CONSISTS IN REPRODUCING IN THE RECEPTOR LANGUAGE

THE CLOSEST NATURAL EQUIVALENT OF THE SOURCE

LANGUAGE MESSAGE

LITERAL VERSUS FREE TRANSLATION

LITERARY VERSUS NON-LITERARY TRANSLATION

SEMANT IC VERSUS COMMUNICATIVE TRANSLATION

STATIC VERSUS DYNAMIC TRANSLATION

PAIRS CONCERNS THE CLOSENESS, SOMETIMES REFERRED TO AS FIDELITY OR FAITHFULNESS.

Literal translation may be defined as having the following characteristics:

1. literal translation takes sentences as its basic units and the whole text into consideration at the same time in the course of translation.

2. literal translation strives to reproduce both the ideological content and style of the entire literary work and retain as much as possible the figures of speech and such main sentence structures or patterns

LITERAL FREE TRANSLATION

A literal English translation of

the German word "Kindergarten" would be "children garden," but in

English the expression refers to the school year between pre-school and first grade

DEEMS THE SOURCE MESSAGE CONVEYABLE IN A DIFFERENT FORM.

Take some examples.

FREE TRANSLATION

1. He is green with jealousy.---他醋意大发

2. That’s all Greek to me.---我完全不懂那玩意儿

3. He is a rolling stone.---他是个见异思迁的人。。。

1. “green” here lose its colors meaning. It means

“extremely envious”

2. Greek is an ancient language, it’s difficult for

people to understand. It’s a metaphor here, Greek

means something uneasy to understand

3. “A rolling stone “ is from “ a rolling stone gathers no moss.” It is translated as “滚动的石头不生苔。”,

which means a changeable man can’t success.

Literary translation bridges the delicate emotional connections between cultures and languages and furthers the understanding of human beings across national borders. In the act of literary translation the soul of another culture becomes transparent, and the translator recreates the refined sensibilities of foreign countries and their people through the linguistic, musical, rhythmic, and visual possibilities of the new language.

THE BACCHAE(Original Text)

Original TextA passage from the play in which

Pentheus orders his army out to attack thewomen worshippers:

Πενθεύς:ἤδη τόδ᾽ ἐγγὺς ὥστε πῦρ ὑφάπτεται

ὕβρισμα βακχῶν, ψόγος ἐς Ἕλληνας μέγας.ἀλλ᾽ οὐκ ὀκνεῖν δεῖ· στεῖχ᾽ ἐπ᾽ Ἠλέκτρας ἰὼν

πύλας· κέλευε πάντας ἀσπιδηφόρουςἵππων τ᾽ ἀπαντᾶν ταχυπόδων ἐπεμβάταςπέλτας θ᾽ ὅσοι πάλλουσι καὶ τόξων χερὶψάλλουσι νευράς, ὡς ἐπιστρατεύσομεν

βάκχαισιν· οὐ γὰρ ἀλλ᾽ ὑπερβάλλει τάδε,εἰ πρὸς γυναικῶν πεισόμεσθ᾽ ἃ πάσχομεν.

LITERAL TRANSLATIONGeoffrey Kirk (1970, Prentice Hall Greek Drama Series)

Already close by it blazes up like fire,

this mad insolence of the bacchants, a huge reproach to the

men of Hellas!

There must be no hesitation: you, be off to the Electran

gate; order all the heavy infantrymen

and the riders of swift-footed horses to parade,

and all who ply light shields and make the bowstring

sing with their hand, since we shall march against

the Bacchants. No, this exceeds all bounds,

if at the hands of women we are to suffer what we do!

PROSE TRANSLATIONDavid Kovacs (2002, Harvard University Press Loeb Classical Library)

LEARN: Line Endings

The violence of these bacchants now blazes at our doors

like a fire: it shames us greatly in the eyes of Hellas. We

must not delay. (To his retinue) You, go to the Electran

gate! Order a gathering of all hoplites, all riders of swift-

footed horses, brandishers of light shields and those

whose hands make the bowstring sing: we are going to

war with the bacchants! No, it's beyond all bearing if we

endure what these women are doing to us!

A semantic translation would change word order and maybe word choice so that the true meaning is conveyed.

Take this sentence, for example:

"Putting oneself in the place of another, one should not kill nor cause another to kill." ~Buddhist Golden Rule

A bad machine translation turns it into...

"Placed in another place, we can not kill the lead to another killing."

This sentence doesn't give the desired meaning.

"Mirrors found good for many uses for women looking good. Your own get today for sales big,"

a better semantic translation...

"These Mirrors are used by women everywhere for making themselves beautiful. Buy some today for big sales."

In theory, communicative translation addresses itself solely to the second reader who does not anticipate difficulties or obscurities, and would expect a generous transfer of foreign elements into his own culture as well as his language where necessary,[1] communicative translation is likely to be smother, simpler, clearer, more direct, more conventional, conforming to a particular register of language and tending to under translate. Basically, communicative translation emphasize the sift of massages. This method, pay attention to the reader or listener of target language that hope there is no difficulties and unclearly in text of target language and also effectiveness of target language

For example: awas anjing galak!

It can translate become:

- Beware of dog!, Than Beware of the vicious dog!

Because the first sentence was beckon that the dog is vicious[2]

- I would admit that a I am wrong

- I will admit that a I am wrong

Static translations are translated terms (words or sentences) which are not content, but which concerns generally the website interface.For example, terms like "Go home" or "Submit button" are static translations.Another example is the common text "Website created by My Agency" at the bottom of the website. This can of course be written “hardly” in the view, but it could be nice to make it available for each language of the website. So if the user visit the website in french, this text will become "Site conçu par Mon Agence", which of course is nicer for french readers.To manage static translation, go to the Ionize panel : Content > Translations

1. INTRALINGUAL TRANSLATION or REWORDING.It is an interpretation of verbal sign by means of other signs of the same language

2 .INTERLINGUAL TRANSLATION orTRANSLATIONPROPER.It is an interpretation of verbal signs bymeans of some other language.

3. INTERSEMIOTIC TRANSLATION or TRANSMUTATION.Is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of nonverbal sign system.

Translation vs. Interpretation

Translation ---> written texts

Interpretation ---> uses oral channel

Accuracy

(Precisión)

Adaptation

(Adaptación)

Completeness

(Totalidad)

Style (Estilo)

Grammatical

variation

(Variación de

gramática)

Idiomatic quality

(calidad

idiomática)

• The role of a translator: skills

What do you need to become a good translator?

1. Complete knowledge of both source and target speech.

2. Write appropiately in both source and target language.

3. Ability to have language intuition ““to grasp various expressions, idioms and specificvocabulary and their uses””

4. Be aware of the “”cultural divergence and diverse strategies in the source and target verbal communication””

5. Be aware of diverse registers, styles of speaking, and social stratification of both sourceand target language.

6. You have to be provided with encyclopedias and bilingual dictionaries in a specific context

7. You have to take control of the different kind of speeches in both source and target language.

The translator’s goal is to reproduce in the receptor language a text which communicates the same message as the source language but using the natural grammatical and lexical choices of the receptor language…..an idiomatic translation. The translator knows s/he is successful if the receptor language readers do not recognize the work as a translation at all, but simply as a text written in the receptor language.

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Refers to the time between the interpreter’s reception of the speaker’s utterance and his/her production. It is ear-tongue or hearing-voicing span