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Power Point Lesson for Legislative Department. DLSU-CSB:SDA
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Executive
Legislative
Judiciary
Separation of Powers Checks and Balances
Article VI
“The legislative power shall be vested in the Congress of the Philippines which shall
consist of a Senate and a House of Representatives, except to the extent
reserved to the people by the provision on initiative and referendum. “
Legislative Power◦ Authority to make, alter or repeal laws◦ Prescribe general rules for the government of
society Laws
◦ Written enactments of the legislature ◦ Defines right and duties of a citizen◦ Imposes taxes◦ Appropriate funds (budget deliberation)◦ Defines crime and its penalties◦ Creates and abolishes government offices◦ Regulates human conduct
Two chambers (Bicameral)◦ Upper house
Senate
◦ Lower house House of Representatives
What are the advantages?
What are the disadvantages?
◦ Avoid hasty and ill-considered legislation
◦ Serves as training ground for future leaders
◦ Representation for both regional (House) and national (Senate) interests
◦ Less susceptible to bribery and manipulation
◦ Has not worked out as an effective fiscalizing machine
◦ No assurance of better deliberated legislation
◦ Duplication of efforts which delays the legislation process
◦ More expensive
Classification of Powers of the Congress◦ General Legislative Power
For the govern of relations among individuals As long as not contrary to the Constitution
◦ Specific Powers Power provided by the Constitution exclusively for the
Congress E.g. Elect the president in case of a tie Declare state of war
◦ Implied Powers Necessary to the effective exercise of their powers E.g. Investigation in aid of legislation
◦ Inherent Powers Powers that are not specified by the Constitution but are
requisites for the exercise of government sovereignty
The Senate shall be composed of twenty-four Senators who shall be elected at large by the qualified voters of the Philippines, as
may be provided by law.
No person shall be a Senator unless he is a natural-born citizen of the Philippines and, on the day of the election, is at least thirty-five years of age, able to read and write, a
registered voter, and a resident of the Philippines for not less than two years immediately preceding the day of the
election.
The term of office of the Senators shall be six years and shall commence, unless
otherwise provided by law, at noon on the thirtieth day of June next following their
election.
No Senator shall serve for more than two consecutive terms. Voluntary renunciation of the office for any length of time shall not
be considered as an interruption in the continuity of his service for the full term of
which he was elected.
24 Senators elected at large Initial 6 years term
◦ Eligible for a one subsequent 6 year term◦ More than two successive terms is prohibited
Qualifications◦ Natural-born citizen
◦ Who are natural born citizens?◦ At least 35 years old◦ Able to read and write◦ Registered voter
◦ What are the qualifications for voting?◦ Resident of the Philippines for at least 2 years
(1) The House of Representatives shall be composed of not more than two hundred and fifty members, unless otherwise fixed by law, who shall be elected from legislative districts apportioned among the provinces, cities, and the Metropolitan Manila area in accordance with the number of their respective inhabitants, and on the basis of a uniform and progressive ratio, and those who, as provided by law, shall be elected through a party-list system of registered national, regional, and sectoral parties or organizations.
(2) The party-list representatives shall constitute twenty per centum of the total number of representatives including those under the party list. For three consecutive terms after the ratification of this Constitution, one-half of the seats allocated to party-list representatives shall be filled, as provided by law, by selection or election from the labor, peasant, urban poor, indigenous cultural communities, women, youth, and such other sectors as may be provided by law, except the religious sector.
(3) Each legislative district shall comprise, as far as practicable, contiguous, compact, and adjacent territory. Each city with a population of at least two hundred fifty thousand, or each province, shall have at least one representative.
(4) Within three years following the return of every census, the Congress shall make a reapportionment of legislative districts based on the standards provided in this section.
No person shall be a Member of the House of Representatives unless he is a natural-born citizen of the Philippines and, on the day of the election, is at least twenty-five years of age,
able to read and write, and, except the party-list representatives, a registered voter in the district in which he shall be elected, and a resident thereof for a period of not less than one year immediately preceding the day of
the election.
The Members of the House of Representatives shall be elected for a term of three years which shall begin, unless otherwise provided by law, at noon on the thirtieth day of
June next following their election. No Member of the House of Representatives shall serve for more than three
consecutive terms. Voluntary renunciation of the office for any length of time shall not be considered as an
interruption in the continuity of his service for the full term for which he was elected.
Not more than 250 members
◦ Congressional districts and sectoral representation◦ For every 250,000 city population, 1 representative
Manila – 6 Districts◦ For provinces, 1 representative regardless of
population
Initial 3 years term◦ Eligible for 2 more subsequent terms◦ More than three consecutive terms is prohibited◦ 9 years consecutive service
Qualifications◦ Natural-born Philippine Citizen◦ Able to read and write◦ At least 25 years old◦ District Representative
Registered voter in the district involved
Resident of that district for at least 1 year
◦ Sectoral Representative
Embodies the ideals promoted by the sector being represented
Pro-poor, representative should be poor
Against Drugs, negative to drug test
Sectoral Representation◦ To attain the broadest possible representation
Marginalized representation◦ To strike a balance between varying interests
20 percent of the total composition of the House of Representatives◦ 250 representatives, 50 should be from party-list
Election of registered parties, instead of individual candidates◦ Number of representatives depends on the total
no. of votes obtained (proportional representation)
◦ Maximum of three seats per party E.g. Was able to obtain 10% of the votes cast, party-
list will also get 10% of the seats allotted for party-list
A -100 B – 2500 (2nd seat) (8th seat) (12th seat) C – 3500 (1st seat) (7th seat) (11th seat) D – 200 (5th seat) Total Votes Cast =7,445 E – 10 2 percent = 149 F – 49 4 percent = 298 G – 161(6th seat) 6 percent = 447 H – 500 (3rd seat) (9th seat) (13th seat) I – 300 (4th seat) (10th seat) J - 125
Back-door Entrance to the Legislative department◦ Difficult to win in District Representation◦ Party-list Representation is an option
Traditional Politicians (Trapos)
Where do they use their pork barrel allotment?
As of 2001, none of the bills of national importance made by party-list groups ever became a law (Fermin 2001)
“The salaries of Senators and Members of the House of Representatives shall be
determined by law. No increase in said compensation shall take effect until after the expiration of the full term of all the
Members of the Senate and the House of Representatives approving such increase.”
House of Representatives
Senators◦ 43,000 basic monthly salary (516,000 per annum)◦ 1.3 M for salaries of staff (15.6 M per annum)◦ 200 M Pork Barrel Funds◦ Travel and other allowances◦ 216.116 Million Pesos
“A Senator or Member of the House of Representatives shall, in all offenses
punishable by not more than six years imprisonment, be privileged from arrest
while the Congress is in session. No Member shall be questioned nor be held liable in any other place for any speech or debate in the
Congress or in any committee thereof. “
Entitled to immunity from arrest while the Congress is in session
Whether attending the session or not◦ Regular
Three regular sessions◦ Special
Takes place when the president calls for session during recess to consider legislations the president may designate
Executive Session As long as the session is not yet adjourned or
in recess
If ever can be arrested◦ imprisonment should not be more than 6 years
Except for offenses punishable with a minimum of 6 years imprisonment◦ Reclusion Perpetua◦ Life Imprisonment
Theft 2 years – Life imprisonment
If Congress is no longer in session
If the offense committed is punishable with more than 6 years of imprisonment
If the representative waives this right
Entitled to immunity from being questioned and be held liable to what they say◦ Libel
Condition As long as the speech is relevant to the performance
of his legislative duties Chismis
If the person is not acting as a member of the Congress◦ No longer a representative◦ Actions are not in relation to the performance of
his legislative duties
Etiquette or behavior is being questioned in the Congress itself (Conduct Unbecoming)◦ Ethics Committee
Immunity from Arrest
Parliamentary Immunity
Article VI
(1) Every bill passed by the Congress shall embrace only one subject which shall be expressed in the title thereof.
(2) No bill passed by either House shall become a law unless it has passed three readings on separate days, and printed copies thereof in its final form have been distributed to its Members three days before its passage, except when the President certifies to the necessity of its immediate enactment to meet a public calamity or emergency. Upon the last reading of a bill, no amendment thereto shall be allowed, and the vote thereon shall be taken immediately thereafter, and the yeas and nays entered in the Journal.
Bill◦ Draft law submitted to the legislative body for its
consideration
◦ Proposed by any member of the legislative
First Reading ◦ Referred to the appropriate committee◦ Committee level
Hearings, consultations, debate Second Reading
◦ Debates at the Plenary Level◦ Printing of final draft and distribution
Third Reading◦ Final Reading
No more amendments and debates are allowed◦ Nominal Voting
Yeas and nays
Referred to the other house◦ 3 readings take place
Forwarded to the Joint Bicameral Committee◦ Consolidation of the two versions of the two
houses◦ Compromise
Submission to the President◦ upon transmittal to the President
Sign the bill into law Veto the bill back to the Congress
◦ After 30 days without action
(1) Every bill passed by the Congress shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the President. If he approves the same he shall sign it; otherwise, he shall veto it and return the same with his objections to the House where it originated, which shall enter the objections at large in its Journal and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration, two-thirds of all the Members of such House shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other House by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of all the Members of that House, it shall become a law. In all such cases, the votes of each House shall be determined by yeas or nays, and the names of the Members voting for or against shall be entered in its Journal. The President shall communicate his veto of any bill to the House where it originated within thirty days after the date of receipt thereof, otherwise, it shall become a law as if he had signed it.
(2) The President shall have the power to veto any particular item or items in an appropriation, revenue, or tariff bill, but the veto shall not affect the item or items to which he does not object.
Bill is passed by Congress signed by the President
Vetoed bill override by 2/3 vote of both houses
If the President failed to act on the passed bill in 30 days◦ For cases of initiative and referendum, signature
of the president is no longer required◦ Pocket Veto is not allowed
Silence means yes
Pocket Veto is not allowed
Partial Veto is not allowed◦ Except for appropriations bill, revenue bill, tariff
bill