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ARC 3413 Building Science Project 1: Lighting & Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design
TABLE OF CONTENT 1.0 Abstract
1.1 Aim & Objectives
1.2 Site Study
1.2.1 Site Introduction
1.2.2 Site Selection Reason
1.3 Technical Drawing
2.0 Lighting Performance Evaluation
2.1 Literature Review
2.1.1 Light in Architecture
2.1.2 Natural Day Lighting & Artificial Electrical Lighting
2.1.3 Daylight Factor
2.1.4 Lumen Method
2.2 Lighting Precedent Studies
2.3 Research Methodology
2.3.1 Lighting Measuring Equipment
2.3.2 Methodology
2.3.3 Data Collection Method
2.4 Case Study
2.4.1 Building Orientation
2.4.2 Neighbourhood Context
2.4.3 Surrounding Issue
2.5 Existing Lighting Condition
2.5.1 Daylight Factor
2.5.2 Existing Light Fixture
2.6 Lighting Analysis
2.6.1 Lighting Data Collection
2.6.2 Lighting Contour Diagram
2.6.3 Material Tabulation
2.7 Lighting Calculation Analysis
2.7.1 Zone A Calculation
2.7.2 Zone B Calculation
2.7.3 Zone C Calculation
2.7.4 Zone D Calculation
2.7.5 Zone E Calculation
2.8 Evaluation and Conclusion
1.0 ABSTRACT
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ARC 3413 Building Science Project 1: Lighting & Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design
This report contains the details of the study conducted at The Dart Bar in regards of
lighting performances. This report contains the lighting performance evaluation and design. In
architecture, lighting design play significant roles in creating the most optimum environment for
its users. The qualities of a space can only truly be appreciated when it is imaginatively lit. The
excellent unification of the lighting of buildings and the lighting of its activities is what unifies the
building and makes it interpretable to its users to its best capabilities. Lightning play the
important roles in the making of the atmosphere of a space, it is very important to take into
account the many considerations required. Thus, through studies based on standards and
requirements for lighting should be included in the design process.
This project is intended to be completed in a group of 7 students to evaluate the
environment of choosing in terms of lighting performance. A case study was selected as well.
Included are the technical data such as formulas, equations and calculations that estimate
luminance levels for light. All orthographic drawings and diagrams were made with data
collected from measurements done on site. The analysis diagrams were made with Autodesk
Revit®, a BIM software. A list of figures and tables used as well as references are provided at
the end of the report to ease with navigation.
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ARC 3413 Building Science Project 1: Lighting & Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design
1.1 AIM & OBJECTIVES
This report contains the details of the study conducted at The Dart Bar in regards of lighting
performances. This report contains the lighting analysis which aims to:
To understand the day-lighting, lighting characteristics.
To understand the lighting requirement in a suggested place.
To determine the characteristics and function of day-lighting, artificial lighting, within
the intended space.
To critically report and analyse the space and suggest remedies to improvise the
lighting qualities within the space.
This project also aims to provide a better understanding on the relationship between the
type of materials that are employed in terms of building materials as well as internal furnishings
and finishes as well as their impacts on lighting conditions in the building based on the
building’s functions. Understanding the volume and area of each functional space also helps in
determining the lighting requirements based on lighting inadequacy that is reflected in the data
collection.
In terms of lighting, specifications of luminaries, height of each type of light as well as the
existence of fenestrations will help to understand the lighting conditions within each space.
Backed up with precedent studies, drawing comparison with our site study, our precedent
studies will aid in determining the different types of lighting.
Backed up with precedent studies, drawing comparison with our site study, our precedent
studies will aid in determining the different types of lighting.
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ARC 3413 Building Science Project 1: Lighting & Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design
1.2 SITE STUDY1.2.1 Site IntroductionCase Study : The Dart Bar
Address : 53, Jalan Puteri 1/4, Bandar Puteri, 47100 Puchong, Selangor, Malaysia
Fig 1.2.1.1 –Site plan
The Dart Bar is located at Puchong, Selangor. It is a 4 story shop lot of ground floor in
which the design of relaxing atmosphere and eye catching signage when people pass by. The
bar utilizes a long narrow shop house floor plan, keeping the bar efficient and organized. It has
variation of zone dedicated for different uses which is well-suited for different activities to
ensure that every customer can have a better time.
1.2.1 Site Selection Reason
Based on observation, the building provides sufficient functional spaces for our
analysis of lighting. The outdoor café, indoor café, counter bar and kitchen, dart area and office
are what would help us develop an understanding on different lighting conditions of spaces that
facilitates different programs and functions.
In terms of lighting properties, the dart bar can be categorized into open, and enclosed
space. The arrangement of the space provides the site with an array of natural day lighting and
artificial lighting.
1.3 TECHNICAL DRAWINGS
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ARC 3413 Building Science Project 1: Lighting & Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design
Fig 1.3.1 – Plan of selected site
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ARC 3413 Building Science Project 1: Lighting & Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design
Fig 1.3.2 – Section A-A
Fig 1.3.3 – Section B-B
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ARC 3413 Building Science Project 1: Lighting & Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design
2.0 LIGHTING PERFORMANCE EVALUATION2.1 LIGHTING LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1.1 Light in Architecture
Light is an important aspect that affects architecture. Light controls people’s behaviour and
emotions. The origin of light is natural light, which is also known as daylight. Light helps us
redefine the relationships of people with the environment and with themselves. It is divided into
natural light and artificial light. The dynamic daylight and the controlled artificial lighting are able
to affect not only distinct physical measurable conditions in a space, but also to instigate and
provoke different visual experiences and moods
2.1.2 Natural Day lighting & Artificial Electrical Lighting
Natural light is one of the most important elements in architecture, helping to transform spaces
and save energy. Natural light has always been important for architects. In a way, architects
sculpt buildings in order that the light can play off their different surfaces. If done well, space
and light can evoke positive emotional responses in people. However, it is almost impossible to
go on without electrical lighting taking into consideration that a building should function in both
day and night. Day lighting alone is not enough for some certain building typologies and
functions such as museums and galleries. It is important to understand how to balance in
designing with natural lighting and artificial lighting to achieve the best performing building.
2.1.3 Daylight Factor
Daylight Factor is a ratio that represents the amount of illumination available indoors
relative to the illumination present outdoors at the same time under overcast skies. It is used in
architecture to assess the internal natural lighting levels as perceived on the working plane or
surface, in order to determine if there is sufficient natural lighting for the occupants of the space
to carry out their normal duties. It is the ratio of internal light level to external light level.
Daylight Factor is defined as follows:
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ARC 3413 Building Science Project 1: Lighting & Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design
Where, Ei = illuminance due to daylight at a point on the indoors working plane,
Eo = simultaneous outdoor illuminance on a horizontal plane from an unobstructed hemisphere
of overcast sky.
Table 2.1.3 - Daylight factors and distribution (Department of standards Malaysia, 2007)
2.1.4 Lumen Method
The Lumen Method is used to determine the number of lamps that should be installed
for a given area or room, which in this case, we already have the number of fixtures, therefore
we calculate the total illuminance of the space based on the number of fixtures and determine
whether or not that particular space has enough lighting fixture.
The number of lamps is given by the formula:
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ARC 3413 Building Science Project 1: Lighting & Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design
Where, N = number of lamps required. E = illuminance level required (lux)
A = area at working plane height (m2)
F = average luminous flux from each lamp (lm)
UF = utilisation factor, an allowance for the light distribution of the luminaire and the room
surfaces.
MF = maintenance factor, an allowance for reduced light output because of deterioration and
dirt.
Room Index, RI, is the ratio of room plan area to half the wall area between the working and
luminaire planes:
Where, L = length of room
W = width of room
Hm = mounting height, i.e. the vertical distance between the working plane and the luminaire
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ARC 3413 Building Science Project 1: Lighting & Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design
2.2 LIGHTING PRECEDENT STUDIES
Case Study: Offices of a Finish Research Unit
Place: Finland (Helsinki)
Building Type: Office Building
Contact: Eino Tetri (Helsinki University of Technology, Lightning Unit)
Photos of the Place:
A B C
D E F
G H
Fig 2.2.1 – Visuals of the office
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ARC 3413 Building Science Project 1: Lighting & Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design
Fig 2.2.2 – Office plan
Average installed lighting power density is 13.86 W/m2. Ceiling height in each space varies
between 2.26m and 2.94m where the height of the luminares is 2.26m and height of the work
plane is 0.72m. Daylight are available in each office room. Except for weekend, the rooms are
occupied between 7am and 5:30pm where cleaning is made in the afternoon.
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ARC 3413 Building Science Project 1: Lighting & Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design
Luminaries Description & Geometry
Luminaire Type 1:
Figure 2.2.3 Photometry of the luminaire, Geometry of the luminaire, Luminaire ON, Luminaire OFF
Luminaire Type 2:
Figure 2.2.4 Photometry of Luminaire, Geometry of Luminaire, Luminaire ON, Luminaire OFF
Luminaire Type 3:
Figure 2.2.5 Photometry of Luminaire, Geometry of Luminaire, Luminaire ON, Luminaire OFF
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ARC 3413 Building Science Project 1: Lighting & Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design
Measurements:
Calculation of average illuminances on work planes at full power.
D E A C H G F
Eaverage(lx) 588 671 610 728 723 716 806
Uniformity 0.71 0.78 0.64 0.71 0.80 0.69 0.65
Illuminances on the work planes of the three rooms lowered by the use of dimming control.
Room E:
Eaverage = 545 lx (80%), Uniformity = 0.7
Room A:
Eaverage = 448 lx (73%), Uniformity = 0.57
Room G:
Eaverage = 586 lx (80%), Uniformity = 0.77
Ratio of average luminances of work planes, walls, ceiling and floor to desktop screen
luminance are given in Table 1.1
Room Work Plane Walls Ceiling Floor
E 0.4 0.9 1.5 0.35
E 1.3 1.84 3.3 0.77
A 0.54 0.65 1.52 0.36
A 1.1 1.6 3 0.72
Table 2.2.1 - Ratio of the average luminance to desktop screen luminance.
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ARC 3413 Building Science Project 1: Lighting & Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design
Power Consumption in the Offices during One Day
Figure 2.2.6 - Profile of total power consumption of the locales during 7 days
Figure 2.2.7 - Sample of power consumption in the offices during the day
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ARC 3413 Building Science Project 1: Lighting & Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design
2.3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Illumination in the bar has been evaluated in 2 different times of the day (14:00 and 22:00).
Significant changes in the values can be observed at the outside seats due to daylighting. In
the interior spaces, the amount of illumination on each down light, which is approximately
170cm high from the ground, dart machine has external L.E.D and monitor affect the lighting of
the space.
Figure 2.3.1 – Collecting data using Lux Meter
2.3.1 Lighting Measuring Equipment
Digital Lux Meter
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Manufacturer LUTRON Digital Lux MeterModel LX-101Dimension 108 x 73 x 23mm
Sensor Probe : 82 x 55 x 7 mm Lux Meter Ranges 0 – 50,000 Lux, 3 RangesSampling Time 0.4 SecondOperating Temp. 0 – 50 degree Celsius
ARC 3413 Building Science Project 1: Lighting & Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design
2.3.2 Methodology
a) Preliminary study on the types of spaces to choose a suitable enclosed area for the study of
acoustics.
b) Measure and produce the technical drawings such as floor plans, sections and elevation
digitally based on on-site measurements.
c) After standardizing the drawings, determine the grid line of 1.5m x 1.5m
d) Delegate tasks among group members and clarify on the method of taking readings and
using the tools and equipment before data collection begins.
e) Collect data based on the proper procedures.
f) Observe and record the existing external and internal light sources.
h) Compile and tabulate the data or reading.
h) Carry out calculation and analysis. Draw a conclusion or recommendations at the end of the
analysis.
17
It is used to capture the source of noise such as mechanical devices, speakers, and existing activities and also to record the existing materials in the environment.
It is used to determine the positions of the sound level meter from the ground level and also used to determine the 1.5m x 1.5m grid on the studying area.
ARC 3413 Building Science Project 1: Lighting & Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design
Figure 2.3.2.1 – Plan of site with zoning
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ARC 3413 Building Science Project 1: Lighting & Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design
2.3.3 Data Collection Procedures
a) Draw grid lines of 1.5m x 1.5m on the site floor plan to identify the position of data collecting.
b) Stand at the intersection point of the grid and hold the measuring device at hip level and eye
level.
c) Stand firm and prevent talking while taking readings.
d) Specify the light source that might affect the readings, such as people shadow.
e) Repeat the steps above for the rest of the intersection points.
f) Conduct the study for peak hour (12pm) and non-peak hour (9pm) to analyze different
acoustics condition at different hour.
Figure 2.3.3.1 – Using measuring tape as a guideline for 1.5m measuring tape.
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ARC 3413 Building Science Project 1: Lighting & Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design
2.4 CASE STUDY2.4.1 Building Orientation
Figure 2.4.1.1 –Site Location
Figure 2.4.1.2 –Entrance of the Dart Bar
The main entrance of the building situated facing to east. The building entrance receives the highest amount of morning sunlight. The dart bar at the ground floor, opposite shop lots blocking most of the direct sunlight expose into indoor café.
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ARC 3413 Building Science Project 1: Lighting & Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design
2.4.2 Neighbouring Context
Figure 2.4.2.1 –Entrance of the Dart Bar
The dart bar located at commercial block area, surrounding with 4 story shops. The building located at Jalan Puteri 1.Infornt of the building is typical commercial public car park lots.
2.4.3 Surrounding Issue
I. Good strategic direction
Since the Dart Bar is facing toward east, it is likely to receive high amount of strong morning light. However with the Dart Bar located at the ground floor and footway with shaded reduce the direct sun light penetration, influence light quality become dimmer.
In the evening, high rise building at the west blocking all the sunlight, rear door of the Dart Bar is enclosed, no sunlight able exposed into bar.
II. Loud Noise and Sound
The heavy traffic in the morning on LDP during working hours 8-10am contributes sound and noise pollution to the building, while the traffic remains as source of the sound pollution, the beeping sound of the traffic jam also disturb to the site. In the evening, the routine repeats as the heavy traffic starts to build up from 6-8pm.
2.5 EXISTING LIGHTING CONDITIONS
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ARC 3413 Building Science Project 1: Lighting & Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design
2.5.1 Daylight Factor
2.5.2 Existing Light Fixtures
Type of artificial lighting source
Outdoor Café Zone
Product Brand Antique PLT Edison Bulb Luminous Flux 350Colour Temperature 3000K (yellow light)Colour Rendering Index 30Beam Angle 35Power 60WPlacement
Indoor Café Zone
Product Brand Philips Rox LED FL000/70/30
Luminous Flux 1100Colour Temperature 3000K (warm white light)Colour Rendering Index 80Beam Angle 90Power 15WPlacement Down light
Product Brand Philips Mesh Downlight
Luminous Flux 200Colour Temperature 3000K (warm yellow light)Colour Rendering Index 50Beam Angle 90Power 4.8WPlacement Bar table Down light
Product Brand OSRAM T8 26 mm Lamp Luminous Flux 3350Colour Temperature 2700K (warm yellow light)Colour Rendering Index 80Beam Angle 50Power 36WPlacement Display Box Lighting
Office Zone
Product Brand Philips Slim Downlight LEDLuminous Flux 1000Colour Temperature 2700K (warm white light)
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ARC 3413 Building Science Project 1: Lighting & Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design
Colour Rendering Index 80Beam Angle 90Power 10WPlacement Ceiling Down light
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ARC 3413 Building Science Project 1: Lighting & Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design
2.6 LIGHTING ANALYSIS2.6.1 Lighting Data Collection
Table 2.6.1.1 – Tabulation of Light Data at 2pm – 5pm (28/4/2016)
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ARC 3413 Building Science Project 1: Lighting & Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design
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ARC 3413 Building Science Project 1: Lighting & Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design
Table 2.6.1.2 – Tabulation of Light Data at 10pm – 12pm (7/5/2016)
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ARC 3413 Building Science Project 1: Lighting & Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design
Figure 2.6.1.1 – Grid line of the Dart Bar
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ARC 3413 Building Science Project 1: Lighting & Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design
Figure 2.6.1.2 – Grid line of the Dart Bar
As in shown figure 2.6.1.1 illustrates the grid points of The Dart Bar, Puchong. As shown of figure 2.6.1.2 above is showing the division of zoning for The Dart Bar.
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ARC 3413 Building Science Project 1: Lighting & Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design
Figure 2.6.1.3 – Cross section showing the artificial lighting of the Dart
The figure 2.6.1.3 above illustrates the type of lighting applied in the interior spaces. As shown the lights is located in Zone 3, Counter Bar & Kitchen. The selection of light fixture was based on its method of light distribution to accommodate the functions of spaces. Down light gives the direct lighting to the working level and provide clear view for the workspaces.
Figure 2.6.1.4 – Longitudinal Section shows the daylighting of TheDartBar
Figure 2.6.1.4 above indicates the sources of daylighting to illuminate the interior spaces. Daylight intensity is higher in the one site of TheDartBar compared to the internal spaces. This is due to the openness and window openings of TheDartbar at the left site of the section. While also the daylight provides an alternative light source for certain space of the interior inside.
Tabulation and Interpretation of data
There will be 2 set of readings for light tabulation data. The data were measured and recorded at the level of 1.0m (stomach level) and 1.5m (eye level) respectively. This applies to both data collection which were collected throughout day and night. Hence the colours indicate zoning of the spaces as show in the legend below accordingly.
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ARC 3413 Building Science Project 1: Lighting & Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design
Table 2.6.1.3 – Light data (2pm-5pm)
The light data above shows the data collected during tea time hours of the day in The Dart Bar, Puchong.
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ARC 3413 Building Science Project 1: Lighting & Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design
Table 2.6.1.4 –Light data (10pm-12pm)
The light data table 2.6.1.4 shows the data during night time, 10pm to 12am is mostly moderate-peak hour for customers to come in for activities around. Hence the customers like to hang around the indoor café and the dart areas. As the lights were dim enough to create a warm atmospheres to suit the customers’ needs to hang around the indoor café and dart area.
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ARC 3413 Building Science Project 1: Lighting & Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design
2.5.2 Lighting Contour Diagram
Figure 2.5.2.1 – Position of lights in the Dart Bar
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ARC 3413 Building Science Project 1: Lighting & Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design
Figure 2.5.2.2 – Night time light contour (10pm-12pm)
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ARC 3413 Building Science Project 1: Lighting & Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design
Figure 2.5.2.3 – Day time light contour (2pm-5pm)
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ARC 3413 Building Science Project 1: Lighting & Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design
2.5.3 Lighting Data Analysis
CATEGORIES MATERIALS COLOUR REFLECTANCE (%)
SURFACE TEXTURE
Wall Brick Cladding Brown 60 Rough
Wood Cladding Brown 60 Smooth
Concrete Black 10 Matte
Glass Transparent 8 Glossy
Ceiling Concrete Black 10 Matte
Plaster White 80 Smooth
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ARC 3413 Building Science Project 1: Lighting & Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design
CATEGORIES MATERIALS COLOUR REFLECTANCE(%)
SURFACE TEXTURE
Floor Timber Flooring Brown 60 Smooth
Porcelain Tiles Grey 60 Glossy
Carpet Black with white strip
10 Smooth
CATEGORIES MATERIALS COLOUR REFLECTANCE(%)
SURFACE TEXTURE
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ARC 3413 Building Science Project 1: Lighting & Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design
Furniture(Sofa)
Leather Black 10 Smooth
Furniture(Bar table top)
Granite Black 10 Glossy
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ARC 3413 Building Science Project 1: Lighting & Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design
2.7 LIGHTING CALCULATION ANALYSIS2.7.1 Zone A Calculation
Dimension of room
(L x W) (m)
5.8 x 4
Total Floor Area /
A (m2)
23.2
Type of Lighting
Fixture
Antique PLT Edison Bulb
Number of Lightings
Fixtures / N
10
Lumen of Lighting
Fixture / F (lm)
350
Height of Luminaire
(m)
2
Height of work level
(m)
0.8
Mounting height
H (hm)
1.2
Reflection Factors Ceiling: Concrete (1.0)
Wall: Wood Cladding (0.6)
Floor: Timber Flooring (0.6)
Room Index / RI (K) (5.8 x 4) / (5.8 + 4) x 1.2
=23.2 / 11.76
=1.97
Utilization Factor / UF
Based on given
utilization factor table.
0.65
Maintenance Factor /
MF
0.7
Standard illuminance
(Lux)
200
Illmuninance Level - E (10 x 350 x 0.65 x 0.7) / 23.2
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ARC 3413 Building Science Project 1: Lighting & Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design
(Lux) =1592.5 / 23.2
=68.64
Total illuminance level
/ E (Lux)
68.64
Discussion:
According to MS1525 standard illuminance for cafeteria is 200 lux. Illuminance of our site which
is 68.64 lux doesn’t meet the requirement.
Therefore, to meet the requirements, additional number of Antique PLT Edison Bulb is required
to make up the insufficient illuminance. Due to ceiling is make of concrete and there is only fan
attached. Calculation is as below:
= (68.64 x 23.2) / (350 x 0.65 x 0.7)
=1592.448 / 159.25
=9.99
=10
Hence, an additional ten (10) number of Antique PLT Edison Bulb are required to meet the
standard illuminance for the zone.
2.7.2 Zone B Calculation
Dimension of room(L x W) (m)
6.3 x 7.3
Total Floor Area /A (m2)
45.99
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ARC 3413 Building Science Project 1: Lighting & Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design
Type of Lighting Fixture
Philips Rox LED FL000/70/30
Philips Mesh Downlight
Number of Lightings Fixtures / N
1 6
Lumen of Lighting Fixture / F (lm)
1100 200
Height of Luminaire(m)
2.4 2.25
Height of work level (m)
0.8
Mounting height H (hm)
1.6 1.45
Reflection Factors Ceiling: Concrete (1.0)Wall: Brick Cladding (0.6)Floor: Timber Flooring (0.6)
Room Index / RI (K) (6.3 x 7.3) / (6.3 + 7.3) x 1.6
=45.99 / 21.76= 2.11
(6.3 x 7.3) / (6.3 + 7.3) x 1.45
=45.99 / 19.72=2.33
Utilization Factor / UFBased on given utilization factor table.
0.58 0.65
Maintenance Factor / MF 0.7
Standard illuminance (Lux)
200
Illmuninance Level - E (Lux) (1 x 1100 x 0.58 x 0.7) / 45.99=446.6 / 45.99=9.7
(6 x 200 x 0.65 x 0.7) / 45.99=546 / 45.99=11.87
Total illuminance level / E (Lux)
9.7 + 11.87=21.57
Discussion:
According to MS1525 standard illuminance for cafeteria is 200 lux. Illuminance of our site which is 21.57 lux doesn’t meet the requirement.
Therefore, to meet the requirements, additional number of Philips Rox LED FL000/70/30
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ARC 3413 Building Science Project 1: Lighting & Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design
is required to make up the insufficient illuminance. Due to ceiling is make of concrete and there is only fan attached. Calculation is as below:
= (21.57 x 45.99) / (1100 x 0.58 x 0.7)
=992 / 446.6
=2.22
=2
Hence, an additional two (2) number of Philips Rox LED FL000/70/30 are required to meet the standard illuminance for the zone.
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ARC 3413 Building Science Project 1: Lighting & Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design
2.7.3 Zone C Calculation
Discussion:
42
Dimension of room(L x W) (m)
4.2 x 7.3
Total Floor Area /A (m2)
30.66
Type of Lighting Fixture
Philips Rox LED FL000/70/30
Philips Mesh Downlight
Number of Lightings Fixtures / N
4 6
Lumen of Lighting Fixture / F (lm)
1100 200
Height of Luminaire(m)
2.4 2.25
Height of work level (m)
0.8
Mounting height H (hm)
1.6 1.45
Reflection Factors Ceiling: Concrete (1.0)Wall: Brick Cladding (0.6)Floor: Timber Flooring (0.6)
Room Index / RI (K) (6.3 x 7.3) / (6.3 + 7.3) x 1.6
=45.99 / 21.76= 2.11
(6.3 x 7.3) / (6.3 + 7.3) x 1.45
=45.99 / 19.72=2.33
Utilization Factor / UFBased on given utilization factor table.
0.58 0.65
Maintenance Factor / MF 0.7
Standard illuminance (Lux)
200
Illmuninance Level - E (Lux) (1 x 1100 x 0.58 x 0.7) / 45.99=446.6 / 45.99=9.7
(6 x 200 x 0.65 x 0.7) / 45.99=546 / 45.99=11.87
Total illuminance level / E (Lux)
9.7 + 11.87=21.57
ARC 3413 Building Science Project 1: Lighting & Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design
According to MS1525 standard illuminance for cafeteria is 200 lux. Illuminance of our site which is 21.57 lux doesn’t meet the requirement.
Therefore, to meet the requirements, additional number of Philips Rox LED FL000/70/30
is required to make up the insufficient illuminance. Due to ceiling is make of concrete and there is only fan attached. Calculation is as below:
= (200-21.57) x 45.99 / (1100 x 0.58 x 0.7)
= 8206 / 446.6
= 18.4
= 18
Hence, an additional eighteen (18) number of Philips Rox LED FL000/70/30 are required to meet the standard illuminance for the zone.
2.7.4 Zone D Calculation
Dimension of room(L x W) (m)
6.9 x 7.3
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ARC 3413 Building Science Project 1: Lighting & Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design
Total Floor Area /A (m2)
50.37
Type of Lighting Fixture
Philips Rox LED FL000/70/30
OSRAM T8 26 mm Lamp
Number of Lightings Fixtures / N
5 4
Lumen of Lighting Fixture / F (lm)
1100 3350
Height of Luminaire(m)
2.4 1.8
Height of work level (m)
0.8
Mounting height H (hm)
1.6 1.0
Reflection Factors Ceiling: Concrete (1.0)Wall: Brick Cladding (0.6)Floor: Timber Flooring (0.6)
Room Index / RI (K) (6.9 x 7.3) / (6.9 + 7.3) x 1.6
= 50.37 / 22.72 = 2.22
(6.9 x 7.3) / (6.9 + 7.3) x 1.0
= 50.37 / 14.2= 3.55
Utilization Factor / UFBased on given utilization factor table.
0.58 0.49
Maintenance Factor / MF 0.7
Standard illuminance (Lux)
200
Illmuninance Level - E (Lux) 5 x 1100 x 0.58 x 0.7 / 50.37 = 2233 / 50.37= 44.33
4 x 3350 x 0.49 x 0.7 / 50.37= 4596.2 / 50.37= 91.25
Total illuminance level / E (Lux)
44.33 + 91.25= 135.58
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ARC 3413 Building Science Project 1: Lighting & Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design
Discussion:
According to MS1525, standard illuminance for dart area (lounge) is 150 lux. Illuminance for our site is 135.58 meet the standard requirements.
2.7.5 Zone E Calculation
45
Dimension of room(L x W) (m)
2.9 x 4.1
Total Floor Area /A (m2)
11.89
Type of Lighting Fixture
Philips Slim Downlight LED
Philips Mesh Downlight
Number of Lightings Fixtures / N 4 1Lumen of Lighting Fixture / F (lm)
1000 200
Height of Luminaire(m)
2.5 2.25
Height of work level (m)
0.8
Mounting height H (hm)
1.7 1.45
Reflection Factors Ceiling: Plaster (0.8)Wall: Concrete (1.0)Floor: Carpet (1.0)
Room Index / RI (K) (2.9 x 4.1) / (2.9 + 4.1) x 1.7
= 11.89 / 11.9 = 0.99
(2.9 x 4.1) / (2.9 + 4.1) x 1.45
= 11.89 / 10.15= 1.17
Utilization Factor / UFBased on given utilization factor table.
0.52 0.52
Maintenance Factor / MF 0.7
Standard illuminance (Lux)
300
Illmuninance Level - E (Lux) (4 x 1000 x 0.52 x 0.7) / 11.89= 1456 / 11.89= 122.46
(1 x 200 x 0.52 x 0.7 ) / 11.89= 72.8 / 11.89= 6.12
Total illuminance level / E (Lux) 122.46 + 6.12 = 128.58
ARC 3413 Building Science Project 1: Lighting & Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design
Discussion:
According to MS1525 standard illuminance for office is 300 lux. Illuminance of our site which is 128.58 lux doesn’t meet the requirement.
Therefore, to meet the requirements, additional number of Philips Slim Downlight LED is required to make up the insufficient illuminance. Due to the ceiling is made up of plaster. Calculation is as below:
= (300-128.58) x 11.89 / (1000 x 0.52 x 0.7)
= 2038.18 / 364
= 5.6
= 6
Hence, an additional six (6) number of Philips Slim Downlight LEDare required to meet the standard illuminance for the zone.
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ARC 3413 Building Science Project 1: Lighting & Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design
2.8 EVALUATION AND CONCLUSION2.8.1 Improvement for Lighting
As the light analysis lux data collected & analysed, there are 4 specific insufficient zones that didn’t meet the requirement for MS1525 standard illuminance for specific zones as proven in our light analysis calculation & discussion. Those zones are zone A, zone B, zone C and Zone E. Based on discussion made in each of the calculation that zone A is lacking of 131.36 lux while zone B and C is lacking of 178.43 lux and lastly zone E is lacking of 171.42 lux. These 4 specific zones could have make some possible changes in order for them to have some improvement to adjust its lux values to meet standard MS 1525 standard illuminance requirement.
Hence, the material design of the surrounding could made some possible changes. The suitable material are mostly shiny surfaces. As mention those shiny surfaces could be tiles, marble, polished oak & possibility of timber polished as the shop is already furnished with timber floor. These materials could reflect the lighting well for the surroundings and also directly increases the lux of the specific spaces.
2.8.2 Limitations with Lighting
In zone C, It is a kitchen and counter bar which also didn’t meet its MS 1525 standard illuminance but the current ambience suits it working space as for serving customers as example. The working space might have lower luminance but it seems fits the design theme and it also function well enough for the workers to serve their individual customers. Even though zone C is having low luminance but the workers hence to use table lamp lights for energy saving purposes.
2.8.3 General Discussion for Lighting
In general, there are needs and desires to control different light levels in accordance with our daily activities and specific space requirement to create a certain desire effect. The careful control of illuminance is an essential to provide visibility, safety and emotional satisfaction for the cafe. As a designer we must take into consideration the surfaces finishes and texture of the space to achieve the desire ambience environment.
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ARC 3413 Building Science Project 1: Lighting & Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design
3.0 REFERENCES
1. US-DOE, EnergyPlus V6.0. From US Department of Energy, Building Technologies Program, http://appsl.eere.energy.gov/buildingslenergyplusi, 2010.
2. A. Marsh, Autodesk e Ecotect, http://usa.autoclesk.comiecotect-analysis/, Autodesk
3. H. Wan, Y, Li, W. Yang, Analysis on the state, composition, and characteristics of industrial building energy consumption in Dongguan, Building Energy Efficiency, 33(1)(2007) 230-231.
4. Y.Y.N. Edward, K.P Lam, W Wu, N. Takehiko, Advanced lighting simulation in architectural design in the tropics, Automation in Construction 10(2001)365-379.
5. C.F Reinhart, S. Herkel, The simulation of annual daylight illuminance distributions e a state-of-the-art comparison of six RADIANCE based methods, Energy and Buildings 32 (2000) 167-187.
6. Neufert, Ernst and Peter. Neufert Architects' Data. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012
7. Electrical Lighting and Cable Selection. (2011, April 4). Retrieved October 13, 2015, from http://www.slideshare.net/Denuka/electrical-lighting-cable-selection
8. Altomonte, S. (n.d.). Daylight Factor Retrieved October 12, 2015, from https:// www.eclucate-sustainability.euiportaliit/print/2255
9. Recommended average illuminance levels. (2007). In Code of practice on energy efficiency and use of renewable energy for non-residential buildings (first revision). Putrajaya: Department of Standard Malaysia.
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