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The US Withdraws
1919 – President Wilson travels around US trying to force ratification of Versailles Treaty
Suffers stroke in October 1919, incapacitated for remainder of term
US Senate rejects Versailles Treaty US does not join League of Nations
Postwar Britain
1916 – Easter Rising in Dublin – Crushed by British
1919 – Irish Revolutionary party Sinn Fein sweeps parliamentary Elections in Ireland
Do not join Parliament in London, instead form new government in Dublin, and start guerilla war against British in Ireland
1919-1921 – Anglo-Irish War – Irish guerillas against British police force & auxiliary forces (Black&Tans)
Irish Independence
1921 – British & Irish Governments negotiate treaty
Southern 26 counties (Catholic) become Irish Free State, with acknowledgment (not allegiance) to the British Crown
Northern 6 counties (Protestant)– Northern Ireland – still loyal to Britain
Irish revolutionaries (IRA) continue to operate in Northern Ireland until 1997
The growth of mass The growth of mass communicationcommunication
1890’s – Gugliemo Marconi & others 1890’s – Gugliemo Marconi & others invent wireless telegraphinvent wireless telegraph
Voice transmission perfected by Voice transmission perfected by 19061906
1920 – Radio emerged as a venue for 1920 – Radio emerged as a venue for news and entertainmentnews and entertainment– USA: Private networks/stationsUSA: Private networks/stations– Europe: Government-owned networksEurope: Government-owned networks
FILMFILM
1892 – Edison Laboratory invents first practical 1892 – Edison Laboratory invents first practical motion picture cameramotion picture camera
1900-1903 – Films begin to use multiple shots 1900-1903 – Films begin to use multiple shots and build a narrative structureand build a narrative structure
1915 – 1915 – Birth of a NationBirth of a Nation – first ‘epic’ motion – first ‘epic’ motion picture – over 3 hours long – very popular – very picture – over 3 hours long – very popular – very racistracist
1920’s - film industry thriving in USA, Britain, 1920’s - film industry thriving in USA, Britain, France & GermanyFrance & Germany
Late 20’s – Practical sound-synchronization Late 20’s – Practical sound-synchronization begins begins
Russia in turmiol
1918-1920 – Russia in civil war – Finally won by Bolsheviks, who establish Communist state, Union of Sovies Socialist Republics (USSR)
1920-1 – Famine in USSR 1921 – New Economic Program (NEP)
begun by Lenin – Allows for some free-market reforms to rebuild economy
Death of Lenin
1922 – Lenin has 1st stroke 1924 – Lenin dies after 2nd stroke
Who will rule?
1924-27 – Power struggle in USSR between Red army Founder Leon Trotsky and Communist Party secretary Josef Stalin
Stalin wins out Trotsky forced into exile,
assassinated by Stalin in 1940
The tragedy of Weimar The tragedy of Weimar GermanyGermany
A new government
Germany drafts new constitution in city of Weimar in 1919
New government called the Weimar Republic
Opposed by politicians on the right wing for being too weak, and by politicians on the left for being not revolutionary enough
Weimar GovernmentWeimar Government
People elected People elected Reichstag Reichstag (legislature) and (legislature) and PresidentPresident
Power also rested Power also rested in hands of in hands of Chancellor, chosen Chancellor, chosen from Reichstagfrom Reichstag
German People
President Reichstag
Chancellor
Early Problems
1921 – renegade army unit led by right-wing politician seizes control of German capital of Berlin – Kapp Pustch
Army refuses to intervene German President calls for general
strike to end pustch – is successful
Early Problems
1923 – French Army occupies Ruhr Valley (Industrial center of Germany) due to lack of payment of reparations
German economy collapses – Runaway inflation results
Economy rebuilds with Foreign (US) investment
Cultural CenterCultural Center
Architecture – Bauhaus movementArchitecture – Bauhaus movement Film – “Metropolis”, “The Blue Angel” Film – “Metropolis”, “The Blue Angel”
– Peter Lorre, Marlene Dietrich– Peter Lorre, Marlene Dietrich Songwriting - “The Threepenny Songwriting - “The Threepenny
Opera”Opera” Berlin – Considered the party capital Berlin – Considered the party capital
of Europeof Europe
Rejoining Europe Rapallo - Germany accorded the USSR de jure recognition (the first such recognition
extended to the Soviet government), and the two signatories mutually canceled all prewar debts and renounced war claims. Particularly advantageous to Germany was the inclusion of a most-favored-nation clause and of extensive trade agreements. The treaty enabled the German army, through secret agreements, to produce and perfect in the USSR weapons forbidden by the Treaty of Versailles.
Locarno - 1925 - German foreign minister Gustav Stresemann proposed that France, Germany and Belgium should recognize as permanent their frontiers that was agreed at Versallies. This included the promise not to send German troops into the Rhineland and the acceptance that Alsace-Lorraine was permanently part of France. The French foreign minister, Aristide Briand, agreed with Stressemann's proposals and signed the treaty. However, as Germany refused to guarantee its eastern frontiers France sought to give Poland and Czechoslovakia they security they required by signing treaties with them.
Dawes Plan - presented in 1924 by the committee headed (1923–24) by Charles G. Dawes to the Reparations Commission of the Allied nations. It was accepted the same year by Germany and the Allies. The Dawes committee consisted of ten representatives, two each from Belgium, France, Great Britain, Italy, and the United States; it was entrusted with finding a solution for the collection of the German reparations debt, set at almost 20 billion marks. Germany had been lagging in payment of this obligation, and the Dawes Plan provided that the Ruhr area be evacuated by Allied occupation troops, that reparation payment should begin at 1 billion marks for the first year and should rise over a period of four years to 2.5 billion marks per year, that the German Reichsbank be reorganized under Allied supervision, and that the sources for the reparation money should include transportation, excise, and custom taxes
THE RISE OF FASCISMTHE RISE OF FASCISM
FASCISMFASCISM
A governmental system led by a A governmental system led by a dictator having complete power, dictator having complete power, forcibly suppressing opposition and forcibly suppressing opposition and criticism, regimenting all industry, criticism, regimenting all industry, commerce, etc., and emphasizing an commerce, etc., and emphasizing an aggressive nationalism and often aggressive nationalism and often racism.racism.
ITALYITALY
Dissatisfaction with WWI settlement – Dissatisfaction with WWI settlement – Prime Minister, Orlando, walked out Prime Minister, Orlando, walked out of Versailles, then returnedof Versailles, then returned
Political instabilityPolitical instability
Benito MussoliniBenito Mussolini
Born 1883Born 1883 Begins as a socialist newspaper Begins as a socialist newspaper
writerwriter Serves in World War IServes in World War I
Growth of a movementGrowth of a movement
““I just wanted to make the trains run on time”I just wanted to make the trains run on time” Postwar – combines political, industrial and labor Postwar – combines political, industrial and labor
movements under his control – uses roman fasces movements under his control – uses roman fasces symbol (sticks tied around an ax handle) for his symbol (sticks tied around an ax handle) for his movement – gives movement (and ideology) its movement – gives movement (and ideology) its namename
Followers known as “Black shirts”Followers known as “Black shirts” 1922 – followers start “March on Rome” – 1922 – followers start “March on Rome” –
Mussolini invited by king to be Prime MinisterMussolini invited by king to be Prime Minister
Fascist ItalyFascist Italy
Opposition crushed, free press Opposition crushed, free press suppressedsuppressed
Government controls economyGovernment controls economy All information released as All information released as
propaganda touting fascism an the propaganda touting fascism an the new ideology of the 20new ideology of the 20thth Century Century
Heavily supported – restored stability Heavily supported – restored stability and national prideand national pride
GERMANYGERMANY
Adolf HitlerAdolf Hitler
Born 1888 in AustriaBorn 1888 in Austria Drops out of school in the 10Drops out of school in the 10thth grade grade Tries to gain admittance into Vienna Art Tries to gain admittance into Vienna Art
Academy as a painter – rejectedAcademy as a painter – rejected Absorbs anti-Semitic ideology in ViennaAbsorbs anti-Semitic ideology in Vienna Sees Germans as a “Master race”Sees Germans as a “Master race” 1913 – Moved to Munich, Germany1913 – Moved to Munich, Germany
World War IWorld War I
Hitler joins German Army in 1914Hitler joins German Army in 1914 Serves as message runnerServes as message runner Decorated twice for braveryDecorated twice for bravery Wounded twice – ends war in military Wounded twice – ends war in military
hospitalhospital Strong believer in Dolchstoss – “Stab Strong believer in Dolchstoss – “Stab
in the back”in the back”
Postwar DelusionsPostwar Delusions
DOLCHSTOSS – popular belief in Germany that DOLCHSTOSS – popular belief in Germany that WWI was not lost on the battlefield, but was lost at WWI was not lost on the battlefield, but was lost at home by Jewish political economic leaders (Walter home by Jewish political economic leaders (Walter Rathenau, Matthias Erzberger) and by politicians – Rathenau, Matthias Erzberger) and by politicians – called the “November Criminals” (Frederich Ebert, called the “November Criminals” (Frederich Ebert, Phillip Schiedemann, Gustav Stresseman)Phillip Schiedemann, Gustav Stresseman)
Widely believed is spite of the factsWidely believed is spite of the facts Belief encouraged by those who took part in Belief encouraged by those who took part in
events in 1918 and knew better (Hindenburg, events in 1918 and knew better (Hindenburg, Luddendorff)Luddendorff)
Revenge taken on those believed responsible – Revenge taken on those believed responsible – Rathenau & Erzberger both assassinatedRathenau & Erzberger both assassinated
PostwarPostwar
1919 – Returns to Munich – is ordered 1919 – Returns to Munich – is ordered by Army to spy on political groupsby Army to spy on political groups
Attends meeting of small (~50 Attends meeting of small (~50 members) German Workers Party – Joinsmembers) German Workers Party – Joins
1921 – becomes undisputed head of the 1921 – becomes undisputed head of the rapidly-growing party – now National rapidly-growing party – now National Socialist German Workers (Nazi) PartySocialist German Workers (Nazi) Party
Early SupportersEarly Supporters Gains support from returning veteransGains support from returning veterans Hitler blames economic problems and World War I defeat on Jews and Hitler blames economic problems and World War I defeat on Jews and
“November Criminals”“November Criminals” Many join SA – “Brown Shirts” - Nazi’s private armyMany join SA – “Brown Shirts” - Nazi’s private army Patterns his movement after MussoliniPatterns his movement after Mussolini Key Followers:Key Followers:
– Former army officers:Former army officers: Erich LuddendorfErich Luddendorf Ernst RohmErnst Rohm Hermann GoeringHermann Goering
– Writers:Writers: Josef GoebbelsJosef Goebbels Julius StreicherJulius Streicher
The Beer Hall PutschThe Beer Hall Putsch
November 1923 – followers becoming restlessNovember 1923 – followers becoming restless Hitler starting to lose control, needs to make Hitler starting to lose control, needs to make
movemove Promised Bavarian (state) government he will not Promised Bavarian (state) government he will not
start revolutionstart revolution November 8 – Hitler announces start of revolution November 8 – Hitler announces start of revolution
at Munich Beer Hall, then does almost nothingat Munich Beer Hall, then does almost nothing November 9 – Nazis try to march on Munich army November 9 – Nazis try to march on Munich army
barracks to start a “March on Berlin “ – Fired on – barracks to start a “March on Berlin “ – Fired on – many arrested – Hitler flees, arrested 2 days latermany arrested – Hitler flees, arrested 2 days later
Trial and prisonTrial and prison
Hitler tried for treasonHitler tried for treason Allowed to dominate courtroomAllowed to dominate courtroom Normal penalty-deportation (Hitler was NOT a Normal penalty-deportation (Hitler was NOT a
German Citizen at this point)German Citizen at this point) Hitler given 5 years in minimum security prison – Hitler given 5 years in minimum security prison –
serves 9 monthsserves 9 months Writes his political manifestoWrites his political manifesto Originally called “My 4 ½ year struggle against Originally called “My 4 ½ year struggle against
lies, stupidity and cowardice”lies, stupidity and cowardice” Re-titled “Mein Kampf” – My struggleRe-titled “Mein Kampf” – My struggle
RebuildingRebuilding
1925 – Out of prison – Hitler spends 3 1925 – Out of prison – Hitler spends 3 years rebuilding splintered Nazi partyyears rebuilding splintered Nazi party
Decided to work for power within Decided to work for power within Weimar constitutionWeimar constitution
1925-1929 – Nazi party growth slows1925-1929 – Nazi party growth slows German political situation stabilizesGerman political situation stabilizes Economy grows with U.S. LoansEconomy grows with U.S. Loans
DepressionDepression
October 1929 – U.S. Stock Market October 1929 – U.S. Stock Market crashes – starts worldwide depressioncrashes – starts worldwide depression
1930 – German Chancellor Heinrich 1930 – German Chancellor Heinrich Bruening – Bruening – Hunger Chancellor Hunger Chancellor – – makes President Hindenburg rule by makes President Hindenburg rule by executive decreeexecutive decree
Nazi support grows dramaticallyNazi support grows dramatically Hitler also gains support from leading Hitler also gains support from leading
German industrialists (Krupp, Thyssen)German industrialists (Krupp, Thyssen)
Almost PresidentAlmost President 1932 – Hitler finally becomes German citizen1932 – Hitler finally becomes German citizen Runs for president – narrowly defeated by Hindenburg (age 83 and Runs for president – narrowly defeated by Hindenburg (age 83 and
very senile)very senile) 1932 – Nazis are largest party in Reichstag – not a majority1932 – Nazis are largest party in Reichstag – not a majority January 1933 – Hindenburg asks Hitler to be chancellor – January 1933 – Hindenburg asks Hitler to be chancellor –
Appointed on 1/30/33 – Hitler calls for new electionAppointed on 1/30/33 – Hitler calls for new election February 1933 – Reichstag building burns – Communists blamed, February 1933 – Reichstag building burns – Communists blamed,
most arrestedmost arrested
Nazis Gain PowerNazis Gain Power March 1933 – Nazis actually lose seats in ReichstagMarch 1933 – Nazis actually lose seats in Reichstag Reichstag passes Enabling Act, giving full power to Reichstag passes Enabling Act, giving full power to
HitlerHitler Political parties outlawed within 1 yearPolitical parties outlawed within 1 year June 1934 – tensions growing between Army and SAJune 1934 – tensions growing between Army and SA Hitler needs army support with Hindenburg near Hitler needs army support with Hindenburg near
deathdeath June 30 – Night of the Long Knives – Hitler kills top June 30 – Night of the Long Knives – Hitler kills top
leaders of SA and any other possible oppositionleaders of SA and any other possible opposition August 1934 – Hindenburg dies – Hitler merges August 1934 – Hindenburg dies – Hitler merges
chancellor and President into one office-chancellor and President into one office-FuhrerFuhrer