) a. hungry, hungri-er, hungri-est. Xb. ascertain, *ascertain-er, *ascertain-est. ×c. cat, *cat-er, *cat-est. ×d. between, *between-er, *between-est. ×



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Formal Criteria for PrepositionsIn English

If a word can occur in these contexts, you have evidence that it’s apreposition:

1. Can be preceded by ”right” right texttexttext

2. Can’t take nominal or verbal inflection *-ed, *-s3.sg.PRES, *-sPL

3. Precede determiners texttexttextthe, every, a



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Formal Criteria for PrepositionsIn English: Examples

(6) a. Right between the pages Xb. *between-ed, *between-s

(7) a. Right under the pages Xb. *under-ed, *under-s

(8) a. *Right cat the pages ×b. The cats

(9) a. *Right ascertain the pages ×b. ascertain-ed, *ascertain-s



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Some Caution Required

These diagnostics are language-specific.

For example, trying to use the presence or absence of pluralmorphology won’t be a very good criteria to identify nouns inJapanese, Cantonese or Mandarin.

And using a “The texttexttextcat” frame to find an adjective won’tbe that great for French or Hebrew, where adjectives follow thenoun.

Each language will have its own diagnostics.



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Practice Problems

PhoneticsPhonologyMorphology

One of these things is not like the others...

1. Which sound is not like the others? Why not?(Your answer should refer to distinctive features)

(10) a. [p t k g P]

b. [i e E 2 æ]

c. [tS Z S dZ ô]

d. [p b m k f v]

e. [2 @ U a]

f. [h P x]

g. [l r m n N j w s]



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Allophones or Phonemes?

2. Are [h] and [P] contrastive in Tagalog? If so, how do you know? Ifnot, how is their distribution conditioned? (i.e., in what contexts do youget [h], and in what contexts do you get [P] ?)

(11) a. [kahon] ’box’

b. [hariP] ’king’

c. [Pumagos] ’to flow’

d. [Pari] ’property’

e. [kaPon] ’to fetch’

f. [humagos] ’to paint’



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Allophones or Phonemes?

3. Are [d] and [r] contrastive in Tagalog? If so, how do you know? If not, howis their distribution conditioned?

(12) a. [datiN] ’to arrive’

b. [dami] ’amount’

c. [dumi] ’to dirt’

d. [datariN] ’will arrive’

e. [mandurukot] ’pickpocket’

f. [daraPiN] ’will complain’

g. [marumi] ’dirty’

h. [marami] ’many’

i. [daPiN] ’to complain’

j. [mandukot] ’to go pickpocketing



Practice Problems


Identifying Morphemes

(i) How do you form an adjective from a noun in Tagalog?

(ii) How do you form the future tense of a verb (will V) from the infinitiveform (to V)?

(13) a. [datiN] ’to arrive’

b. [dami] ’amount’

c. [dumi] ’to dirt’

d. [datariN] ’will arrive’

e. [mandurukot] ’pickpocket’

f. [daraPiN] ’will complain’

g. [marumi] ’dirty’

h. [marami] ’many’

i. [daPiN] ’to complain’

j. [mandukot] ’to go pickpocketing



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Root Allomorphy in French (Dell & Selkirk 1978)

4. Identify allomorphs in the following data set. What conditions theallomorphy?

(14) a. [flœö] ”flower”

b. [sœl] ”alone”

c. [pœpl] ”people”

(15) a. [vE] ”idle”

b. [klEö] ”clear”

c. [mEö] ”sea”

d. [aföikE]”African”

(16) a. [flœöEt] ”small flower”

b. [sœlmA] ”only”

c. [pœplad] ”tribe”

(17) a. [vEnmA] ”in vain”

b. [eklEöe] ”to light”

c. [amEöiö ] ”to land onthe sea”

d. NA

(18) a. [flOöal] ”floral”

b. [sOlityd] ”solitude”

c. [pOpYlEö] ”popular”

(19) a. [vanite] ”vanity”

b. [klaöifje] ”to clarify”

c. [maöE ] ”sailor”

d. [aföikanist]”Africanist”



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Verbal Nominalization in (written) Arabic

5. Describe how verbs are formed from nouns in the following data.

(20) a. [zayt] ”oil”

b. [bukla] ”buckle”

c. [turki:] ”Turk”

d. [tilifu:n] ”telephone”

e. [tilifiziu:n] ”television”

(21) a. [zayyata] ”to oil”

b. [bukkala] ”to buckle”

c. [tarraka] ”to Turkify”

d. [talfana] ”to telephone”

e. [talfaza] ”to televise”



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Education

LING 100 - Morphosyntactic Categories