Minority: less than half the whole, discrimination against different race, religion, language …Race: group of common origin with common genetic characteristicsRacism: belief that members of 1 race are inferior or superior to another race, identification with race and hostility to other races.Ethnicity: Common consciousness of shared origins and traditions. Differences between ethnic minorities (EM) are cultural and not biological. Ethnic identity is often linked to national, linguistic and religious identity,

Segregation: Groups live apart, either by minority choice or majority imposition.

Assimilation: Disappearance of cultural and other distinctions and restrictions of movement and marriage between ethnic groups

Coexistence of different groups with different values with no complete assimilation (possible segregation).

Multiculturalism: diversity of groups which remain culturally distinct and differences may even be supported by the state.

HISTORY OF BRITISH IMMIGRATION1914-1945

WWI Men from across the Empire fought for BritainIndia: 1.3 M SoldiersGovernment feared the impact of black faces in white Britain (race riots in 1919)

British TroopsThe British Indian Army

1.3 million men served in WW1, and 2.5 million in WW2. Volunteer Indian Soldiers under British officers.

HISTORY OF BRITISH IMMIGRATION1946-1948Labour shortages in Britain. The government began looking for immigrants. 157,000 Poles settled in the UK (joined by Italians)Reluctance to allow immigration from the empire, but enough workers from Europe.On 22 June 1948, hundreds of men from the West Indies were brought to London.

FIRST CARIBBEAN IMMIGRANTS

FAMILIES IN TRAFALGAR SQUARE 1

FAMILIES IN TRAFALGAR SQUARE 2

INDIAN IMMIGRANTS

1965 RACE RELATIONS ACT Ends discrimination on the grounds of

race, ethnic or national origins Outlaws discrimination in public places

legislation considered weak by labour backbenchers and anti-racist groupsdid not cover housing and employment & racial discrimination not a criminal offence.

1968 RACE RELATIONS ACT

reinforces 1965 Act

extends measures to employment & housing.

1976 RACE RELATIONS ACT incorporated previous legislation &defined

direct and indirect discrimination outlawed racial discrimination in the work

place and at school, in provision of goods and services,

created CRE (Commission for Racial Equality) to investigate unlawful discrimination.

But tightened immigration standards

STEPHEN LAWRENCE 1974 -1993

A black British man from South East London.Was murdered in a racist attack while waiting for a bus on the evening of 22 April 1993.

Two of the 5 perpetrators were convicted almost 20 years later in 2012.

RACE EQUALITY STRATEGY, RACE RELATIONS AMENDMENT/ACT, 2000

A public enquiry was ordered into the death of Stephen Lawrence conducted by Macpherson

Following Macpherson's report, the 1976 Act was amended in 2000 to include the police for the first time.

Public bodies must promote race equality & prevent race discrimination.

Efforts to increase minority ethnic staff.

NON-WHITE POPULATION White population: 87.9%

BRITISH POPULATION BY ETHNIC GROUP

White population: 55 M Total Asians: 4.4 M

Indian 1.5 Pakistani 1.2 Bangladeshi 450,000 Chinese 420,000

Total Blacks:4.9 M

LIFESTYLES OF ETHNIC MINORITIES 

Minorities have their own newspapers: Caribbean Time, Asian Time and Amar Deep Hindi

They have their own political organizations:The Standing Conference of Afro-Caribbean The Asian CouncilorsThe Black Against State Harassment and Repression GroupsThe Muslim Parliament

LIFESTYLES OF ETHNIC MINORITIES 2

Household size: largest for Bangladeshi and Pakistani

Employment: Indians were least disadvantaged & Bangladeshis most disadvantaged.

Home ownership: Indians &Pakistanis higher / Caribbean and Bangladeshi rented houses

Cars: Highest for Indians lowest for Bangladeshi

LIFESTYLES OF ETHNIC MINORITIES 3

Ability to speak and read English: greatest among Indians and least among Bangladeshis

Patterns of religious affiliation: - All Pakistanis and Bangladeshis Muslims- Indians split: Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims. - Caribbeans mainly Protestant or Catholic