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The Roman Republic The Roman Republic 509-31 BCE509-31 BCE
Roman History: Roman History: ChronologyChronology
1. Roman origins: 1. Roman origins: 753-509 BCE753-509 BCE2. Roman 2. Roman
Republic: Republic: 509-31 BCE509-31 BCE
3. Roman Empire: 3. Roman Empire: 31 BCE-476 AD31 BCE-476 AD
Roman Origins: Roman Origins: 753-509 753-509 BCEBCE
1000 BCE: Villages, 1000 BCE: Villages, nomadic lifenomadic life
77thth C BCE: C BCE: UrbanizationUrbanization
753 BCE: Legend of 753 BCE: Legend of Romulus + RemusRomulus + Remus
Monarchy: Monarchy: ImperiumImperium
Rape of the Sabine Rape of the Sabine Women Women
"Events before Rome "Events before Rome was born have come was born have come down to us in old down to us in old tales with more of tales with more of the charm of poetry the charm of poetry than of sound than of sound historical record, historical record, and such traditions I and such traditions I propose neither to propose neither to affirm nor refute." affirm nor refute."
-Livy-Livy
Nicolas Poussin, “The Abduction of the Sabine Women” Nicolas Poussin, “The Abduction of the Sabine Women” 1633-341633-34
The EtruscansThe Etruscans Modern TuscanyModern Tuscany 12 city-states: 12 city-states:
autonomyautonomy TradeTrade 66thth C BCE: Rule over C BCE: Rule over
RomeRome Greeks, Etruscans Greeks, Etruscans
+ Romans: cultural + Romans: cultural influenceinfluence
ImmoralityImmorality 509: Rome rises to 509: Rome rises to
powerpower
“ “Sharing wives is an Sharing wives is an established Etruscan established Etruscan custom. Etruscan custom. Etruscan women…exercise women…exercise often, sometimes along often, sometimes along with the men...it is not with the men...it is not a disgrace for them to a disgrace for them to be seen naked…the be seen naked…the Etruscans raise all the Etruscans raise all the children that are born, children that are born, without knowing who without knowing who their fathers are…”their fathers are…”
Theopompus of Chios, Theopompus of Chios, Histories,Histories, Book 43Book 43
The Roman Republic: The Roman Republic: Political OrganizationPolitical Organization
500 BCE: 500 BCE: Monarchy Monarchy abolishedabolished
Republic founded: Republic founded: 3 elements3 elements
1.1. Executive branch, Executive branch, 2 Consuls 2 Consuls
2.2. Senate Senate 3.3. Assembly of Assembly of
Centuries + Tribes Centuries + Tribes
The Roman Republic: The Roman Republic: Political Organization Political Organization
(continued)(continued) ““Mixed”Mixed” Checks + Checks +
balancesbalances Patricians vs. Patricians vs.
plebeiansplebeians Struggle of Struggle of
the Ordersthe Orders Strategy: Strategy:
CompromiseCompromise
“ “. . the elements by which . . the elements by which the Roman constitution was the Roman constitution was controlled were three in controlled were three in number . . . all the aspects of number . . . all the aspects of the administration were, the administration were, taken separately, so fairly taken separately, so fairly and so suitably ordered and and so suitably ordered and regulated through the agency regulated through the agency of these three elements that of these three elements that it was impossible even for it was impossible even for the Romans themselves to the Romans themselves to declare with certainty declare with certainty whether the whole system whether the whole system was an aristocracy, a was an aristocracy, a democracy or a monarchy…”democracy or a monarchy…”
Polybius, Polybius, HistoriesHistories
Roman LawRoman LawPlebian Victories:Plebian Victories: Election of Election of
Tribunes (494 Tribunes (494 BCE)BCE)
Law of the Twelve Law of the Twelve Tables (451 BCE)Tables (451 BCE)
Inter-marriage Inter-marriage (445 BCE)(445 BCE)
Licinian-Sextian Licinian-Sextian laws (367 BCE)laws (367 BCE)
Lex HortensiaLex Hortensia
Cicero, Cicero, De OratoreDe Oratore, , I.44: I.44:
“…“…I will say what I I will say what I think: that single little think: that single little book of the Twelve book of the Twelve Tables, if anyone look Tables, if anyone look to the fountains and to the fountains and sources of laws, seems sources of laws, seems to me, assuredly, to to me, assuredly, to surpass the libraries of surpass the libraries of all the philosophers, all the philosophers, both in weight of both in weight of authority, and in authority, and in plenitude of utility…”plenitude of utility…”
Roman ImperialismRoman Imperialism Conquest of Italy + the Conquest of Italy + the
Latin LeagueLatin League Latin War: revolt of alliesLatin War: revolt of alliesPunic Wars with CarthagePunic Wars with Carthage Background Background 1st Punic War (264-241 1st Punic War (264-241
BCE)BCE) 2nd Punic War (218-201 2nd Punic War (218-201
BCE): Hannibal defeatedBCE): Hannibal defeated 3rd Punic War (149-146 3rd Punic War (149-146
BCE)BCE)
Roman Imperialism Roman Imperialism (continued)(continued)
Macedonian WarsMacedonian WarsStrategiesStrategies AlliancesAlliances Conquests: Conquests:
Compromise + Compromise + AssimilationAssimilation
Liberal + militaristic Liberal + militaristic policies: balancepolicies: balance
Consequences/results?Consequences/results? Economic divideEconomic divide Slave economySlave economy
Roman Culture: OverviewRoman Culture: Overview Urban lifeUrban life Social status: Social status:
Patrons + ClientsPatrons + Clients Social hierarchy:Social hierarchy:1.1. Senatorial (Elite)Senatorial (Elite)2.2. EquestrianEquestrian3.3. Plebians: CitizensPlebians: Citizens4.4. SlavesSlaves
Social Structure: Roman Social Structure: Roman FamilyFamily
1. Marriage1. Marriage2. Power of the2. Power of the
PaterfamiliasPaterfamilias 3. Women3. Women VisibilityVisibility Wealth: Oppian LawWealth: Oppian Law4. Slaves4. Slaves IncreaseIncrease OccupationsOccupations ManumissionManumission
Education in the Roman Education in the Roman RepublicRepublic
1. Informal settings1. Informal settings2. Private schooling2. Private schooling3.3. Grammaticus Grammaticus 4. Oratory: Rise of 4. Oratory: Rise of
rhetoricrhetoric Greek influenceGreek influence Political skillPolitical skill
Roman ReligionRoman Religion Greco-Roman Gods: Greco-Roman Gods:
cultural synthesiscultural synthesis Conquests = Conquests =
imported Godsimported Godseg. Cult of Cybeleeg. Cult of Cybele Temple of Vesta: Temple of Vesta:
Vestal VirginsVestal Virgins Tolerance vs. Tolerance vs.
suppressionsuppression i.e. Cult of Dionysusi.e. Cult of Dionysus
The ArtsThe Arts Hellenistic Hellenistic
influenceinfluence ArchitectureArchitecture PhilosophyPhilosophy1.1. Lucretius + Lucretius +
EpicureanismEpicureanism2.2. Cicero + Cicero +
StoicismStoicism
Temple of Fortuna Virilis, Temple of Fortuna Virilis, Rome, late 2nd c. B.C. Rome, late 2nd c. B.C.
Roman EntertainmentRoman Entertainment
LudiLudi: the Games : the Games of Rome of Rome
Circus MaximusCircus Maximus Wild animals: Wild animals:
killing sportkilling sport Gladiatorial Gladiatorial
contestscontests Chariot RacesChariot Races
Roman RevolutionRoman Revolution Divisions in wealthDivisions in wealth Tiberius Gracchus: Tiberius Gracchus:
land redistributionland redistribution Optimates vs. Optimates vs.
PopularesPopulares Gaius GracchusGaius Gracchus1.1. Problem of Problem of
extortionextortion2.2. Price of grainPrice of grain
Roman Revolution Roman Revolution (continued)(continued)
Social Wars: ally Social Wars: ally demandsdemands
Gaius Marius: Gaius Marius: reorganizing the reorganizing the armyarmy
SullaSulla1.1. 81 BCE: Dictator81 BCE: Dictator2.2. Power of tribunes Power of tribunes
decreaseddecreased
Julius Caesar: Julius Caesar: The End of the RepublicThe End of the Republic
The First The First Triumvirate: Triumvirate: Pompey, Crassus, Pompey, Crassus, CaesarCaesar
Military conquestMilitary conquest The Senate vs. The Senate vs.
Caesar: Civil WarCaesar: Civil War Caesar as Dictator Caesar as Dictator Assassination + Assassination +
more civil warmore civil war Peter Paul Rubens, 16Peter Paul Rubens, 16thth C C
Julius Caesar: Julius Caesar: The End of the Republic The End of the Republic
(continued)(continued) The Second The Second
Triumvirate:Triumvirate:Antony, Octavian, Antony, Octavian,
LepidusLepidus Consuls + Senate: loss Consuls + Senate: loss
of powerof power Allocation of powerAllocation of power Battle of Actium (31 Battle of Actium (31
BCE)BCE) Victory to Octavian: Victory to Octavian:
Republic to EmpireRepublic to Empire
What do you need to What do you need to know?know?
Political elements of the republic: role + purposePolitical elements of the republic: role + purpose Patricians vs. plebeians: struggle of the orders, Patricians vs. plebeians: struggle of the orders,
outcomes?outcomes? Imperialistic strategy: compromise + assimilationImperialistic strategy: compromise + assimilation Roman social hierarchyRoman social hierarchy Roman religion: what is adopted from Greeks? Roman religion: what is adopted from Greeks?
Tolerance vs. suppressionTolerance vs. suppression Philosophy: Lucretius + CiceroPhilosophy: Lucretius + Cicero Tiberius + Gaius Gracchus: What did they do? Tiberius + Gaius Gracchus: What did they do?
Results?Results? Caesar: major accomplishments and outcomesCaesar: major accomplishments and outcomes