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General Microbiology for 2nd year biology departments
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General MicrobiologyGeneral Microbiology
bull Information
bull Text Bookndash MICROBIOLOGY Prescott et al4th 5th or 6th edition
bull httphigheredmcgraw-hillcomsites0072320419student_view0bull httpwwwbiotechnologyuwcaczaStaffandStudentsStaffMongihtm
bull Tests and Exams
Oral 10
Assign 1 5
Assign 2 5
Practicals 20
Exam 60
Lecture 1
Introduction to Microbiology History amp scope
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
bull Discovery of Microorganisms
- Invisible creatures were thought to exist long before they were observed
- Antony van Leewenhoek (1632 ndash 1723) who invented the first microscope (50 ndash 300x) was the first to accurately observe and describe microorganisms
bull Microorganisms- Microorganisms are everywhere almost every natural surface is colonized by microbes from body to ocean Some microorganisms can live hot springs and others in frozen sea ice
- Most microorganisms are harmless to humans You swallow millions of microbes every day with no ill effects In fact we are dependent on microbes to help us digest our food- Microbes also keep the biosphere running by carrying out essential functions such as decomposition of dead animals and plants They make possible the cycles of carbon oxygen nitrogen and sulfur that take place in terrestrial and aquatic systems
- They sometimes cause diseases in man animals and plants They are involved in food spoilage- Infectious diseases have played major roles in shaping human history (decline of Roman Empire amp conquest of the New World
- The Great Plague reduced population of western Europe by 25
- Smallpox and other infectious diseases introduced by European explorers to the Americas in 1500s were responsible for decimating Native American populations
- Until late 1800s no one had proved that infectious diseases were caused by specific microbes
bull Spontaneous Generation Conflict
- From earliest times people believed that Living organisms could developed from nonliving or decomposing matter
- The SGT was challenged by Redi Needham Spallanzani
- Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) settled the conflict once for all heated the necks of flasks and drew them out
bull Role of Microorganisms in Disease
- Pasteur showed that Microorganisms caused disease
- Joseph Lister ndash developed system for sterile surgery
- Robert Koch (1843 ndash 1910) established the relationship between Bacillus anthracis and anthrax also isolated the bacillus that causes tuberculosis
- Charles Chamberland (1851-1908) discovered viruses and their role in disease
bull Kochrsquos Postulates
- Microorganism must be present in every case of the disease but absent from healthy individuals
- The suspected microorganism must be isolated and grown in pure cultures
- The disease must result when the isolated microorganism is inoculated into a healthy host
- The same microorganism must be isolated from the disease host
bull Isolation of Microorganisms
- During Kochrsquos studies it became necessary to isolate suspected bacterial pathogens
- He cultured bacteria on the sterile surfaces of cut boiled potatoes Not satisfactory
- Regular liquid medium solidified by adding gelatin gelatin melted Tgt28degC
- Fannie Eilshemius suggested use of agar 100degC to melt 50 degC to solidify
- Richard Petri developed petri dish a container for solid culture media
bull Louis Pasteur (1822 ndash 1895)
- Developed vaccines for Chickenpox anthrax rabies - Demonstrated that all fermentations were due to the activities of specific yeasts and bacteria
- Discovered that fermentative microorganisms were anaerobic and could live only in absence of oxygen
- Developed Pasteurization to preserve wine during storage Important Foods
bull Other Developmentshellip
- Winogradsky made many contributions to soil microbiology discovered that soil bacteria could oxidize Fe S and ammonia to obtain energy
- Isolated Anaerobic nitrogen-fixing bacteria studied the decomposition of cellulose
- Together with Beijerink developed the enrichment-culture technique and the use of selective media
- Early 40rsquos Microbiology established closer relationship with Genetics and Biochemistry microorganisms are extremely useful experimental subjects
- eg Study of relationship between genes and enzymes evidence that DNA is the genetic material
- Recently Microbiology been a major contributor to the rise of Molecular Biology
- Studies on Genetic code mechanisms of DNA RNA and Protein synthesis regulation of gene expression control of enzyme activity
- Development of Recombinant DNA Technology and Genetic Engineering
bull Microbiology
- In the broadest sense microbiology is the study of all organisms that are invisible to the naked eye-that is the study of microorganisms
- Its subjects are viruses bacteria many algae and fungi and protozoa
- The importance of microbiology and microorganisms can not be overemphasized
- Microorganisms are necessary for the production of bread cheese beer antibiotics vaccines vitamins enzymes etc
- Modern biotechnology rests upon a microbiological foundation
bull Scope of Microbiology
- Many microbiologists are primarily interested in the biology of microorganisms while others focus on specific groups
- Microbiology has an impact on medicine agriculture food science ecology genetics biochemistry immunology and many other fields
- Virologists - viruses
- Bacteriologists - bacteria
- Phycologists ndash algae
- Mycologist -fungi
- Protozoologists ndash protozoa
- Medical Microbiology deals with diseases of humans and animals identify and plan measures to eliminate agents causing infectious diseases
- Immunology study of the immune system that protects the body from pathogens
- Agricultural Microbiology impact of microorganisms on agriculture combat plant diseases that attack important food crops
- Food and Dairy Microbiology prevent microbial spoilage of food amp transmission of food-borne diseases (eg salmonellosis) use microorganisms to make food such as cheeses yogurts pickles beer etc
- Industrial Microbiology using microorganisms to make products such as antibiotics vaccines steroids alcohols amp other solvents vitamins amino acids enzymes etc
- Genetic Engineering Engineered microorganisms used to make hormones antibiotics vaccines and other products
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Plant Names amp Classification
Some learning Goals
1- Know what the Binomial System of Nomenclature is how it developed and how it is currently used
2- Learn several reasons for recognizing more than two kingdoms of living organisms
3- Understand the bases for Whittakerrsquos five-kingdoms system Outlinehelliphelliphellip
Systematics
Classification of Living Things
SYSTEMATICS
Gk systema ndash system + atikos ndash about
Webster the science or method of classifying especially taxonomy
Raven Scientific study of the kinds of organisms and the relationships between them
Judd The science of organismal diversity frequently used in a sense roughly equivalent to taxonomy
History of ClassificationEarly classification systems probably grouped organisms as to whether they were beneficial or harmful Another ancient classification system recognized 5 animal groups - domestic animals wild animals creeping animals flying animals and sea animals
ARISTOTLE - 4th century BC (384 to322 BC)Greek philosopher divided organisms into 2 groups - plants and animalsdivided animals into blood and bloodlessalso divided animals into 3 groups according to how they moved - walking flying or swimming (land air or water)his system was used into the 1600s
18th century bullSwedish scientist bullclassified plants and animals according to similarities in form bulldivided living things into one of two kingdoms -
bullplant and animal kingdoms bulldivided each of the kingdoms into smaller groups called genera (plural of genus) bulldivided each genera into smaller groups called species
CAROLUS LINNAEUS
bulldesigned a system of naming organisms called binomial (two names) nomenclature (system of naming) which gave each organism 2 names - genus (plural = genera) and species (plural = species) names The genus and species names would be similar to your first and last names Genus is always capitalized while species is never capitalized To be written correctly the scientific name must be either underlined or written in italics
CAROLUS LINNAEUS
Plant Classification Binomial System of
Nomenclature Linnaeus - founder of
plant taxonomyldquo Credited with binomial
system and classification hierarchy Example
Chlorella vulgaris Genus-- always italicized or
underlined eg Chlorella or Chlorella
Species-- always italicized or underlined eg vulgaris or vulgaris
C LinnaeusC Linnaeus1707-17781707-1778
In Aristotles time the living things were classified as either plants or animals
This 2 kingdom classification system was also used by Linnaeus and other scientists through the middle of the twentieth century
Today a 5-kingdom classification system is generally accepted
It was proposed by R H Whittaker in 1969
However this may not be the end of the story Some scientists have proposed that organisms be divided into even more (maybe as many as 8) kingdoms
Viruses are not included in any of the present 5 kingdoms - mainly due to their many nonliving characteristics (for example viruses are not cells)
History of Classification
(Classification is a constantly changing dynamic science)
5-kingdom classification system
Two kingdoms
Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia
The basis of differentiation
Three kingdoms(Haeckel)
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
Four kingdoms(Copeland)
Kingdom Monera
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
Five kingdoms
1- Monera simplest organisms single-celled Cyanobacteria (blue green algae) heterotrophic
bacteria archaea
2- Protista (Protoctista) single and multicelled with nucleus Algae protozoa (amoebas)
3- Fungi Mold lichen
4- Plantae multicelled photosynthetic plants
5- Animalia multicelled animals
1 KINGDOM MONERA
1 cell
no true nucleus - prokaryote (genetic material scattered and not enclosed by a membrane)
some move (flagellum) others dont
some make their own food (autotrophic) others cant make their own food (heterotrophic)
examples - bacteria blue-green bacteria (cyanobacteria)
Five - kingdom classification system
2 KINGDOM PROTISTA
1 cell
have a true nucleus - eukaryote
some move (cilia flagella pseudopodia) others dont
some are autotrophic others are heterotrophic
examples - amoeba diatom euglena paramecium some algae (unicellular) etc
Five - kingdom classification system
3 KINGDOM FUNGI
Multicellular
have nuclei
mainly do not move from place to place
heterotrophic (food is digested outside of fungus)
examples - mushroom mold puffball shelfbracket fungus yeast
Five - kingdom classification system
4 KINGDOM PLANTAE (plants)
multicellular
have nuclei
do not move
autotrophic
examples - multicellular algae mosses ferns flowering plants (dandelions roses etc) trees etc
Five - kingdom classification system
5 KINGDOM ANIMALIA (animals)
multicellular
have nuclei
do move
heterotrophic
examples - sponge jellyfish insect fish frog bird man
Five - kingdom classification system
Classification Hierarchy
Systemized classification of organisms
1048708 Kingdom (General)
1048708 Phylum
1048708 Class
1048708 Order
1048708 Family
1048708 Genus
1048708 Species (Specific)
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
plantplant AnimalAnimalss
ProtozoaProtozoa
FungiFungi
MicroalgaeMicroalgae
BacteriaBacteria ActinomycetesActinomycetes
MicroorganismsMicroorganisms
EuglenaEuglena
EukaryotesEukaryotes
ProkaryotesProkaryotesRikkitssiaRikkitssia
VirusesViruses
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic cell structureProkaryotic cell structure Eukaryotic cell structureEukaryotic cell structure Differences between Prokaryotic amp Differences between Prokaryotic amp
Eukaryotic cellsEukaryotic cells
- Cell is defined as the fundamental living unit of any organism
- Cell is important to produce energy for metabolism (all chemical reactions within a cell)
- Cell can mutate (change genetically) as a result of accidental changes in its genetic material (DNA)
- Some microorganisms are prokaryotic some are eukaryotic amp some are not cells at all (Viruses)
- Viruses are composed of only a few genes protected by a protein coat amp may contain few enzymes
- Cytology the study of the structure and functions of cells
Eukaryotic cellEukaryotic cell Prokaryotic cellProkaryotic cell
GramGram+ +
GramGram- -
Cell wallCell wall
Cell (inner) membraneCell (inner) membrane Outer membraneOuter membrane
RibosomesRibosomes
Rough endoplasmicRough endoplasmic
reticulumreticulum
MitochondriaMitochondria
GranuleGranule
))eg animaleg animal((
Cell wallCell wall
NucleoidNucleoid
NucleusNucleus
Cell membraneCell membrane
CapsuleCapsule
CytoplasmCytoplasm
FlagellumFlagellum
PiliPili
bull Composition of the Microbial World
-Procaryotes relative simple morphology and
-lack true membrane delimited nucleus
- Eucaryotes morphologically complex with a true membrane enclosed nucleus
Distinguishing Features of Prokaryotic Cells
1 DNA is= Not enclosed within a nuclear membrane
= A single circular chromosome
2 Lack membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi etc
3 Cell walls usually contain peptidoglycan a complex polysaccharide
4 Divide by binary fission (absence of sexual reproduction)
Distinguishing Features of Eucaryotic Cells
1 DNA is-Enclosed within a nuclear membrane
-Several linear chromosomes
2 Have membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi endoplasmic reticulum etc
3 Divide by mitosis
Important Differences Between Eucaryotic and Procaryotic Cells
Procaryotes Eucaryotes
Cell size 02-2 um in diameter 10-100 um in diameterNucleus Absent PresentMembranousOrganelles Absent Present
Cell Wall Chemically complex When present simpleRibosomesSmaller (70S) Larger (80S) in cell
70S in organellesDNA Single circular Multiple linear
chromosome chromosomes (histones)Cell Division Binary fission MitosisCytoskeleton Absent Present
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Characteristics of Life
Growth and development Reproduction and heredity Metabolism (synthesis degradation) Movement moving responses Cell support protection storage Transport of materials into and out of cell
Living things are made of cells
Living things obtain and use energy
Living things grow and develop
Living things reproduce
Living things respond to their environment
Living things adapt to their environment
Main characteristics of living things (organisms)
Small dimensions
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Morphologically differ
Metabolic flexible
Widely distributed
Reproduce by different methods
Main characteristics of microorganisms
bull Information
bull Text Bookndash MICROBIOLOGY Prescott et al4th 5th or 6th edition
bull httphigheredmcgraw-hillcomsites0072320419student_view0bull httpwwwbiotechnologyuwcaczaStaffandStudentsStaffMongihtm
bull Tests and Exams
Oral 10
Assign 1 5
Assign 2 5
Practicals 20
Exam 60
Lecture 1
Introduction to Microbiology History amp scope
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
bull Discovery of Microorganisms
- Invisible creatures were thought to exist long before they were observed
- Antony van Leewenhoek (1632 ndash 1723) who invented the first microscope (50 ndash 300x) was the first to accurately observe and describe microorganisms
bull Microorganisms- Microorganisms are everywhere almost every natural surface is colonized by microbes from body to ocean Some microorganisms can live hot springs and others in frozen sea ice
- Most microorganisms are harmless to humans You swallow millions of microbes every day with no ill effects In fact we are dependent on microbes to help us digest our food- Microbes also keep the biosphere running by carrying out essential functions such as decomposition of dead animals and plants They make possible the cycles of carbon oxygen nitrogen and sulfur that take place in terrestrial and aquatic systems
- They sometimes cause diseases in man animals and plants They are involved in food spoilage- Infectious diseases have played major roles in shaping human history (decline of Roman Empire amp conquest of the New World
- The Great Plague reduced population of western Europe by 25
- Smallpox and other infectious diseases introduced by European explorers to the Americas in 1500s were responsible for decimating Native American populations
- Until late 1800s no one had proved that infectious diseases were caused by specific microbes
bull Spontaneous Generation Conflict
- From earliest times people believed that Living organisms could developed from nonliving or decomposing matter
- The SGT was challenged by Redi Needham Spallanzani
- Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) settled the conflict once for all heated the necks of flasks and drew them out
bull Role of Microorganisms in Disease
- Pasteur showed that Microorganisms caused disease
- Joseph Lister ndash developed system for sterile surgery
- Robert Koch (1843 ndash 1910) established the relationship between Bacillus anthracis and anthrax also isolated the bacillus that causes tuberculosis
- Charles Chamberland (1851-1908) discovered viruses and their role in disease
bull Kochrsquos Postulates
- Microorganism must be present in every case of the disease but absent from healthy individuals
- The suspected microorganism must be isolated and grown in pure cultures
- The disease must result when the isolated microorganism is inoculated into a healthy host
- The same microorganism must be isolated from the disease host
bull Isolation of Microorganisms
- During Kochrsquos studies it became necessary to isolate suspected bacterial pathogens
- He cultured bacteria on the sterile surfaces of cut boiled potatoes Not satisfactory
- Regular liquid medium solidified by adding gelatin gelatin melted Tgt28degC
- Fannie Eilshemius suggested use of agar 100degC to melt 50 degC to solidify
- Richard Petri developed petri dish a container for solid culture media
bull Louis Pasteur (1822 ndash 1895)
- Developed vaccines for Chickenpox anthrax rabies - Demonstrated that all fermentations were due to the activities of specific yeasts and bacteria
- Discovered that fermentative microorganisms were anaerobic and could live only in absence of oxygen
- Developed Pasteurization to preserve wine during storage Important Foods
bull Other Developmentshellip
- Winogradsky made many contributions to soil microbiology discovered that soil bacteria could oxidize Fe S and ammonia to obtain energy
- Isolated Anaerobic nitrogen-fixing bacteria studied the decomposition of cellulose
- Together with Beijerink developed the enrichment-culture technique and the use of selective media
- Early 40rsquos Microbiology established closer relationship with Genetics and Biochemistry microorganisms are extremely useful experimental subjects
- eg Study of relationship between genes and enzymes evidence that DNA is the genetic material
- Recently Microbiology been a major contributor to the rise of Molecular Biology
- Studies on Genetic code mechanisms of DNA RNA and Protein synthesis regulation of gene expression control of enzyme activity
- Development of Recombinant DNA Technology and Genetic Engineering
bull Microbiology
- In the broadest sense microbiology is the study of all organisms that are invisible to the naked eye-that is the study of microorganisms
- Its subjects are viruses bacteria many algae and fungi and protozoa
- The importance of microbiology and microorganisms can not be overemphasized
- Microorganisms are necessary for the production of bread cheese beer antibiotics vaccines vitamins enzymes etc
- Modern biotechnology rests upon a microbiological foundation
bull Scope of Microbiology
- Many microbiologists are primarily interested in the biology of microorganisms while others focus on specific groups
- Microbiology has an impact on medicine agriculture food science ecology genetics biochemistry immunology and many other fields
- Virologists - viruses
- Bacteriologists - bacteria
- Phycologists ndash algae
- Mycologist -fungi
- Protozoologists ndash protozoa
- Medical Microbiology deals with diseases of humans and animals identify and plan measures to eliminate agents causing infectious diseases
- Immunology study of the immune system that protects the body from pathogens
- Agricultural Microbiology impact of microorganisms on agriculture combat plant diseases that attack important food crops
- Food and Dairy Microbiology prevent microbial spoilage of food amp transmission of food-borne diseases (eg salmonellosis) use microorganisms to make food such as cheeses yogurts pickles beer etc
- Industrial Microbiology using microorganisms to make products such as antibiotics vaccines steroids alcohols amp other solvents vitamins amino acids enzymes etc
- Genetic Engineering Engineered microorganisms used to make hormones antibiotics vaccines and other products
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Plant Names amp Classification
Some learning Goals
1- Know what the Binomial System of Nomenclature is how it developed and how it is currently used
2- Learn several reasons for recognizing more than two kingdoms of living organisms
3- Understand the bases for Whittakerrsquos five-kingdoms system Outlinehelliphelliphellip
Systematics
Classification of Living Things
SYSTEMATICS
Gk systema ndash system + atikos ndash about
Webster the science or method of classifying especially taxonomy
Raven Scientific study of the kinds of organisms and the relationships between them
Judd The science of organismal diversity frequently used in a sense roughly equivalent to taxonomy
History of ClassificationEarly classification systems probably grouped organisms as to whether they were beneficial or harmful Another ancient classification system recognized 5 animal groups - domestic animals wild animals creeping animals flying animals and sea animals
ARISTOTLE - 4th century BC (384 to322 BC)Greek philosopher divided organisms into 2 groups - plants and animalsdivided animals into blood and bloodlessalso divided animals into 3 groups according to how they moved - walking flying or swimming (land air or water)his system was used into the 1600s
18th century bullSwedish scientist bullclassified plants and animals according to similarities in form bulldivided living things into one of two kingdoms -
bullplant and animal kingdoms bulldivided each of the kingdoms into smaller groups called genera (plural of genus) bulldivided each genera into smaller groups called species
CAROLUS LINNAEUS
bulldesigned a system of naming organisms called binomial (two names) nomenclature (system of naming) which gave each organism 2 names - genus (plural = genera) and species (plural = species) names The genus and species names would be similar to your first and last names Genus is always capitalized while species is never capitalized To be written correctly the scientific name must be either underlined or written in italics
CAROLUS LINNAEUS
Plant Classification Binomial System of
Nomenclature Linnaeus - founder of
plant taxonomyldquo Credited with binomial
system and classification hierarchy Example
Chlorella vulgaris Genus-- always italicized or
underlined eg Chlorella or Chlorella
Species-- always italicized or underlined eg vulgaris or vulgaris
C LinnaeusC Linnaeus1707-17781707-1778
In Aristotles time the living things were classified as either plants or animals
This 2 kingdom classification system was also used by Linnaeus and other scientists through the middle of the twentieth century
Today a 5-kingdom classification system is generally accepted
It was proposed by R H Whittaker in 1969
However this may not be the end of the story Some scientists have proposed that organisms be divided into even more (maybe as many as 8) kingdoms
Viruses are not included in any of the present 5 kingdoms - mainly due to their many nonliving characteristics (for example viruses are not cells)
History of Classification
(Classification is a constantly changing dynamic science)
5-kingdom classification system
Two kingdoms
Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia
The basis of differentiation
Three kingdoms(Haeckel)
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
Four kingdoms(Copeland)
Kingdom Monera
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
Five kingdoms
1- Monera simplest organisms single-celled Cyanobacteria (blue green algae) heterotrophic
bacteria archaea
2- Protista (Protoctista) single and multicelled with nucleus Algae protozoa (amoebas)
3- Fungi Mold lichen
4- Plantae multicelled photosynthetic plants
5- Animalia multicelled animals
1 KINGDOM MONERA
1 cell
no true nucleus - prokaryote (genetic material scattered and not enclosed by a membrane)
some move (flagellum) others dont
some make their own food (autotrophic) others cant make their own food (heterotrophic)
examples - bacteria blue-green bacteria (cyanobacteria)
Five - kingdom classification system
2 KINGDOM PROTISTA
1 cell
have a true nucleus - eukaryote
some move (cilia flagella pseudopodia) others dont
some are autotrophic others are heterotrophic
examples - amoeba diatom euglena paramecium some algae (unicellular) etc
Five - kingdom classification system
3 KINGDOM FUNGI
Multicellular
have nuclei
mainly do not move from place to place
heterotrophic (food is digested outside of fungus)
examples - mushroom mold puffball shelfbracket fungus yeast
Five - kingdom classification system
4 KINGDOM PLANTAE (plants)
multicellular
have nuclei
do not move
autotrophic
examples - multicellular algae mosses ferns flowering plants (dandelions roses etc) trees etc
Five - kingdom classification system
5 KINGDOM ANIMALIA (animals)
multicellular
have nuclei
do move
heterotrophic
examples - sponge jellyfish insect fish frog bird man
Five - kingdom classification system
Classification Hierarchy
Systemized classification of organisms
1048708 Kingdom (General)
1048708 Phylum
1048708 Class
1048708 Order
1048708 Family
1048708 Genus
1048708 Species (Specific)
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
plantplant AnimalAnimalss
ProtozoaProtozoa
FungiFungi
MicroalgaeMicroalgae
BacteriaBacteria ActinomycetesActinomycetes
MicroorganismsMicroorganisms
EuglenaEuglena
EukaryotesEukaryotes
ProkaryotesProkaryotesRikkitssiaRikkitssia
VirusesViruses
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic cell structureProkaryotic cell structure Eukaryotic cell structureEukaryotic cell structure Differences between Prokaryotic amp Differences between Prokaryotic amp
Eukaryotic cellsEukaryotic cells
- Cell is defined as the fundamental living unit of any organism
- Cell is important to produce energy for metabolism (all chemical reactions within a cell)
- Cell can mutate (change genetically) as a result of accidental changes in its genetic material (DNA)
- Some microorganisms are prokaryotic some are eukaryotic amp some are not cells at all (Viruses)
- Viruses are composed of only a few genes protected by a protein coat amp may contain few enzymes
- Cytology the study of the structure and functions of cells
Eukaryotic cellEukaryotic cell Prokaryotic cellProkaryotic cell
GramGram+ +
GramGram- -
Cell wallCell wall
Cell (inner) membraneCell (inner) membrane Outer membraneOuter membrane
RibosomesRibosomes
Rough endoplasmicRough endoplasmic
reticulumreticulum
MitochondriaMitochondria
GranuleGranule
))eg animaleg animal((
Cell wallCell wall
NucleoidNucleoid
NucleusNucleus
Cell membraneCell membrane
CapsuleCapsule
CytoplasmCytoplasm
FlagellumFlagellum
PiliPili
bull Composition of the Microbial World
-Procaryotes relative simple morphology and
-lack true membrane delimited nucleus
- Eucaryotes morphologically complex with a true membrane enclosed nucleus
Distinguishing Features of Prokaryotic Cells
1 DNA is= Not enclosed within a nuclear membrane
= A single circular chromosome
2 Lack membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi etc
3 Cell walls usually contain peptidoglycan a complex polysaccharide
4 Divide by binary fission (absence of sexual reproduction)
Distinguishing Features of Eucaryotic Cells
1 DNA is-Enclosed within a nuclear membrane
-Several linear chromosomes
2 Have membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi endoplasmic reticulum etc
3 Divide by mitosis
Important Differences Between Eucaryotic and Procaryotic Cells
Procaryotes Eucaryotes
Cell size 02-2 um in diameter 10-100 um in diameterNucleus Absent PresentMembranousOrganelles Absent Present
Cell Wall Chemically complex When present simpleRibosomesSmaller (70S) Larger (80S) in cell
70S in organellesDNA Single circular Multiple linear
chromosome chromosomes (histones)Cell Division Binary fission MitosisCytoskeleton Absent Present
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Characteristics of Life
Growth and development Reproduction and heredity Metabolism (synthesis degradation) Movement moving responses Cell support protection storage Transport of materials into and out of cell
Living things are made of cells
Living things obtain and use energy
Living things grow and develop
Living things reproduce
Living things respond to their environment
Living things adapt to their environment
Main characteristics of living things (organisms)
Small dimensions
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Morphologically differ
Metabolic flexible
Widely distributed
Reproduce by different methods
Main characteristics of microorganisms
Lecture 1
Introduction to Microbiology History amp scope
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
bull Discovery of Microorganisms
- Invisible creatures were thought to exist long before they were observed
- Antony van Leewenhoek (1632 ndash 1723) who invented the first microscope (50 ndash 300x) was the first to accurately observe and describe microorganisms
bull Microorganisms- Microorganisms are everywhere almost every natural surface is colonized by microbes from body to ocean Some microorganisms can live hot springs and others in frozen sea ice
- Most microorganisms are harmless to humans You swallow millions of microbes every day with no ill effects In fact we are dependent on microbes to help us digest our food- Microbes also keep the biosphere running by carrying out essential functions such as decomposition of dead animals and plants They make possible the cycles of carbon oxygen nitrogen and sulfur that take place in terrestrial and aquatic systems
- They sometimes cause diseases in man animals and plants They are involved in food spoilage- Infectious diseases have played major roles in shaping human history (decline of Roman Empire amp conquest of the New World
- The Great Plague reduced population of western Europe by 25
- Smallpox and other infectious diseases introduced by European explorers to the Americas in 1500s were responsible for decimating Native American populations
- Until late 1800s no one had proved that infectious diseases were caused by specific microbes
bull Spontaneous Generation Conflict
- From earliest times people believed that Living organisms could developed from nonliving or decomposing matter
- The SGT was challenged by Redi Needham Spallanzani
- Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) settled the conflict once for all heated the necks of flasks and drew them out
bull Role of Microorganisms in Disease
- Pasteur showed that Microorganisms caused disease
- Joseph Lister ndash developed system for sterile surgery
- Robert Koch (1843 ndash 1910) established the relationship between Bacillus anthracis and anthrax also isolated the bacillus that causes tuberculosis
- Charles Chamberland (1851-1908) discovered viruses and their role in disease
bull Kochrsquos Postulates
- Microorganism must be present in every case of the disease but absent from healthy individuals
- The suspected microorganism must be isolated and grown in pure cultures
- The disease must result when the isolated microorganism is inoculated into a healthy host
- The same microorganism must be isolated from the disease host
bull Isolation of Microorganisms
- During Kochrsquos studies it became necessary to isolate suspected bacterial pathogens
- He cultured bacteria on the sterile surfaces of cut boiled potatoes Not satisfactory
- Regular liquid medium solidified by adding gelatin gelatin melted Tgt28degC
- Fannie Eilshemius suggested use of agar 100degC to melt 50 degC to solidify
- Richard Petri developed petri dish a container for solid culture media
bull Louis Pasteur (1822 ndash 1895)
- Developed vaccines for Chickenpox anthrax rabies - Demonstrated that all fermentations were due to the activities of specific yeasts and bacteria
- Discovered that fermentative microorganisms were anaerobic and could live only in absence of oxygen
- Developed Pasteurization to preserve wine during storage Important Foods
bull Other Developmentshellip
- Winogradsky made many contributions to soil microbiology discovered that soil bacteria could oxidize Fe S and ammonia to obtain energy
- Isolated Anaerobic nitrogen-fixing bacteria studied the decomposition of cellulose
- Together with Beijerink developed the enrichment-culture technique and the use of selective media
- Early 40rsquos Microbiology established closer relationship with Genetics and Biochemistry microorganisms are extremely useful experimental subjects
- eg Study of relationship between genes and enzymes evidence that DNA is the genetic material
- Recently Microbiology been a major contributor to the rise of Molecular Biology
- Studies on Genetic code mechanisms of DNA RNA and Protein synthesis regulation of gene expression control of enzyme activity
- Development of Recombinant DNA Technology and Genetic Engineering
bull Microbiology
- In the broadest sense microbiology is the study of all organisms that are invisible to the naked eye-that is the study of microorganisms
- Its subjects are viruses bacteria many algae and fungi and protozoa
- The importance of microbiology and microorganisms can not be overemphasized
- Microorganisms are necessary for the production of bread cheese beer antibiotics vaccines vitamins enzymes etc
- Modern biotechnology rests upon a microbiological foundation
bull Scope of Microbiology
- Many microbiologists are primarily interested in the biology of microorganisms while others focus on specific groups
- Microbiology has an impact on medicine agriculture food science ecology genetics biochemistry immunology and many other fields
- Virologists - viruses
- Bacteriologists - bacteria
- Phycologists ndash algae
- Mycologist -fungi
- Protozoologists ndash protozoa
- Medical Microbiology deals with diseases of humans and animals identify and plan measures to eliminate agents causing infectious diseases
- Immunology study of the immune system that protects the body from pathogens
- Agricultural Microbiology impact of microorganisms on agriculture combat plant diseases that attack important food crops
- Food and Dairy Microbiology prevent microbial spoilage of food amp transmission of food-borne diseases (eg salmonellosis) use microorganisms to make food such as cheeses yogurts pickles beer etc
- Industrial Microbiology using microorganisms to make products such as antibiotics vaccines steroids alcohols amp other solvents vitamins amino acids enzymes etc
- Genetic Engineering Engineered microorganisms used to make hormones antibiotics vaccines and other products
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Plant Names amp Classification
Some learning Goals
1- Know what the Binomial System of Nomenclature is how it developed and how it is currently used
2- Learn several reasons for recognizing more than two kingdoms of living organisms
3- Understand the bases for Whittakerrsquos five-kingdoms system Outlinehelliphelliphellip
Systematics
Classification of Living Things
SYSTEMATICS
Gk systema ndash system + atikos ndash about
Webster the science or method of classifying especially taxonomy
Raven Scientific study of the kinds of organisms and the relationships between them
Judd The science of organismal diversity frequently used in a sense roughly equivalent to taxonomy
History of ClassificationEarly classification systems probably grouped organisms as to whether they were beneficial or harmful Another ancient classification system recognized 5 animal groups - domestic animals wild animals creeping animals flying animals and sea animals
ARISTOTLE - 4th century BC (384 to322 BC)Greek philosopher divided organisms into 2 groups - plants and animalsdivided animals into blood and bloodlessalso divided animals into 3 groups according to how they moved - walking flying or swimming (land air or water)his system was used into the 1600s
18th century bullSwedish scientist bullclassified plants and animals according to similarities in form bulldivided living things into one of two kingdoms -
bullplant and animal kingdoms bulldivided each of the kingdoms into smaller groups called genera (plural of genus) bulldivided each genera into smaller groups called species
CAROLUS LINNAEUS
bulldesigned a system of naming organisms called binomial (two names) nomenclature (system of naming) which gave each organism 2 names - genus (plural = genera) and species (plural = species) names The genus and species names would be similar to your first and last names Genus is always capitalized while species is never capitalized To be written correctly the scientific name must be either underlined or written in italics
CAROLUS LINNAEUS
Plant Classification Binomial System of
Nomenclature Linnaeus - founder of
plant taxonomyldquo Credited with binomial
system and classification hierarchy Example
Chlorella vulgaris Genus-- always italicized or
underlined eg Chlorella or Chlorella
Species-- always italicized or underlined eg vulgaris or vulgaris
C LinnaeusC Linnaeus1707-17781707-1778
In Aristotles time the living things were classified as either plants or animals
This 2 kingdom classification system was also used by Linnaeus and other scientists through the middle of the twentieth century
Today a 5-kingdom classification system is generally accepted
It was proposed by R H Whittaker in 1969
However this may not be the end of the story Some scientists have proposed that organisms be divided into even more (maybe as many as 8) kingdoms
Viruses are not included in any of the present 5 kingdoms - mainly due to their many nonliving characteristics (for example viruses are not cells)
History of Classification
(Classification is a constantly changing dynamic science)
5-kingdom classification system
Two kingdoms
Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia
The basis of differentiation
Three kingdoms(Haeckel)
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
Four kingdoms(Copeland)
Kingdom Monera
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
Five kingdoms
1- Monera simplest organisms single-celled Cyanobacteria (blue green algae) heterotrophic
bacteria archaea
2- Protista (Protoctista) single and multicelled with nucleus Algae protozoa (amoebas)
3- Fungi Mold lichen
4- Plantae multicelled photosynthetic plants
5- Animalia multicelled animals
1 KINGDOM MONERA
1 cell
no true nucleus - prokaryote (genetic material scattered and not enclosed by a membrane)
some move (flagellum) others dont
some make their own food (autotrophic) others cant make their own food (heterotrophic)
examples - bacteria blue-green bacteria (cyanobacteria)
Five - kingdom classification system
2 KINGDOM PROTISTA
1 cell
have a true nucleus - eukaryote
some move (cilia flagella pseudopodia) others dont
some are autotrophic others are heterotrophic
examples - amoeba diatom euglena paramecium some algae (unicellular) etc
Five - kingdom classification system
3 KINGDOM FUNGI
Multicellular
have nuclei
mainly do not move from place to place
heterotrophic (food is digested outside of fungus)
examples - mushroom mold puffball shelfbracket fungus yeast
Five - kingdom classification system
4 KINGDOM PLANTAE (plants)
multicellular
have nuclei
do not move
autotrophic
examples - multicellular algae mosses ferns flowering plants (dandelions roses etc) trees etc
Five - kingdom classification system
5 KINGDOM ANIMALIA (animals)
multicellular
have nuclei
do move
heterotrophic
examples - sponge jellyfish insect fish frog bird man
Five - kingdom classification system
Classification Hierarchy
Systemized classification of organisms
1048708 Kingdom (General)
1048708 Phylum
1048708 Class
1048708 Order
1048708 Family
1048708 Genus
1048708 Species (Specific)
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
plantplant AnimalAnimalss
ProtozoaProtozoa
FungiFungi
MicroalgaeMicroalgae
BacteriaBacteria ActinomycetesActinomycetes
MicroorganismsMicroorganisms
EuglenaEuglena
EukaryotesEukaryotes
ProkaryotesProkaryotesRikkitssiaRikkitssia
VirusesViruses
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic cell structureProkaryotic cell structure Eukaryotic cell structureEukaryotic cell structure Differences between Prokaryotic amp Differences between Prokaryotic amp
Eukaryotic cellsEukaryotic cells
- Cell is defined as the fundamental living unit of any organism
- Cell is important to produce energy for metabolism (all chemical reactions within a cell)
- Cell can mutate (change genetically) as a result of accidental changes in its genetic material (DNA)
- Some microorganisms are prokaryotic some are eukaryotic amp some are not cells at all (Viruses)
- Viruses are composed of only a few genes protected by a protein coat amp may contain few enzymes
- Cytology the study of the structure and functions of cells
Eukaryotic cellEukaryotic cell Prokaryotic cellProkaryotic cell
GramGram+ +
GramGram- -
Cell wallCell wall
Cell (inner) membraneCell (inner) membrane Outer membraneOuter membrane
RibosomesRibosomes
Rough endoplasmicRough endoplasmic
reticulumreticulum
MitochondriaMitochondria
GranuleGranule
))eg animaleg animal((
Cell wallCell wall
NucleoidNucleoid
NucleusNucleus
Cell membraneCell membrane
CapsuleCapsule
CytoplasmCytoplasm
FlagellumFlagellum
PiliPili
bull Composition of the Microbial World
-Procaryotes relative simple morphology and
-lack true membrane delimited nucleus
- Eucaryotes morphologically complex with a true membrane enclosed nucleus
Distinguishing Features of Prokaryotic Cells
1 DNA is= Not enclosed within a nuclear membrane
= A single circular chromosome
2 Lack membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi etc
3 Cell walls usually contain peptidoglycan a complex polysaccharide
4 Divide by binary fission (absence of sexual reproduction)
Distinguishing Features of Eucaryotic Cells
1 DNA is-Enclosed within a nuclear membrane
-Several linear chromosomes
2 Have membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi endoplasmic reticulum etc
3 Divide by mitosis
Important Differences Between Eucaryotic and Procaryotic Cells
Procaryotes Eucaryotes
Cell size 02-2 um in diameter 10-100 um in diameterNucleus Absent PresentMembranousOrganelles Absent Present
Cell Wall Chemically complex When present simpleRibosomesSmaller (70S) Larger (80S) in cell
70S in organellesDNA Single circular Multiple linear
chromosome chromosomes (histones)Cell Division Binary fission MitosisCytoskeleton Absent Present
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Characteristics of Life
Growth and development Reproduction and heredity Metabolism (synthesis degradation) Movement moving responses Cell support protection storage Transport of materials into and out of cell
Living things are made of cells
Living things obtain and use energy
Living things grow and develop
Living things reproduce
Living things respond to their environment
Living things adapt to their environment
Main characteristics of living things (organisms)
Small dimensions
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Morphologically differ
Metabolic flexible
Widely distributed
Reproduce by different methods
Main characteristics of microorganisms
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
bull Discovery of Microorganisms
- Invisible creatures were thought to exist long before they were observed
- Antony van Leewenhoek (1632 ndash 1723) who invented the first microscope (50 ndash 300x) was the first to accurately observe and describe microorganisms
bull Microorganisms- Microorganisms are everywhere almost every natural surface is colonized by microbes from body to ocean Some microorganisms can live hot springs and others in frozen sea ice
- Most microorganisms are harmless to humans You swallow millions of microbes every day with no ill effects In fact we are dependent on microbes to help us digest our food- Microbes also keep the biosphere running by carrying out essential functions such as decomposition of dead animals and plants They make possible the cycles of carbon oxygen nitrogen and sulfur that take place in terrestrial and aquatic systems
- They sometimes cause diseases in man animals and plants They are involved in food spoilage- Infectious diseases have played major roles in shaping human history (decline of Roman Empire amp conquest of the New World
- The Great Plague reduced population of western Europe by 25
- Smallpox and other infectious diseases introduced by European explorers to the Americas in 1500s were responsible for decimating Native American populations
- Until late 1800s no one had proved that infectious diseases were caused by specific microbes
bull Spontaneous Generation Conflict
- From earliest times people believed that Living organisms could developed from nonliving or decomposing matter
- The SGT was challenged by Redi Needham Spallanzani
- Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) settled the conflict once for all heated the necks of flasks and drew them out
bull Role of Microorganisms in Disease
- Pasteur showed that Microorganisms caused disease
- Joseph Lister ndash developed system for sterile surgery
- Robert Koch (1843 ndash 1910) established the relationship between Bacillus anthracis and anthrax also isolated the bacillus that causes tuberculosis
- Charles Chamberland (1851-1908) discovered viruses and their role in disease
bull Kochrsquos Postulates
- Microorganism must be present in every case of the disease but absent from healthy individuals
- The suspected microorganism must be isolated and grown in pure cultures
- The disease must result when the isolated microorganism is inoculated into a healthy host
- The same microorganism must be isolated from the disease host
bull Isolation of Microorganisms
- During Kochrsquos studies it became necessary to isolate suspected bacterial pathogens
- He cultured bacteria on the sterile surfaces of cut boiled potatoes Not satisfactory
- Regular liquid medium solidified by adding gelatin gelatin melted Tgt28degC
- Fannie Eilshemius suggested use of agar 100degC to melt 50 degC to solidify
- Richard Petri developed petri dish a container for solid culture media
bull Louis Pasteur (1822 ndash 1895)
- Developed vaccines for Chickenpox anthrax rabies - Demonstrated that all fermentations were due to the activities of specific yeasts and bacteria
- Discovered that fermentative microorganisms were anaerobic and could live only in absence of oxygen
- Developed Pasteurization to preserve wine during storage Important Foods
bull Other Developmentshellip
- Winogradsky made many contributions to soil microbiology discovered that soil bacteria could oxidize Fe S and ammonia to obtain energy
- Isolated Anaerobic nitrogen-fixing bacteria studied the decomposition of cellulose
- Together with Beijerink developed the enrichment-culture technique and the use of selective media
- Early 40rsquos Microbiology established closer relationship with Genetics and Biochemistry microorganisms are extremely useful experimental subjects
- eg Study of relationship between genes and enzymes evidence that DNA is the genetic material
- Recently Microbiology been a major contributor to the rise of Molecular Biology
- Studies on Genetic code mechanisms of DNA RNA and Protein synthesis regulation of gene expression control of enzyme activity
- Development of Recombinant DNA Technology and Genetic Engineering
bull Microbiology
- In the broadest sense microbiology is the study of all organisms that are invisible to the naked eye-that is the study of microorganisms
- Its subjects are viruses bacteria many algae and fungi and protozoa
- The importance of microbiology and microorganisms can not be overemphasized
- Microorganisms are necessary for the production of bread cheese beer antibiotics vaccines vitamins enzymes etc
- Modern biotechnology rests upon a microbiological foundation
bull Scope of Microbiology
- Many microbiologists are primarily interested in the biology of microorganisms while others focus on specific groups
- Microbiology has an impact on medicine agriculture food science ecology genetics biochemistry immunology and many other fields
- Virologists - viruses
- Bacteriologists - bacteria
- Phycologists ndash algae
- Mycologist -fungi
- Protozoologists ndash protozoa
- Medical Microbiology deals with diseases of humans and animals identify and plan measures to eliminate agents causing infectious diseases
- Immunology study of the immune system that protects the body from pathogens
- Agricultural Microbiology impact of microorganisms on agriculture combat plant diseases that attack important food crops
- Food and Dairy Microbiology prevent microbial spoilage of food amp transmission of food-borne diseases (eg salmonellosis) use microorganisms to make food such as cheeses yogurts pickles beer etc
- Industrial Microbiology using microorganisms to make products such as antibiotics vaccines steroids alcohols amp other solvents vitamins amino acids enzymes etc
- Genetic Engineering Engineered microorganisms used to make hormones antibiotics vaccines and other products
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Plant Names amp Classification
Some learning Goals
1- Know what the Binomial System of Nomenclature is how it developed and how it is currently used
2- Learn several reasons for recognizing more than two kingdoms of living organisms
3- Understand the bases for Whittakerrsquos five-kingdoms system Outlinehelliphelliphellip
Systematics
Classification of Living Things
SYSTEMATICS
Gk systema ndash system + atikos ndash about
Webster the science or method of classifying especially taxonomy
Raven Scientific study of the kinds of organisms and the relationships between them
Judd The science of organismal diversity frequently used in a sense roughly equivalent to taxonomy
History of ClassificationEarly classification systems probably grouped organisms as to whether they were beneficial or harmful Another ancient classification system recognized 5 animal groups - domestic animals wild animals creeping animals flying animals and sea animals
ARISTOTLE - 4th century BC (384 to322 BC)Greek philosopher divided organisms into 2 groups - plants and animalsdivided animals into blood and bloodlessalso divided animals into 3 groups according to how they moved - walking flying or swimming (land air or water)his system was used into the 1600s
18th century bullSwedish scientist bullclassified plants and animals according to similarities in form bulldivided living things into one of two kingdoms -
bullplant and animal kingdoms bulldivided each of the kingdoms into smaller groups called genera (plural of genus) bulldivided each genera into smaller groups called species
CAROLUS LINNAEUS
bulldesigned a system of naming organisms called binomial (two names) nomenclature (system of naming) which gave each organism 2 names - genus (plural = genera) and species (plural = species) names The genus and species names would be similar to your first and last names Genus is always capitalized while species is never capitalized To be written correctly the scientific name must be either underlined or written in italics
CAROLUS LINNAEUS
Plant Classification Binomial System of
Nomenclature Linnaeus - founder of
plant taxonomyldquo Credited with binomial
system and classification hierarchy Example
Chlorella vulgaris Genus-- always italicized or
underlined eg Chlorella or Chlorella
Species-- always italicized or underlined eg vulgaris or vulgaris
C LinnaeusC Linnaeus1707-17781707-1778
In Aristotles time the living things were classified as either plants or animals
This 2 kingdom classification system was also used by Linnaeus and other scientists through the middle of the twentieth century
Today a 5-kingdom classification system is generally accepted
It was proposed by R H Whittaker in 1969
However this may not be the end of the story Some scientists have proposed that organisms be divided into even more (maybe as many as 8) kingdoms
Viruses are not included in any of the present 5 kingdoms - mainly due to their many nonliving characteristics (for example viruses are not cells)
History of Classification
(Classification is a constantly changing dynamic science)
5-kingdom classification system
Two kingdoms
Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia
The basis of differentiation
Three kingdoms(Haeckel)
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
Four kingdoms(Copeland)
Kingdom Monera
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
Five kingdoms
1- Monera simplest organisms single-celled Cyanobacteria (blue green algae) heterotrophic
bacteria archaea
2- Protista (Protoctista) single and multicelled with nucleus Algae protozoa (amoebas)
3- Fungi Mold lichen
4- Plantae multicelled photosynthetic plants
5- Animalia multicelled animals
1 KINGDOM MONERA
1 cell
no true nucleus - prokaryote (genetic material scattered and not enclosed by a membrane)
some move (flagellum) others dont
some make their own food (autotrophic) others cant make their own food (heterotrophic)
examples - bacteria blue-green bacteria (cyanobacteria)
Five - kingdom classification system
2 KINGDOM PROTISTA
1 cell
have a true nucleus - eukaryote
some move (cilia flagella pseudopodia) others dont
some are autotrophic others are heterotrophic
examples - amoeba diatom euglena paramecium some algae (unicellular) etc
Five - kingdom classification system
3 KINGDOM FUNGI
Multicellular
have nuclei
mainly do not move from place to place
heterotrophic (food is digested outside of fungus)
examples - mushroom mold puffball shelfbracket fungus yeast
Five - kingdom classification system
4 KINGDOM PLANTAE (plants)
multicellular
have nuclei
do not move
autotrophic
examples - multicellular algae mosses ferns flowering plants (dandelions roses etc) trees etc
Five - kingdom classification system
5 KINGDOM ANIMALIA (animals)
multicellular
have nuclei
do move
heterotrophic
examples - sponge jellyfish insect fish frog bird man
Five - kingdom classification system
Classification Hierarchy
Systemized classification of organisms
1048708 Kingdom (General)
1048708 Phylum
1048708 Class
1048708 Order
1048708 Family
1048708 Genus
1048708 Species (Specific)
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
plantplant AnimalAnimalss
ProtozoaProtozoa
FungiFungi
MicroalgaeMicroalgae
BacteriaBacteria ActinomycetesActinomycetes
MicroorganismsMicroorganisms
EuglenaEuglena
EukaryotesEukaryotes
ProkaryotesProkaryotesRikkitssiaRikkitssia
VirusesViruses
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic cell structureProkaryotic cell structure Eukaryotic cell structureEukaryotic cell structure Differences between Prokaryotic amp Differences between Prokaryotic amp
Eukaryotic cellsEukaryotic cells
- Cell is defined as the fundamental living unit of any organism
- Cell is important to produce energy for metabolism (all chemical reactions within a cell)
- Cell can mutate (change genetically) as a result of accidental changes in its genetic material (DNA)
- Some microorganisms are prokaryotic some are eukaryotic amp some are not cells at all (Viruses)
- Viruses are composed of only a few genes protected by a protein coat amp may contain few enzymes
- Cytology the study of the structure and functions of cells
Eukaryotic cellEukaryotic cell Prokaryotic cellProkaryotic cell
GramGram+ +
GramGram- -
Cell wallCell wall
Cell (inner) membraneCell (inner) membrane Outer membraneOuter membrane
RibosomesRibosomes
Rough endoplasmicRough endoplasmic
reticulumreticulum
MitochondriaMitochondria
GranuleGranule
))eg animaleg animal((
Cell wallCell wall
NucleoidNucleoid
NucleusNucleus
Cell membraneCell membrane
CapsuleCapsule
CytoplasmCytoplasm
FlagellumFlagellum
PiliPili
bull Composition of the Microbial World
-Procaryotes relative simple morphology and
-lack true membrane delimited nucleus
- Eucaryotes morphologically complex with a true membrane enclosed nucleus
Distinguishing Features of Prokaryotic Cells
1 DNA is= Not enclosed within a nuclear membrane
= A single circular chromosome
2 Lack membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi etc
3 Cell walls usually contain peptidoglycan a complex polysaccharide
4 Divide by binary fission (absence of sexual reproduction)
Distinguishing Features of Eucaryotic Cells
1 DNA is-Enclosed within a nuclear membrane
-Several linear chromosomes
2 Have membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi endoplasmic reticulum etc
3 Divide by mitosis
Important Differences Between Eucaryotic and Procaryotic Cells
Procaryotes Eucaryotes
Cell size 02-2 um in diameter 10-100 um in diameterNucleus Absent PresentMembranousOrganelles Absent Present
Cell Wall Chemically complex When present simpleRibosomesSmaller (70S) Larger (80S) in cell
70S in organellesDNA Single circular Multiple linear
chromosome chromosomes (histones)Cell Division Binary fission MitosisCytoskeleton Absent Present
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Characteristics of Life
Growth and development Reproduction and heredity Metabolism (synthesis degradation) Movement moving responses Cell support protection storage Transport of materials into and out of cell
Living things are made of cells
Living things obtain and use energy
Living things grow and develop
Living things reproduce
Living things respond to their environment
Living things adapt to their environment
Main characteristics of living things (organisms)
Small dimensions
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Morphologically differ
Metabolic flexible
Widely distributed
Reproduce by different methods
Main characteristics of microorganisms
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
bull Discovery of Microorganisms
- Invisible creatures were thought to exist long before they were observed
- Antony van Leewenhoek (1632 ndash 1723) who invented the first microscope (50 ndash 300x) was the first to accurately observe and describe microorganisms
bull Microorganisms- Microorganisms are everywhere almost every natural surface is colonized by microbes from body to ocean Some microorganisms can live hot springs and others in frozen sea ice
- Most microorganisms are harmless to humans You swallow millions of microbes every day with no ill effects In fact we are dependent on microbes to help us digest our food- Microbes also keep the biosphere running by carrying out essential functions such as decomposition of dead animals and plants They make possible the cycles of carbon oxygen nitrogen and sulfur that take place in terrestrial and aquatic systems
- They sometimes cause diseases in man animals and plants They are involved in food spoilage- Infectious diseases have played major roles in shaping human history (decline of Roman Empire amp conquest of the New World
- The Great Plague reduced population of western Europe by 25
- Smallpox and other infectious diseases introduced by European explorers to the Americas in 1500s were responsible for decimating Native American populations
- Until late 1800s no one had proved that infectious diseases were caused by specific microbes
bull Spontaneous Generation Conflict
- From earliest times people believed that Living organisms could developed from nonliving or decomposing matter
- The SGT was challenged by Redi Needham Spallanzani
- Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) settled the conflict once for all heated the necks of flasks and drew them out
bull Role of Microorganisms in Disease
- Pasteur showed that Microorganisms caused disease
- Joseph Lister ndash developed system for sterile surgery
- Robert Koch (1843 ndash 1910) established the relationship between Bacillus anthracis and anthrax also isolated the bacillus that causes tuberculosis
- Charles Chamberland (1851-1908) discovered viruses and their role in disease
bull Kochrsquos Postulates
- Microorganism must be present in every case of the disease but absent from healthy individuals
- The suspected microorganism must be isolated and grown in pure cultures
- The disease must result when the isolated microorganism is inoculated into a healthy host
- The same microorganism must be isolated from the disease host
bull Isolation of Microorganisms
- During Kochrsquos studies it became necessary to isolate suspected bacterial pathogens
- He cultured bacteria on the sterile surfaces of cut boiled potatoes Not satisfactory
- Regular liquid medium solidified by adding gelatin gelatin melted Tgt28degC
- Fannie Eilshemius suggested use of agar 100degC to melt 50 degC to solidify
- Richard Petri developed petri dish a container for solid culture media
bull Louis Pasteur (1822 ndash 1895)
- Developed vaccines for Chickenpox anthrax rabies - Demonstrated that all fermentations were due to the activities of specific yeasts and bacteria
- Discovered that fermentative microorganisms were anaerobic and could live only in absence of oxygen
- Developed Pasteurization to preserve wine during storage Important Foods
bull Other Developmentshellip
- Winogradsky made many contributions to soil microbiology discovered that soil bacteria could oxidize Fe S and ammonia to obtain energy
- Isolated Anaerobic nitrogen-fixing bacteria studied the decomposition of cellulose
- Together with Beijerink developed the enrichment-culture technique and the use of selective media
- Early 40rsquos Microbiology established closer relationship with Genetics and Biochemistry microorganisms are extremely useful experimental subjects
- eg Study of relationship between genes and enzymes evidence that DNA is the genetic material
- Recently Microbiology been a major contributor to the rise of Molecular Biology
- Studies on Genetic code mechanisms of DNA RNA and Protein synthesis regulation of gene expression control of enzyme activity
- Development of Recombinant DNA Technology and Genetic Engineering
bull Microbiology
- In the broadest sense microbiology is the study of all organisms that are invisible to the naked eye-that is the study of microorganisms
- Its subjects are viruses bacteria many algae and fungi and protozoa
- The importance of microbiology and microorganisms can not be overemphasized
- Microorganisms are necessary for the production of bread cheese beer antibiotics vaccines vitamins enzymes etc
- Modern biotechnology rests upon a microbiological foundation
bull Scope of Microbiology
- Many microbiologists are primarily interested in the biology of microorganisms while others focus on specific groups
- Microbiology has an impact on medicine agriculture food science ecology genetics biochemistry immunology and many other fields
- Virologists - viruses
- Bacteriologists - bacteria
- Phycologists ndash algae
- Mycologist -fungi
- Protozoologists ndash protozoa
- Medical Microbiology deals with diseases of humans and animals identify and plan measures to eliminate agents causing infectious diseases
- Immunology study of the immune system that protects the body from pathogens
- Agricultural Microbiology impact of microorganisms on agriculture combat plant diseases that attack important food crops
- Food and Dairy Microbiology prevent microbial spoilage of food amp transmission of food-borne diseases (eg salmonellosis) use microorganisms to make food such as cheeses yogurts pickles beer etc
- Industrial Microbiology using microorganisms to make products such as antibiotics vaccines steroids alcohols amp other solvents vitamins amino acids enzymes etc
- Genetic Engineering Engineered microorganisms used to make hormones antibiotics vaccines and other products
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Plant Names amp Classification
Some learning Goals
1- Know what the Binomial System of Nomenclature is how it developed and how it is currently used
2- Learn several reasons for recognizing more than two kingdoms of living organisms
3- Understand the bases for Whittakerrsquos five-kingdoms system Outlinehelliphelliphellip
Systematics
Classification of Living Things
SYSTEMATICS
Gk systema ndash system + atikos ndash about
Webster the science or method of classifying especially taxonomy
Raven Scientific study of the kinds of organisms and the relationships between them
Judd The science of organismal diversity frequently used in a sense roughly equivalent to taxonomy
History of ClassificationEarly classification systems probably grouped organisms as to whether they were beneficial or harmful Another ancient classification system recognized 5 animal groups - domestic animals wild animals creeping animals flying animals and sea animals
ARISTOTLE - 4th century BC (384 to322 BC)Greek philosopher divided organisms into 2 groups - plants and animalsdivided animals into blood and bloodlessalso divided animals into 3 groups according to how they moved - walking flying or swimming (land air or water)his system was used into the 1600s
18th century bullSwedish scientist bullclassified plants and animals according to similarities in form bulldivided living things into one of two kingdoms -
bullplant and animal kingdoms bulldivided each of the kingdoms into smaller groups called genera (plural of genus) bulldivided each genera into smaller groups called species
CAROLUS LINNAEUS
bulldesigned a system of naming organisms called binomial (two names) nomenclature (system of naming) which gave each organism 2 names - genus (plural = genera) and species (plural = species) names The genus and species names would be similar to your first and last names Genus is always capitalized while species is never capitalized To be written correctly the scientific name must be either underlined or written in italics
CAROLUS LINNAEUS
Plant Classification Binomial System of
Nomenclature Linnaeus - founder of
plant taxonomyldquo Credited with binomial
system and classification hierarchy Example
Chlorella vulgaris Genus-- always italicized or
underlined eg Chlorella or Chlorella
Species-- always italicized or underlined eg vulgaris or vulgaris
C LinnaeusC Linnaeus1707-17781707-1778
In Aristotles time the living things were classified as either plants or animals
This 2 kingdom classification system was also used by Linnaeus and other scientists through the middle of the twentieth century
Today a 5-kingdom classification system is generally accepted
It was proposed by R H Whittaker in 1969
However this may not be the end of the story Some scientists have proposed that organisms be divided into even more (maybe as many as 8) kingdoms
Viruses are not included in any of the present 5 kingdoms - mainly due to their many nonliving characteristics (for example viruses are not cells)
History of Classification
(Classification is a constantly changing dynamic science)
5-kingdom classification system
Two kingdoms
Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia
The basis of differentiation
Three kingdoms(Haeckel)
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
Four kingdoms(Copeland)
Kingdom Monera
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
Five kingdoms
1- Monera simplest organisms single-celled Cyanobacteria (blue green algae) heterotrophic
bacteria archaea
2- Protista (Protoctista) single and multicelled with nucleus Algae protozoa (amoebas)
3- Fungi Mold lichen
4- Plantae multicelled photosynthetic plants
5- Animalia multicelled animals
1 KINGDOM MONERA
1 cell
no true nucleus - prokaryote (genetic material scattered and not enclosed by a membrane)
some move (flagellum) others dont
some make their own food (autotrophic) others cant make their own food (heterotrophic)
examples - bacteria blue-green bacteria (cyanobacteria)
Five - kingdom classification system
2 KINGDOM PROTISTA
1 cell
have a true nucleus - eukaryote
some move (cilia flagella pseudopodia) others dont
some are autotrophic others are heterotrophic
examples - amoeba diatom euglena paramecium some algae (unicellular) etc
Five - kingdom classification system
3 KINGDOM FUNGI
Multicellular
have nuclei
mainly do not move from place to place
heterotrophic (food is digested outside of fungus)
examples - mushroom mold puffball shelfbracket fungus yeast
Five - kingdom classification system
4 KINGDOM PLANTAE (plants)
multicellular
have nuclei
do not move
autotrophic
examples - multicellular algae mosses ferns flowering plants (dandelions roses etc) trees etc
Five - kingdom classification system
5 KINGDOM ANIMALIA (animals)
multicellular
have nuclei
do move
heterotrophic
examples - sponge jellyfish insect fish frog bird man
Five - kingdom classification system
Classification Hierarchy
Systemized classification of organisms
1048708 Kingdom (General)
1048708 Phylum
1048708 Class
1048708 Order
1048708 Family
1048708 Genus
1048708 Species (Specific)
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
plantplant AnimalAnimalss
ProtozoaProtozoa
FungiFungi
MicroalgaeMicroalgae
BacteriaBacteria ActinomycetesActinomycetes
MicroorganismsMicroorganisms
EuglenaEuglena
EukaryotesEukaryotes
ProkaryotesProkaryotesRikkitssiaRikkitssia
VirusesViruses
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic cell structureProkaryotic cell structure Eukaryotic cell structureEukaryotic cell structure Differences between Prokaryotic amp Differences between Prokaryotic amp
Eukaryotic cellsEukaryotic cells
- Cell is defined as the fundamental living unit of any organism
- Cell is important to produce energy for metabolism (all chemical reactions within a cell)
- Cell can mutate (change genetically) as a result of accidental changes in its genetic material (DNA)
- Some microorganisms are prokaryotic some are eukaryotic amp some are not cells at all (Viruses)
- Viruses are composed of only a few genes protected by a protein coat amp may contain few enzymes
- Cytology the study of the structure and functions of cells
Eukaryotic cellEukaryotic cell Prokaryotic cellProkaryotic cell
GramGram+ +
GramGram- -
Cell wallCell wall
Cell (inner) membraneCell (inner) membrane Outer membraneOuter membrane
RibosomesRibosomes
Rough endoplasmicRough endoplasmic
reticulumreticulum
MitochondriaMitochondria
GranuleGranule
))eg animaleg animal((
Cell wallCell wall
NucleoidNucleoid
NucleusNucleus
Cell membraneCell membrane
CapsuleCapsule
CytoplasmCytoplasm
FlagellumFlagellum
PiliPili
bull Composition of the Microbial World
-Procaryotes relative simple morphology and
-lack true membrane delimited nucleus
- Eucaryotes morphologically complex with a true membrane enclosed nucleus
Distinguishing Features of Prokaryotic Cells
1 DNA is= Not enclosed within a nuclear membrane
= A single circular chromosome
2 Lack membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi etc
3 Cell walls usually contain peptidoglycan a complex polysaccharide
4 Divide by binary fission (absence of sexual reproduction)
Distinguishing Features of Eucaryotic Cells
1 DNA is-Enclosed within a nuclear membrane
-Several linear chromosomes
2 Have membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi endoplasmic reticulum etc
3 Divide by mitosis
Important Differences Between Eucaryotic and Procaryotic Cells
Procaryotes Eucaryotes
Cell size 02-2 um in diameter 10-100 um in diameterNucleus Absent PresentMembranousOrganelles Absent Present
Cell Wall Chemically complex When present simpleRibosomesSmaller (70S) Larger (80S) in cell
70S in organellesDNA Single circular Multiple linear
chromosome chromosomes (histones)Cell Division Binary fission MitosisCytoskeleton Absent Present
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Characteristics of Life
Growth and development Reproduction and heredity Metabolism (synthesis degradation) Movement moving responses Cell support protection storage Transport of materials into and out of cell
Living things are made of cells
Living things obtain and use energy
Living things grow and develop
Living things reproduce
Living things respond to their environment
Living things adapt to their environment
Main characteristics of living things (organisms)
Small dimensions
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Morphologically differ
Metabolic flexible
Widely distributed
Reproduce by different methods
Main characteristics of microorganisms
bull Discovery of Microorganisms
- Invisible creatures were thought to exist long before they were observed
- Antony van Leewenhoek (1632 ndash 1723) who invented the first microscope (50 ndash 300x) was the first to accurately observe and describe microorganisms
bull Microorganisms- Microorganisms are everywhere almost every natural surface is colonized by microbes from body to ocean Some microorganisms can live hot springs and others in frozen sea ice
- Most microorganisms are harmless to humans You swallow millions of microbes every day with no ill effects In fact we are dependent on microbes to help us digest our food- Microbes also keep the biosphere running by carrying out essential functions such as decomposition of dead animals and plants They make possible the cycles of carbon oxygen nitrogen and sulfur that take place in terrestrial and aquatic systems
- They sometimes cause diseases in man animals and plants They are involved in food spoilage- Infectious diseases have played major roles in shaping human history (decline of Roman Empire amp conquest of the New World
- The Great Plague reduced population of western Europe by 25
- Smallpox and other infectious diseases introduced by European explorers to the Americas in 1500s were responsible for decimating Native American populations
- Until late 1800s no one had proved that infectious diseases were caused by specific microbes
bull Spontaneous Generation Conflict
- From earliest times people believed that Living organisms could developed from nonliving or decomposing matter
- The SGT was challenged by Redi Needham Spallanzani
- Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) settled the conflict once for all heated the necks of flasks and drew them out
bull Role of Microorganisms in Disease
- Pasteur showed that Microorganisms caused disease
- Joseph Lister ndash developed system for sterile surgery
- Robert Koch (1843 ndash 1910) established the relationship between Bacillus anthracis and anthrax also isolated the bacillus that causes tuberculosis
- Charles Chamberland (1851-1908) discovered viruses and their role in disease
bull Kochrsquos Postulates
- Microorganism must be present in every case of the disease but absent from healthy individuals
- The suspected microorganism must be isolated and grown in pure cultures
- The disease must result when the isolated microorganism is inoculated into a healthy host
- The same microorganism must be isolated from the disease host
bull Isolation of Microorganisms
- During Kochrsquos studies it became necessary to isolate suspected bacterial pathogens
- He cultured bacteria on the sterile surfaces of cut boiled potatoes Not satisfactory
- Regular liquid medium solidified by adding gelatin gelatin melted Tgt28degC
- Fannie Eilshemius suggested use of agar 100degC to melt 50 degC to solidify
- Richard Petri developed petri dish a container for solid culture media
bull Louis Pasteur (1822 ndash 1895)
- Developed vaccines for Chickenpox anthrax rabies - Demonstrated that all fermentations were due to the activities of specific yeasts and bacteria
- Discovered that fermentative microorganisms were anaerobic and could live only in absence of oxygen
- Developed Pasteurization to preserve wine during storage Important Foods
bull Other Developmentshellip
- Winogradsky made many contributions to soil microbiology discovered that soil bacteria could oxidize Fe S and ammonia to obtain energy
- Isolated Anaerobic nitrogen-fixing bacteria studied the decomposition of cellulose
- Together with Beijerink developed the enrichment-culture technique and the use of selective media
- Early 40rsquos Microbiology established closer relationship with Genetics and Biochemistry microorganisms are extremely useful experimental subjects
- eg Study of relationship between genes and enzymes evidence that DNA is the genetic material
- Recently Microbiology been a major contributor to the rise of Molecular Biology
- Studies on Genetic code mechanisms of DNA RNA and Protein synthesis regulation of gene expression control of enzyme activity
- Development of Recombinant DNA Technology and Genetic Engineering
bull Microbiology
- In the broadest sense microbiology is the study of all organisms that are invisible to the naked eye-that is the study of microorganisms
- Its subjects are viruses bacteria many algae and fungi and protozoa
- The importance of microbiology and microorganisms can not be overemphasized
- Microorganisms are necessary for the production of bread cheese beer antibiotics vaccines vitamins enzymes etc
- Modern biotechnology rests upon a microbiological foundation
bull Scope of Microbiology
- Many microbiologists are primarily interested in the biology of microorganisms while others focus on specific groups
- Microbiology has an impact on medicine agriculture food science ecology genetics biochemistry immunology and many other fields
- Virologists - viruses
- Bacteriologists - bacteria
- Phycologists ndash algae
- Mycologist -fungi
- Protozoologists ndash protozoa
- Medical Microbiology deals with diseases of humans and animals identify and plan measures to eliminate agents causing infectious diseases
- Immunology study of the immune system that protects the body from pathogens
- Agricultural Microbiology impact of microorganisms on agriculture combat plant diseases that attack important food crops
- Food and Dairy Microbiology prevent microbial spoilage of food amp transmission of food-borne diseases (eg salmonellosis) use microorganisms to make food such as cheeses yogurts pickles beer etc
- Industrial Microbiology using microorganisms to make products such as antibiotics vaccines steroids alcohols amp other solvents vitamins amino acids enzymes etc
- Genetic Engineering Engineered microorganisms used to make hormones antibiotics vaccines and other products
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Plant Names amp Classification
Some learning Goals
1- Know what the Binomial System of Nomenclature is how it developed and how it is currently used
2- Learn several reasons for recognizing more than two kingdoms of living organisms
3- Understand the bases for Whittakerrsquos five-kingdoms system Outlinehelliphelliphellip
Systematics
Classification of Living Things
SYSTEMATICS
Gk systema ndash system + atikos ndash about
Webster the science or method of classifying especially taxonomy
Raven Scientific study of the kinds of organisms and the relationships between them
Judd The science of organismal diversity frequently used in a sense roughly equivalent to taxonomy
History of ClassificationEarly classification systems probably grouped organisms as to whether they were beneficial or harmful Another ancient classification system recognized 5 animal groups - domestic animals wild animals creeping animals flying animals and sea animals
ARISTOTLE - 4th century BC (384 to322 BC)Greek philosopher divided organisms into 2 groups - plants and animalsdivided animals into blood and bloodlessalso divided animals into 3 groups according to how they moved - walking flying or swimming (land air or water)his system was used into the 1600s
18th century bullSwedish scientist bullclassified plants and animals according to similarities in form bulldivided living things into one of two kingdoms -
bullplant and animal kingdoms bulldivided each of the kingdoms into smaller groups called genera (plural of genus) bulldivided each genera into smaller groups called species
CAROLUS LINNAEUS
bulldesigned a system of naming organisms called binomial (two names) nomenclature (system of naming) which gave each organism 2 names - genus (plural = genera) and species (plural = species) names The genus and species names would be similar to your first and last names Genus is always capitalized while species is never capitalized To be written correctly the scientific name must be either underlined or written in italics
CAROLUS LINNAEUS
Plant Classification Binomial System of
Nomenclature Linnaeus - founder of
plant taxonomyldquo Credited with binomial
system and classification hierarchy Example
Chlorella vulgaris Genus-- always italicized or
underlined eg Chlorella or Chlorella
Species-- always italicized or underlined eg vulgaris or vulgaris
C LinnaeusC Linnaeus1707-17781707-1778
In Aristotles time the living things were classified as either plants or animals
This 2 kingdom classification system was also used by Linnaeus and other scientists through the middle of the twentieth century
Today a 5-kingdom classification system is generally accepted
It was proposed by R H Whittaker in 1969
However this may not be the end of the story Some scientists have proposed that organisms be divided into even more (maybe as many as 8) kingdoms
Viruses are not included in any of the present 5 kingdoms - mainly due to their many nonliving characteristics (for example viruses are not cells)
History of Classification
(Classification is a constantly changing dynamic science)
5-kingdom classification system
Two kingdoms
Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia
The basis of differentiation
Three kingdoms(Haeckel)
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
Four kingdoms(Copeland)
Kingdom Monera
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
Five kingdoms
1- Monera simplest organisms single-celled Cyanobacteria (blue green algae) heterotrophic
bacteria archaea
2- Protista (Protoctista) single and multicelled with nucleus Algae protozoa (amoebas)
3- Fungi Mold lichen
4- Plantae multicelled photosynthetic plants
5- Animalia multicelled animals
1 KINGDOM MONERA
1 cell
no true nucleus - prokaryote (genetic material scattered and not enclosed by a membrane)
some move (flagellum) others dont
some make their own food (autotrophic) others cant make their own food (heterotrophic)
examples - bacteria blue-green bacteria (cyanobacteria)
Five - kingdom classification system
2 KINGDOM PROTISTA
1 cell
have a true nucleus - eukaryote
some move (cilia flagella pseudopodia) others dont
some are autotrophic others are heterotrophic
examples - amoeba diatom euglena paramecium some algae (unicellular) etc
Five - kingdom classification system
3 KINGDOM FUNGI
Multicellular
have nuclei
mainly do not move from place to place
heterotrophic (food is digested outside of fungus)
examples - mushroom mold puffball shelfbracket fungus yeast
Five - kingdom classification system
4 KINGDOM PLANTAE (plants)
multicellular
have nuclei
do not move
autotrophic
examples - multicellular algae mosses ferns flowering plants (dandelions roses etc) trees etc
Five - kingdom classification system
5 KINGDOM ANIMALIA (animals)
multicellular
have nuclei
do move
heterotrophic
examples - sponge jellyfish insect fish frog bird man
Five - kingdom classification system
Classification Hierarchy
Systemized classification of organisms
1048708 Kingdom (General)
1048708 Phylum
1048708 Class
1048708 Order
1048708 Family
1048708 Genus
1048708 Species (Specific)
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
plantplant AnimalAnimalss
ProtozoaProtozoa
FungiFungi
MicroalgaeMicroalgae
BacteriaBacteria ActinomycetesActinomycetes
MicroorganismsMicroorganisms
EuglenaEuglena
EukaryotesEukaryotes
ProkaryotesProkaryotesRikkitssiaRikkitssia
VirusesViruses
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic cell structureProkaryotic cell structure Eukaryotic cell structureEukaryotic cell structure Differences between Prokaryotic amp Differences between Prokaryotic amp
Eukaryotic cellsEukaryotic cells
- Cell is defined as the fundamental living unit of any organism
- Cell is important to produce energy for metabolism (all chemical reactions within a cell)
- Cell can mutate (change genetically) as a result of accidental changes in its genetic material (DNA)
- Some microorganisms are prokaryotic some are eukaryotic amp some are not cells at all (Viruses)
- Viruses are composed of only a few genes protected by a protein coat amp may contain few enzymes
- Cytology the study of the structure and functions of cells
Eukaryotic cellEukaryotic cell Prokaryotic cellProkaryotic cell
GramGram+ +
GramGram- -
Cell wallCell wall
Cell (inner) membraneCell (inner) membrane Outer membraneOuter membrane
RibosomesRibosomes
Rough endoplasmicRough endoplasmic
reticulumreticulum
MitochondriaMitochondria
GranuleGranule
))eg animaleg animal((
Cell wallCell wall
NucleoidNucleoid
NucleusNucleus
Cell membraneCell membrane
CapsuleCapsule
CytoplasmCytoplasm
FlagellumFlagellum
PiliPili
bull Composition of the Microbial World
-Procaryotes relative simple morphology and
-lack true membrane delimited nucleus
- Eucaryotes morphologically complex with a true membrane enclosed nucleus
Distinguishing Features of Prokaryotic Cells
1 DNA is= Not enclosed within a nuclear membrane
= A single circular chromosome
2 Lack membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi etc
3 Cell walls usually contain peptidoglycan a complex polysaccharide
4 Divide by binary fission (absence of sexual reproduction)
Distinguishing Features of Eucaryotic Cells
1 DNA is-Enclosed within a nuclear membrane
-Several linear chromosomes
2 Have membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi endoplasmic reticulum etc
3 Divide by mitosis
Important Differences Between Eucaryotic and Procaryotic Cells
Procaryotes Eucaryotes
Cell size 02-2 um in diameter 10-100 um in diameterNucleus Absent PresentMembranousOrganelles Absent Present
Cell Wall Chemically complex When present simpleRibosomesSmaller (70S) Larger (80S) in cell
70S in organellesDNA Single circular Multiple linear
chromosome chromosomes (histones)Cell Division Binary fission MitosisCytoskeleton Absent Present
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Characteristics of Life
Growth and development Reproduction and heredity Metabolism (synthesis degradation) Movement moving responses Cell support protection storage Transport of materials into and out of cell
Living things are made of cells
Living things obtain and use energy
Living things grow and develop
Living things reproduce
Living things respond to their environment
Living things adapt to their environment
Main characteristics of living things (organisms)
Small dimensions
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Morphologically differ
Metabolic flexible
Widely distributed
Reproduce by different methods
Main characteristics of microorganisms
bull Microorganisms- Microorganisms are everywhere almost every natural surface is colonized by microbes from body to ocean Some microorganisms can live hot springs and others in frozen sea ice
- Most microorganisms are harmless to humans You swallow millions of microbes every day with no ill effects In fact we are dependent on microbes to help us digest our food- Microbes also keep the biosphere running by carrying out essential functions such as decomposition of dead animals and plants They make possible the cycles of carbon oxygen nitrogen and sulfur that take place in terrestrial and aquatic systems
- They sometimes cause diseases in man animals and plants They are involved in food spoilage- Infectious diseases have played major roles in shaping human history (decline of Roman Empire amp conquest of the New World
- The Great Plague reduced population of western Europe by 25
- Smallpox and other infectious diseases introduced by European explorers to the Americas in 1500s were responsible for decimating Native American populations
- Until late 1800s no one had proved that infectious diseases were caused by specific microbes
bull Spontaneous Generation Conflict
- From earliest times people believed that Living organisms could developed from nonliving or decomposing matter
- The SGT was challenged by Redi Needham Spallanzani
- Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) settled the conflict once for all heated the necks of flasks and drew them out
bull Role of Microorganisms in Disease
- Pasteur showed that Microorganisms caused disease
- Joseph Lister ndash developed system for sterile surgery
- Robert Koch (1843 ndash 1910) established the relationship between Bacillus anthracis and anthrax also isolated the bacillus that causes tuberculosis
- Charles Chamberland (1851-1908) discovered viruses and their role in disease
bull Kochrsquos Postulates
- Microorganism must be present in every case of the disease but absent from healthy individuals
- The suspected microorganism must be isolated and grown in pure cultures
- The disease must result when the isolated microorganism is inoculated into a healthy host
- The same microorganism must be isolated from the disease host
bull Isolation of Microorganisms
- During Kochrsquos studies it became necessary to isolate suspected bacterial pathogens
- He cultured bacteria on the sterile surfaces of cut boiled potatoes Not satisfactory
- Regular liquid medium solidified by adding gelatin gelatin melted Tgt28degC
- Fannie Eilshemius suggested use of agar 100degC to melt 50 degC to solidify
- Richard Petri developed petri dish a container for solid culture media
bull Louis Pasteur (1822 ndash 1895)
- Developed vaccines for Chickenpox anthrax rabies - Demonstrated that all fermentations were due to the activities of specific yeasts and bacteria
- Discovered that fermentative microorganisms were anaerobic and could live only in absence of oxygen
- Developed Pasteurization to preserve wine during storage Important Foods
bull Other Developmentshellip
- Winogradsky made many contributions to soil microbiology discovered that soil bacteria could oxidize Fe S and ammonia to obtain energy
- Isolated Anaerobic nitrogen-fixing bacteria studied the decomposition of cellulose
- Together with Beijerink developed the enrichment-culture technique and the use of selective media
- Early 40rsquos Microbiology established closer relationship with Genetics and Biochemistry microorganisms are extremely useful experimental subjects
- eg Study of relationship between genes and enzymes evidence that DNA is the genetic material
- Recently Microbiology been a major contributor to the rise of Molecular Biology
- Studies on Genetic code mechanisms of DNA RNA and Protein synthesis regulation of gene expression control of enzyme activity
- Development of Recombinant DNA Technology and Genetic Engineering
bull Microbiology
- In the broadest sense microbiology is the study of all organisms that are invisible to the naked eye-that is the study of microorganisms
- Its subjects are viruses bacteria many algae and fungi and protozoa
- The importance of microbiology and microorganisms can not be overemphasized
- Microorganisms are necessary for the production of bread cheese beer antibiotics vaccines vitamins enzymes etc
- Modern biotechnology rests upon a microbiological foundation
bull Scope of Microbiology
- Many microbiologists are primarily interested in the biology of microorganisms while others focus on specific groups
- Microbiology has an impact on medicine agriculture food science ecology genetics biochemistry immunology and many other fields
- Virologists - viruses
- Bacteriologists - bacteria
- Phycologists ndash algae
- Mycologist -fungi
- Protozoologists ndash protozoa
- Medical Microbiology deals with diseases of humans and animals identify and plan measures to eliminate agents causing infectious diseases
- Immunology study of the immune system that protects the body from pathogens
- Agricultural Microbiology impact of microorganisms on agriculture combat plant diseases that attack important food crops
- Food and Dairy Microbiology prevent microbial spoilage of food amp transmission of food-borne diseases (eg salmonellosis) use microorganisms to make food such as cheeses yogurts pickles beer etc
- Industrial Microbiology using microorganisms to make products such as antibiotics vaccines steroids alcohols amp other solvents vitamins amino acids enzymes etc
- Genetic Engineering Engineered microorganisms used to make hormones antibiotics vaccines and other products
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Plant Names amp Classification
Some learning Goals
1- Know what the Binomial System of Nomenclature is how it developed and how it is currently used
2- Learn several reasons for recognizing more than two kingdoms of living organisms
3- Understand the bases for Whittakerrsquos five-kingdoms system Outlinehelliphelliphellip
Systematics
Classification of Living Things
SYSTEMATICS
Gk systema ndash system + atikos ndash about
Webster the science or method of classifying especially taxonomy
Raven Scientific study of the kinds of organisms and the relationships between them
Judd The science of organismal diversity frequently used in a sense roughly equivalent to taxonomy
History of ClassificationEarly classification systems probably grouped organisms as to whether they were beneficial or harmful Another ancient classification system recognized 5 animal groups - domestic animals wild animals creeping animals flying animals and sea animals
ARISTOTLE - 4th century BC (384 to322 BC)Greek philosopher divided organisms into 2 groups - plants and animalsdivided animals into blood and bloodlessalso divided animals into 3 groups according to how they moved - walking flying or swimming (land air or water)his system was used into the 1600s
18th century bullSwedish scientist bullclassified plants and animals according to similarities in form bulldivided living things into one of two kingdoms -
bullplant and animal kingdoms bulldivided each of the kingdoms into smaller groups called genera (plural of genus) bulldivided each genera into smaller groups called species
CAROLUS LINNAEUS
bulldesigned a system of naming organisms called binomial (two names) nomenclature (system of naming) which gave each organism 2 names - genus (plural = genera) and species (plural = species) names The genus and species names would be similar to your first and last names Genus is always capitalized while species is never capitalized To be written correctly the scientific name must be either underlined or written in italics
CAROLUS LINNAEUS
Plant Classification Binomial System of
Nomenclature Linnaeus - founder of
plant taxonomyldquo Credited with binomial
system and classification hierarchy Example
Chlorella vulgaris Genus-- always italicized or
underlined eg Chlorella or Chlorella
Species-- always italicized or underlined eg vulgaris or vulgaris
C LinnaeusC Linnaeus1707-17781707-1778
In Aristotles time the living things were classified as either plants or animals
This 2 kingdom classification system was also used by Linnaeus and other scientists through the middle of the twentieth century
Today a 5-kingdom classification system is generally accepted
It was proposed by R H Whittaker in 1969
However this may not be the end of the story Some scientists have proposed that organisms be divided into even more (maybe as many as 8) kingdoms
Viruses are not included in any of the present 5 kingdoms - mainly due to their many nonliving characteristics (for example viruses are not cells)
History of Classification
(Classification is a constantly changing dynamic science)
5-kingdom classification system
Two kingdoms
Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia
The basis of differentiation
Three kingdoms(Haeckel)
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
Four kingdoms(Copeland)
Kingdom Monera
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
Five kingdoms
1- Monera simplest organisms single-celled Cyanobacteria (blue green algae) heterotrophic
bacteria archaea
2- Protista (Protoctista) single and multicelled with nucleus Algae protozoa (amoebas)
3- Fungi Mold lichen
4- Plantae multicelled photosynthetic plants
5- Animalia multicelled animals
1 KINGDOM MONERA
1 cell
no true nucleus - prokaryote (genetic material scattered and not enclosed by a membrane)
some move (flagellum) others dont
some make their own food (autotrophic) others cant make their own food (heterotrophic)
examples - bacteria blue-green bacteria (cyanobacteria)
Five - kingdom classification system
2 KINGDOM PROTISTA
1 cell
have a true nucleus - eukaryote
some move (cilia flagella pseudopodia) others dont
some are autotrophic others are heterotrophic
examples - amoeba diatom euglena paramecium some algae (unicellular) etc
Five - kingdom classification system
3 KINGDOM FUNGI
Multicellular
have nuclei
mainly do not move from place to place
heterotrophic (food is digested outside of fungus)
examples - mushroom mold puffball shelfbracket fungus yeast
Five - kingdom classification system
4 KINGDOM PLANTAE (plants)
multicellular
have nuclei
do not move
autotrophic
examples - multicellular algae mosses ferns flowering plants (dandelions roses etc) trees etc
Five - kingdom classification system
5 KINGDOM ANIMALIA (animals)
multicellular
have nuclei
do move
heterotrophic
examples - sponge jellyfish insect fish frog bird man
Five - kingdom classification system
Classification Hierarchy
Systemized classification of organisms
1048708 Kingdom (General)
1048708 Phylum
1048708 Class
1048708 Order
1048708 Family
1048708 Genus
1048708 Species (Specific)
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
plantplant AnimalAnimalss
ProtozoaProtozoa
FungiFungi
MicroalgaeMicroalgae
BacteriaBacteria ActinomycetesActinomycetes
MicroorganismsMicroorganisms
EuglenaEuglena
EukaryotesEukaryotes
ProkaryotesProkaryotesRikkitssiaRikkitssia
VirusesViruses
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic cell structureProkaryotic cell structure Eukaryotic cell structureEukaryotic cell structure Differences between Prokaryotic amp Differences between Prokaryotic amp
Eukaryotic cellsEukaryotic cells
- Cell is defined as the fundamental living unit of any organism
- Cell is important to produce energy for metabolism (all chemical reactions within a cell)
- Cell can mutate (change genetically) as a result of accidental changes in its genetic material (DNA)
- Some microorganisms are prokaryotic some are eukaryotic amp some are not cells at all (Viruses)
- Viruses are composed of only a few genes protected by a protein coat amp may contain few enzymes
- Cytology the study of the structure and functions of cells
Eukaryotic cellEukaryotic cell Prokaryotic cellProkaryotic cell
GramGram+ +
GramGram- -
Cell wallCell wall
Cell (inner) membraneCell (inner) membrane Outer membraneOuter membrane
RibosomesRibosomes
Rough endoplasmicRough endoplasmic
reticulumreticulum
MitochondriaMitochondria
GranuleGranule
))eg animaleg animal((
Cell wallCell wall
NucleoidNucleoid
NucleusNucleus
Cell membraneCell membrane
CapsuleCapsule
CytoplasmCytoplasm
FlagellumFlagellum
PiliPili
bull Composition of the Microbial World
-Procaryotes relative simple morphology and
-lack true membrane delimited nucleus
- Eucaryotes morphologically complex with a true membrane enclosed nucleus
Distinguishing Features of Prokaryotic Cells
1 DNA is= Not enclosed within a nuclear membrane
= A single circular chromosome
2 Lack membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi etc
3 Cell walls usually contain peptidoglycan a complex polysaccharide
4 Divide by binary fission (absence of sexual reproduction)
Distinguishing Features of Eucaryotic Cells
1 DNA is-Enclosed within a nuclear membrane
-Several linear chromosomes
2 Have membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi endoplasmic reticulum etc
3 Divide by mitosis
Important Differences Between Eucaryotic and Procaryotic Cells
Procaryotes Eucaryotes
Cell size 02-2 um in diameter 10-100 um in diameterNucleus Absent PresentMembranousOrganelles Absent Present
Cell Wall Chemically complex When present simpleRibosomesSmaller (70S) Larger (80S) in cell
70S in organellesDNA Single circular Multiple linear
chromosome chromosomes (histones)Cell Division Binary fission MitosisCytoskeleton Absent Present
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Characteristics of Life
Growth and development Reproduction and heredity Metabolism (synthesis degradation) Movement moving responses Cell support protection storage Transport of materials into and out of cell
Living things are made of cells
Living things obtain and use energy
Living things grow and develop
Living things reproduce
Living things respond to their environment
Living things adapt to their environment
Main characteristics of living things (organisms)
Small dimensions
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Morphologically differ
Metabolic flexible
Widely distributed
Reproduce by different methods
Main characteristics of microorganisms
bull Spontaneous Generation Conflict
- From earliest times people believed that Living organisms could developed from nonliving or decomposing matter
- The SGT was challenged by Redi Needham Spallanzani
- Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) settled the conflict once for all heated the necks of flasks and drew them out
bull Role of Microorganisms in Disease
- Pasteur showed that Microorganisms caused disease
- Joseph Lister ndash developed system for sterile surgery
- Robert Koch (1843 ndash 1910) established the relationship between Bacillus anthracis and anthrax also isolated the bacillus that causes tuberculosis
- Charles Chamberland (1851-1908) discovered viruses and their role in disease
bull Kochrsquos Postulates
- Microorganism must be present in every case of the disease but absent from healthy individuals
- The suspected microorganism must be isolated and grown in pure cultures
- The disease must result when the isolated microorganism is inoculated into a healthy host
- The same microorganism must be isolated from the disease host
bull Isolation of Microorganisms
- During Kochrsquos studies it became necessary to isolate suspected bacterial pathogens
- He cultured bacteria on the sterile surfaces of cut boiled potatoes Not satisfactory
- Regular liquid medium solidified by adding gelatin gelatin melted Tgt28degC
- Fannie Eilshemius suggested use of agar 100degC to melt 50 degC to solidify
- Richard Petri developed petri dish a container for solid culture media
bull Louis Pasteur (1822 ndash 1895)
- Developed vaccines for Chickenpox anthrax rabies - Demonstrated that all fermentations were due to the activities of specific yeasts and bacteria
- Discovered that fermentative microorganisms were anaerobic and could live only in absence of oxygen
- Developed Pasteurization to preserve wine during storage Important Foods
bull Other Developmentshellip
- Winogradsky made many contributions to soil microbiology discovered that soil bacteria could oxidize Fe S and ammonia to obtain energy
- Isolated Anaerobic nitrogen-fixing bacteria studied the decomposition of cellulose
- Together with Beijerink developed the enrichment-culture technique and the use of selective media
- Early 40rsquos Microbiology established closer relationship with Genetics and Biochemistry microorganisms are extremely useful experimental subjects
- eg Study of relationship between genes and enzymes evidence that DNA is the genetic material
- Recently Microbiology been a major contributor to the rise of Molecular Biology
- Studies on Genetic code mechanisms of DNA RNA and Protein synthesis regulation of gene expression control of enzyme activity
- Development of Recombinant DNA Technology and Genetic Engineering
bull Microbiology
- In the broadest sense microbiology is the study of all organisms that are invisible to the naked eye-that is the study of microorganisms
- Its subjects are viruses bacteria many algae and fungi and protozoa
- The importance of microbiology and microorganisms can not be overemphasized
- Microorganisms are necessary for the production of bread cheese beer antibiotics vaccines vitamins enzymes etc
- Modern biotechnology rests upon a microbiological foundation
bull Scope of Microbiology
- Many microbiologists are primarily interested in the biology of microorganisms while others focus on specific groups
- Microbiology has an impact on medicine agriculture food science ecology genetics biochemistry immunology and many other fields
- Virologists - viruses
- Bacteriologists - bacteria
- Phycologists ndash algae
- Mycologist -fungi
- Protozoologists ndash protozoa
- Medical Microbiology deals with diseases of humans and animals identify and plan measures to eliminate agents causing infectious diseases
- Immunology study of the immune system that protects the body from pathogens
- Agricultural Microbiology impact of microorganisms on agriculture combat plant diseases that attack important food crops
- Food and Dairy Microbiology prevent microbial spoilage of food amp transmission of food-borne diseases (eg salmonellosis) use microorganisms to make food such as cheeses yogurts pickles beer etc
- Industrial Microbiology using microorganisms to make products such as antibiotics vaccines steroids alcohols amp other solvents vitamins amino acids enzymes etc
- Genetic Engineering Engineered microorganisms used to make hormones antibiotics vaccines and other products
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Plant Names amp Classification
Some learning Goals
1- Know what the Binomial System of Nomenclature is how it developed and how it is currently used
2- Learn several reasons for recognizing more than two kingdoms of living organisms
3- Understand the bases for Whittakerrsquos five-kingdoms system Outlinehelliphelliphellip
Systematics
Classification of Living Things
SYSTEMATICS
Gk systema ndash system + atikos ndash about
Webster the science or method of classifying especially taxonomy
Raven Scientific study of the kinds of organisms and the relationships between them
Judd The science of organismal diversity frequently used in a sense roughly equivalent to taxonomy
History of ClassificationEarly classification systems probably grouped organisms as to whether they were beneficial or harmful Another ancient classification system recognized 5 animal groups - domestic animals wild animals creeping animals flying animals and sea animals
ARISTOTLE - 4th century BC (384 to322 BC)Greek philosopher divided organisms into 2 groups - plants and animalsdivided animals into blood and bloodlessalso divided animals into 3 groups according to how they moved - walking flying or swimming (land air or water)his system was used into the 1600s
18th century bullSwedish scientist bullclassified plants and animals according to similarities in form bulldivided living things into one of two kingdoms -
bullplant and animal kingdoms bulldivided each of the kingdoms into smaller groups called genera (plural of genus) bulldivided each genera into smaller groups called species
CAROLUS LINNAEUS
bulldesigned a system of naming organisms called binomial (two names) nomenclature (system of naming) which gave each organism 2 names - genus (plural = genera) and species (plural = species) names The genus and species names would be similar to your first and last names Genus is always capitalized while species is never capitalized To be written correctly the scientific name must be either underlined or written in italics
CAROLUS LINNAEUS
Plant Classification Binomial System of
Nomenclature Linnaeus - founder of
plant taxonomyldquo Credited with binomial
system and classification hierarchy Example
Chlorella vulgaris Genus-- always italicized or
underlined eg Chlorella or Chlorella
Species-- always italicized or underlined eg vulgaris or vulgaris
C LinnaeusC Linnaeus1707-17781707-1778
In Aristotles time the living things were classified as either plants or animals
This 2 kingdom classification system was also used by Linnaeus and other scientists through the middle of the twentieth century
Today a 5-kingdom classification system is generally accepted
It was proposed by R H Whittaker in 1969
However this may not be the end of the story Some scientists have proposed that organisms be divided into even more (maybe as many as 8) kingdoms
Viruses are not included in any of the present 5 kingdoms - mainly due to their many nonliving characteristics (for example viruses are not cells)
History of Classification
(Classification is a constantly changing dynamic science)
5-kingdom classification system
Two kingdoms
Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia
The basis of differentiation
Three kingdoms(Haeckel)
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
Four kingdoms(Copeland)
Kingdom Monera
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
Five kingdoms
1- Monera simplest organisms single-celled Cyanobacteria (blue green algae) heterotrophic
bacteria archaea
2- Protista (Protoctista) single and multicelled with nucleus Algae protozoa (amoebas)
3- Fungi Mold lichen
4- Plantae multicelled photosynthetic plants
5- Animalia multicelled animals
1 KINGDOM MONERA
1 cell
no true nucleus - prokaryote (genetic material scattered and not enclosed by a membrane)
some move (flagellum) others dont
some make their own food (autotrophic) others cant make their own food (heterotrophic)
examples - bacteria blue-green bacteria (cyanobacteria)
Five - kingdom classification system
2 KINGDOM PROTISTA
1 cell
have a true nucleus - eukaryote
some move (cilia flagella pseudopodia) others dont
some are autotrophic others are heterotrophic
examples - amoeba diatom euglena paramecium some algae (unicellular) etc
Five - kingdom classification system
3 KINGDOM FUNGI
Multicellular
have nuclei
mainly do not move from place to place
heterotrophic (food is digested outside of fungus)
examples - mushroom mold puffball shelfbracket fungus yeast
Five - kingdom classification system
4 KINGDOM PLANTAE (plants)
multicellular
have nuclei
do not move
autotrophic
examples - multicellular algae mosses ferns flowering plants (dandelions roses etc) trees etc
Five - kingdom classification system
5 KINGDOM ANIMALIA (animals)
multicellular
have nuclei
do move
heterotrophic
examples - sponge jellyfish insect fish frog bird man
Five - kingdom classification system
Classification Hierarchy
Systemized classification of organisms
1048708 Kingdom (General)
1048708 Phylum
1048708 Class
1048708 Order
1048708 Family
1048708 Genus
1048708 Species (Specific)
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
plantplant AnimalAnimalss
ProtozoaProtozoa
FungiFungi
MicroalgaeMicroalgae
BacteriaBacteria ActinomycetesActinomycetes
MicroorganismsMicroorganisms
EuglenaEuglena
EukaryotesEukaryotes
ProkaryotesProkaryotesRikkitssiaRikkitssia
VirusesViruses
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic cell structureProkaryotic cell structure Eukaryotic cell structureEukaryotic cell structure Differences between Prokaryotic amp Differences between Prokaryotic amp
Eukaryotic cellsEukaryotic cells
- Cell is defined as the fundamental living unit of any organism
- Cell is important to produce energy for metabolism (all chemical reactions within a cell)
- Cell can mutate (change genetically) as a result of accidental changes in its genetic material (DNA)
- Some microorganisms are prokaryotic some are eukaryotic amp some are not cells at all (Viruses)
- Viruses are composed of only a few genes protected by a protein coat amp may contain few enzymes
- Cytology the study of the structure and functions of cells
Eukaryotic cellEukaryotic cell Prokaryotic cellProkaryotic cell
GramGram+ +
GramGram- -
Cell wallCell wall
Cell (inner) membraneCell (inner) membrane Outer membraneOuter membrane
RibosomesRibosomes
Rough endoplasmicRough endoplasmic
reticulumreticulum
MitochondriaMitochondria
GranuleGranule
))eg animaleg animal((
Cell wallCell wall
NucleoidNucleoid
NucleusNucleus
Cell membraneCell membrane
CapsuleCapsule
CytoplasmCytoplasm
FlagellumFlagellum
PiliPili
bull Composition of the Microbial World
-Procaryotes relative simple morphology and
-lack true membrane delimited nucleus
- Eucaryotes morphologically complex with a true membrane enclosed nucleus
Distinguishing Features of Prokaryotic Cells
1 DNA is= Not enclosed within a nuclear membrane
= A single circular chromosome
2 Lack membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi etc
3 Cell walls usually contain peptidoglycan a complex polysaccharide
4 Divide by binary fission (absence of sexual reproduction)
Distinguishing Features of Eucaryotic Cells
1 DNA is-Enclosed within a nuclear membrane
-Several linear chromosomes
2 Have membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi endoplasmic reticulum etc
3 Divide by mitosis
Important Differences Between Eucaryotic and Procaryotic Cells
Procaryotes Eucaryotes
Cell size 02-2 um in diameter 10-100 um in diameterNucleus Absent PresentMembranousOrganelles Absent Present
Cell Wall Chemically complex When present simpleRibosomesSmaller (70S) Larger (80S) in cell
70S in organellesDNA Single circular Multiple linear
chromosome chromosomes (histones)Cell Division Binary fission MitosisCytoskeleton Absent Present
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Characteristics of Life
Growth and development Reproduction and heredity Metabolism (synthesis degradation) Movement moving responses Cell support protection storage Transport of materials into and out of cell
Living things are made of cells
Living things obtain and use energy
Living things grow and develop
Living things reproduce
Living things respond to their environment
Living things adapt to their environment
Main characteristics of living things (organisms)
Small dimensions
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Morphologically differ
Metabolic flexible
Widely distributed
Reproduce by different methods
Main characteristics of microorganisms
bull Role of Microorganisms in Disease
- Pasteur showed that Microorganisms caused disease
- Joseph Lister ndash developed system for sterile surgery
- Robert Koch (1843 ndash 1910) established the relationship between Bacillus anthracis and anthrax also isolated the bacillus that causes tuberculosis
- Charles Chamberland (1851-1908) discovered viruses and their role in disease
bull Kochrsquos Postulates
- Microorganism must be present in every case of the disease but absent from healthy individuals
- The suspected microorganism must be isolated and grown in pure cultures
- The disease must result when the isolated microorganism is inoculated into a healthy host
- The same microorganism must be isolated from the disease host
bull Isolation of Microorganisms
- During Kochrsquos studies it became necessary to isolate suspected bacterial pathogens
- He cultured bacteria on the sterile surfaces of cut boiled potatoes Not satisfactory
- Regular liquid medium solidified by adding gelatin gelatin melted Tgt28degC
- Fannie Eilshemius suggested use of agar 100degC to melt 50 degC to solidify
- Richard Petri developed petri dish a container for solid culture media
bull Louis Pasteur (1822 ndash 1895)
- Developed vaccines for Chickenpox anthrax rabies - Demonstrated that all fermentations were due to the activities of specific yeasts and bacteria
- Discovered that fermentative microorganisms were anaerobic and could live only in absence of oxygen
- Developed Pasteurization to preserve wine during storage Important Foods
bull Other Developmentshellip
- Winogradsky made many contributions to soil microbiology discovered that soil bacteria could oxidize Fe S and ammonia to obtain energy
- Isolated Anaerobic nitrogen-fixing bacteria studied the decomposition of cellulose
- Together with Beijerink developed the enrichment-culture technique and the use of selective media
- Early 40rsquos Microbiology established closer relationship with Genetics and Biochemistry microorganisms are extremely useful experimental subjects
- eg Study of relationship between genes and enzymes evidence that DNA is the genetic material
- Recently Microbiology been a major contributor to the rise of Molecular Biology
- Studies on Genetic code mechanisms of DNA RNA and Protein synthesis regulation of gene expression control of enzyme activity
- Development of Recombinant DNA Technology and Genetic Engineering
bull Microbiology
- In the broadest sense microbiology is the study of all organisms that are invisible to the naked eye-that is the study of microorganisms
- Its subjects are viruses bacteria many algae and fungi and protozoa
- The importance of microbiology and microorganisms can not be overemphasized
- Microorganisms are necessary for the production of bread cheese beer antibiotics vaccines vitamins enzymes etc
- Modern biotechnology rests upon a microbiological foundation
bull Scope of Microbiology
- Many microbiologists are primarily interested in the biology of microorganisms while others focus on specific groups
- Microbiology has an impact on medicine agriculture food science ecology genetics biochemistry immunology and many other fields
- Virologists - viruses
- Bacteriologists - bacteria
- Phycologists ndash algae
- Mycologist -fungi
- Protozoologists ndash protozoa
- Medical Microbiology deals with diseases of humans and animals identify and plan measures to eliminate agents causing infectious diseases
- Immunology study of the immune system that protects the body from pathogens
- Agricultural Microbiology impact of microorganisms on agriculture combat plant diseases that attack important food crops
- Food and Dairy Microbiology prevent microbial spoilage of food amp transmission of food-borne diseases (eg salmonellosis) use microorganisms to make food such as cheeses yogurts pickles beer etc
- Industrial Microbiology using microorganisms to make products such as antibiotics vaccines steroids alcohols amp other solvents vitamins amino acids enzymes etc
- Genetic Engineering Engineered microorganisms used to make hormones antibiotics vaccines and other products
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Plant Names amp Classification
Some learning Goals
1- Know what the Binomial System of Nomenclature is how it developed and how it is currently used
2- Learn several reasons for recognizing more than two kingdoms of living organisms
3- Understand the bases for Whittakerrsquos five-kingdoms system Outlinehelliphelliphellip
Systematics
Classification of Living Things
SYSTEMATICS
Gk systema ndash system + atikos ndash about
Webster the science or method of classifying especially taxonomy
Raven Scientific study of the kinds of organisms and the relationships between them
Judd The science of organismal diversity frequently used in a sense roughly equivalent to taxonomy
History of ClassificationEarly classification systems probably grouped organisms as to whether they were beneficial or harmful Another ancient classification system recognized 5 animal groups - domestic animals wild animals creeping animals flying animals and sea animals
ARISTOTLE - 4th century BC (384 to322 BC)Greek philosopher divided organisms into 2 groups - plants and animalsdivided animals into blood and bloodlessalso divided animals into 3 groups according to how they moved - walking flying or swimming (land air or water)his system was used into the 1600s
18th century bullSwedish scientist bullclassified plants and animals according to similarities in form bulldivided living things into one of two kingdoms -
bullplant and animal kingdoms bulldivided each of the kingdoms into smaller groups called genera (plural of genus) bulldivided each genera into smaller groups called species
CAROLUS LINNAEUS
bulldesigned a system of naming organisms called binomial (two names) nomenclature (system of naming) which gave each organism 2 names - genus (plural = genera) and species (plural = species) names The genus and species names would be similar to your first and last names Genus is always capitalized while species is never capitalized To be written correctly the scientific name must be either underlined or written in italics
CAROLUS LINNAEUS
Plant Classification Binomial System of
Nomenclature Linnaeus - founder of
plant taxonomyldquo Credited with binomial
system and classification hierarchy Example
Chlorella vulgaris Genus-- always italicized or
underlined eg Chlorella or Chlorella
Species-- always italicized or underlined eg vulgaris or vulgaris
C LinnaeusC Linnaeus1707-17781707-1778
In Aristotles time the living things were classified as either plants or animals
This 2 kingdom classification system was also used by Linnaeus and other scientists through the middle of the twentieth century
Today a 5-kingdom classification system is generally accepted
It was proposed by R H Whittaker in 1969
However this may not be the end of the story Some scientists have proposed that organisms be divided into even more (maybe as many as 8) kingdoms
Viruses are not included in any of the present 5 kingdoms - mainly due to their many nonliving characteristics (for example viruses are not cells)
History of Classification
(Classification is a constantly changing dynamic science)
5-kingdom classification system
Two kingdoms
Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia
The basis of differentiation
Three kingdoms(Haeckel)
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
Four kingdoms(Copeland)
Kingdom Monera
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
Five kingdoms
1- Monera simplest organisms single-celled Cyanobacteria (blue green algae) heterotrophic
bacteria archaea
2- Protista (Protoctista) single and multicelled with nucleus Algae protozoa (amoebas)
3- Fungi Mold lichen
4- Plantae multicelled photosynthetic plants
5- Animalia multicelled animals
1 KINGDOM MONERA
1 cell
no true nucleus - prokaryote (genetic material scattered and not enclosed by a membrane)
some move (flagellum) others dont
some make their own food (autotrophic) others cant make their own food (heterotrophic)
examples - bacteria blue-green bacteria (cyanobacteria)
Five - kingdom classification system
2 KINGDOM PROTISTA
1 cell
have a true nucleus - eukaryote
some move (cilia flagella pseudopodia) others dont
some are autotrophic others are heterotrophic
examples - amoeba diatom euglena paramecium some algae (unicellular) etc
Five - kingdom classification system
3 KINGDOM FUNGI
Multicellular
have nuclei
mainly do not move from place to place
heterotrophic (food is digested outside of fungus)
examples - mushroom mold puffball shelfbracket fungus yeast
Five - kingdom classification system
4 KINGDOM PLANTAE (plants)
multicellular
have nuclei
do not move
autotrophic
examples - multicellular algae mosses ferns flowering plants (dandelions roses etc) trees etc
Five - kingdom classification system
5 KINGDOM ANIMALIA (animals)
multicellular
have nuclei
do move
heterotrophic
examples - sponge jellyfish insect fish frog bird man
Five - kingdom classification system
Classification Hierarchy
Systemized classification of organisms
1048708 Kingdom (General)
1048708 Phylum
1048708 Class
1048708 Order
1048708 Family
1048708 Genus
1048708 Species (Specific)
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
plantplant AnimalAnimalss
ProtozoaProtozoa
FungiFungi
MicroalgaeMicroalgae
BacteriaBacteria ActinomycetesActinomycetes
MicroorganismsMicroorganisms
EuglenaEuglena
EukaryotesEukaryotes
ProkaryotesProkaryotesRikkitssiaRikkitssia
VirusesViruses
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic cell structureProkaryotic cell structure Eukaryotic cell structureEukaryotic cell structure Differences between Prokaryotic amp Differences between Prokaryotic amp
Eukaryotic cellsEukaryotic cells
- Cell is defined as the fundamental living unit of any organism
- Cell is important to produce energy for metabolism (all chemical reactions within a cell)
- Cell can mutate (change genetically) as a result of accidental changes in its genetic material (DNA)
- Some microorganisms are prokaryotic some are eukaryotic amp some are not cells at all (Viruses)
- Viruses are composed of only a few genes protected by a protein coat amp may contain few enzymes
- Cytology the study of the structure and functions of cells
Eukaryotic cellEukaryotic cell Prokaryotic cellProkaryotic cell
GramGram+ +
GramGram- -
Cell wallCell wall
Cell (inner) membraneCell (inner) membrane Outer membraneOuter membrane
RibosomesRibosomes
Rough endoplasmicRough endoplasmic
reticulumreticulum
MitochondriaMitochondria
GranuleGranule
))eg animaleg animal((
Cell wallCell wall
NucleoidNucleoid
NucleusNucleus
Cell membraneCell membrane
CapsuleCapsule
CytoplasmCytoplasm
FlagellumFlagellum
PiliPili
bull Composition of the Microbial World
-Procaryotes relative simple morphology and
-lack true membrane delimited nucleus
- Eucaryotes morphologically complex with a true membrane enclosed nucleus
Distinguishing Features of Prokaryotic Cells
1 DNA is= Not enclosed within a nuclear membrane
= A single circular chromosome
2 Lack membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi etc
3 Cell walls usually contain peptidoglycan a complex polysaccharide
4 Divide by binary fission (absence of sexual reproduction)
Distinguishing Features of Eucaryotic Cells
1 DNA is-Enclosed within a nuclear membrane
-Several linear chromosomes
2 Have membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi endoplasmic reticulum etc
3 Divide by mitosis
Important Differences Between Eucaryotic and Procaryotic Cells
Procaryotes Eucaryotes
Cell size 02-2 um in diameter 10-100 um in diameterNucleus Absent PresentMembranousOrganelles Absent Present
Cell Wall Chemically complex When present simpleRibosomesSmaller (70S) Larger (80S) in cell
70S in organellesDNA Single circular Multiple linear
chromosome chromosomes (histones)Cell Division Binary fission MitosisCytoskeleton Absent Present
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Characteristics of Life
Growth and development Reproduction and heredity Metabolism (synthesis degradation) Movement moving responses Cell support protection storage Transport of materials into and out of cell
Living things are made of cells
Living things obtain and use energy
Living things grow and develop
Living things reproduce
Living things respond to their environment
Living things adapt to their environment
Main characteristics of living things (organisms)
Small dimensions
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Morphologically differ
Metabolic flexible
Widely distributed
Reproduce by different methods
Main characteristics of microorganisms
bull Isolation of Microorganisms
- During Kochrsquos studies it became necessary to isolate suspected bacterial pathogens
- He cultured bacteria on the sterile surfaces of cut boiled potatoes Not satisfactory
- Regular liquid medium solidified by adding gelatin gelatin melted Tgt28degC
- Fannie Eilshemius suggested use of agar 100degC to melt 50 degC to solidify
- Richard Petri developed petri dish a container for solid culture media
bull Louis Pasteur (1822 ndash 1895)
- Developed vaccines for Chickenpox anthrax rabies - Demonstrated that all fermentations were due to the activities of specific yeasts and bacteria
- Discovered that fermentative microorganisms were anaerobic and could live only in absence of oxygen
- Developed Pasteurization to preserve wine during storage Important Foods
bull Other Developmentshellip
- Winogradsky made many contributions to soil microbiology discovered that soil bacteria could oxidize Fe S and ammonia to obtain energy
- Isolated Anaerobic nitrogen-fixing bacteria studied the decomposition of cellulose
- Together with Beijerink developed the enrichment-culture technique and the use of selective media
- Early 40rsquos Microbiology established closer relationship with Genetics and Biochemistry microorganisms are extremely useful experimental subjects
- eg Study of relationship between genes and enzymes evidence that DNA is the genetic material
- Recently Microbiology been a major contributor to the rise of Molecular Biology
- Studies on Genetic code mechanisms of DNA RNA and Protein synthesis regulation of gene expression control of enzyme activity
- Development of Recombinant DNA Technology and Genetic Engineering
bull Microbiology
- In the broadest sense microbiology is the study of all organisms that are invisible to the naked eye-that is the study of microorganisms
- Its subjects are viruses bacteria many algae and fungi and protozoa
- The importance of microbiology and microorganisms can not be overemphasized
- Microorganisms are necessary for the production of bread cheese beer antibiotics vaccines vitamins enzymes etc
- Modern biotechnology rests upon a microbiological foundation
bull Scope of Microbiology
- Many microbiologists are primarily interested in the biology of microorganisms while others focus on specific groups
- Microbiology has an impact on medicine agriculture food science ecology genetics biochemistry immunology and many other fields
- Virologists - viruses
- Bacteriologists - bacteria
- Phycologists ndash algae
- Mycologist -fungi
- Protozoologists ndash protozoa
- Medical Microbiology deals with diseases of humans and animals identify and plan measures to eliminate agents causing infectious diseases
- Immunology study of the immune system that protects the body from pathogens
- Agricultural Microbiology impact of microorganisms on agriculture combat plant diseases that attack important food crops
- Food and Dairy Microbiology prevent microbial spoilage of food amp transmission of food-borne diseases (eg salmonellosis) use microorganisms to make food such as cheeses yogurts pickles beer etc
- Industrial Microbiology using microorganisms to make products such as antibiotics vaccines steroids alcohols amp other solvents vitamins amino acids enzymes etc
- Genetic Engineering Engineered microorganisms used to make hormones antibiotics vaccines and other products
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Plant Names amp Classification
Some learning Goals
1- Know what the Binomial System of Nomenclature is how it developed and how it is currently used
2- Learn several reasons for recognizing more than two kingdoms of living organisms
3- Understand the bases for Whittakerrsquos five-kingdoms system Outlinehelliphelliphellip
Systematics
Classification of Living Things
SYSTEMATICS
Gk systema ndash system + atikos ndash about
Webster the science or method of classifying especially taxonomy
Raven Scientific study of the kinds of organisms and the relationships between them
Judd The science of organismal diversity frequently used in a sense roughly equivalent to taxonomy
History of ClassificationEarly classification systems probably grouped organisms as to whether they were beneficial or harmful Another ancient classification system recognized 5 animal groups - domestic animals wild animals creeping animals flying animals and sea animals
ARISTOTLE - 4th century BC (384 to322 BC)Greek philosopher divided organisms into 2 groups - plants and animalsdivided animals into blood and bloodlessalso divided animals into 3 groups according to how they moved - walking flying or swimming (land air or water)his system was used into the 1600s
18th century bullSwedish scientist bullclassified plants and animals according to similarities in form bulldivided living things into one of two kingdoms -
bullplant and animal kingdoms bulldivided each of the kingdoms into smaller groups called genera (plural of genus) bulldivided each genera into smaller groups called species
CAROLUS LINNAEUS
bulldesigned a system of naming organisms called binomial (two names) nomenclature (system of naming) which gave each organism 2 names - genus (plural = genera) and species (plural = species) names The genus and species names would be similar to your first and last names Genus is always capitalized while species is never capitalized To be written correctly the scientific name must be either underlined or written in italics
CAROLUS LINNAEUS
Plant Classification Binomial System of
Nomenclature Linnaeus - founder of
plant taxonomyldquo Credited with binomial
system and classification hierarchy Example
Chlorella vulgaris Genus-- always italicized or
underlined eg Chlorella or Chlorella
Species-- always italicized or underlined eg vulgaris or vulgaris
C LinnaeusC Linnaeus1707-17781707-1778
In Aristotles time the living things were classified as either plants or animals
This 2 kingdom classification system was also used by Linnaeus and other scientists through the middle of the twentieth century
Today a 5-kingdom classification system is generally accepted
It was proposed by R H Whittaker in 1969
However this may not be the end of the story Some scientists have proposed that organisms be divided into even more (maybe as many as 8) kingdoms
Viruses are not included in any of the present 5 kingdoms - mainly due to their many nonliving characteristics (for example viruses are not cells)
History of Classification
(Classification is a constantly changing dynamic science)
5-kingdom classification system
Two kingdoms
Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia
The basis of differentiation
Three kingdoms(Haeckel)
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
Four kingdoms(Copeland)
Kingdom Monera
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
Five kingdoms
1- Monera simplest organisms single-celled Cyanobacteria (blue green algae) heterotrophic
bacteria archaea
2- Protista (Protoctista) single and multicelled with nucleus Algae protozoa (amoebas)
3- Fungi Mold lichen
4- Plantae multicelled photosynthetic plants
5- Animalia multicelled animals
1 KINGDOM MONERA
1 cell
no true nucleus - prokaryote (genetic material scattered and not enclosed by a membrane)
some move (flagellum) others dont
some make their own food (autotrophic) others cant make their own food (heterotrophic)
examples - bacteria blue-green bacteria (cyanobacteria)
Five - kingdom classification system
2 KINGDOM PROTISTA
1 cell
have a true nucleus - eukaryote
some move (cilia flagella pseudopodia) others dont
some are autotrophic others are heterotrophic
examples - amoeba diatom euglena paramecium some algae (unicellular) etc
Five - kingdom classification system
3 KINGDOM FUNGI
Multicellular
have nuclei
mainly do not move from place to place
heterotrophic (food is digested outside of fungus)
examples - mushroom mold puffball shelfbracket fungus yeast
Five - kingdom classification system
4 KINGDOM PLANTAE (plants)
multicellular
have nuclei
do not move
autotrophic
examples - multicellular algae mosses ferns flowering plants (dandelions roses etc) trees etc
Five - kingdom classification system
5 KINGDOM ANIMALIA (animals)
multicellular
have nuclei
do move
heterotrophic
examples - sponge jellyfish insect fish frog bird man
Five - kingdom classification system
Classification Hierarchy
Systemized classification of organisms
1048708 Kingdom (General)
1048708 Phylum
1048708 Class
1048708 Order
1048708 Family
1048708 Genus
1048708 Species (Specific)
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
plantplant AnimalAnimalss
ProtozoaProtozoa
FungiFungi
MicroalgaeMicroalgae
BacteriaBacteria ActinomycetesActinomycetes
MicroorganismsMicroorganisms
EuglenaEuglena
EukaryotesEukaryotes
ProkaryotesProkaryotesRikkitssiaRikkitssia
VirusesViruses
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic cell structureProkaryotic cell structure Eukaryotic cell structureEukaryotic cell structure Differences between Prokaryotic amp Differences between Prokaryotic amp
Eukaryotic cellsEukaryotic cells
- Cell is defined as the fundamental living unit of any organism
- Cell is important to produce energy for metabolism (all chemical reactions within a cell)
- Cell can mutate (change genetically) as a result of accidental changes in its genetic material (DNA)
- Some microorganisms are prokaryotic some are eukaryotic amp some are not cells at all (Viruses)
- Viruses are composed of only a few genes protected by a protein coat amp may contain few enzymes
- Cytology the study of the structure and functions of cells
Eukaryotic cellEukaryotic cell Prokaryotic cellProkaryotic cell
GramGram+ +
GramGram- -
Cell wallCell wall
Cell (inner) membraneCell (inner) membrane Outer membraneOuter membrane
RibosomesRibosomes
Rough endoplasmicRough endoplasmic
reticulumreticulum
MitochondriaMitochondria
GranuleGranule
))eg animaleg animal((
Cell wallCell wall
NucleoidNucleoid
NucleusNucleus
Cell membraneCell membrane
CapsuleCapsule
CytoplasmCytoplasm
FlagellumFlagellum
PiliPili
bull Composition of the Microbial World
-Procaryotes relative simple morphology and
-lack true membrane delimited nucleus
- Eucaryotes morphologically complex with a true membrane enclosed nucleus
Distinguishing Features of Prokaryotic Cells
1 DNA is= Not enclosed within a nuclear membrane
= A single circular chromosome
2 Lack membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi etc
3 Cell walls usually contain peptidoglycan a complex polysaccharide
4 Divide by binary fission (absence of sexual reproduction)
Distinguishing Features of Eucaryotic Cells
1 DNA is-Enclosed within a nuclear membrane
-Several linear chromosomes
2 Have membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi endoplasmic reticulum etc
3 Divide by mitosis
Important Differences Between Eucaryotic and Procaryotic Cells
Procaryotes Eucaryotes
Cell size 02-2 um in diameter 10-100 um in diameterNucleus Absent PresentMembranousOrganelles Absent Present
Cell Wall Chemically complex When present simpleRibosomesSmaller (70S) Larger (80S) in cell
70S in organellesDNA Single circular Multiple linear
chromosome chromosomes (histones)Cell Division Binary fission MitosisCytoskeleton Absent Present
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Characteristics of Life
Growth and development Reproduction and heredity Metabolism (synthesis degradation) Movement moving responses Cell support protection storage Transport of materials into and out of cell
Living things are made of cells
Living things obtain and use energy
Living things grow and develop
Living things reproduce
Living things respond to their environment
Living things adapt to their environment
Main characteristics of living things (organisms)
Small dimensions
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Morphologically differ
Metabolic flexible
Widely distributed
Reproduce by different methods
Main characteristics of microorganisms
bull Other Developmentshellip
- Winogradsky made many contributions to soil microbiology discovered that soil bacteria could oxidize Fe S and ammonia to obtain energy
- Isolated Anaerobic nitrogen-fixing bacteria studied the decomposition of cellulose
- Together with Beijerink developed the enrichment-culture technique and the use of selective media
- Early 40rsquos Microbiology established closer relationship with Genetics and Biochemistry microorganisms are extremely useful experimental subjects
- eg Study of relationship between genes and enzymes evidence that DNA is the genetic material
- Recently Microbiology been a major contributor to the rise of Molecular Biology
- Studies on Genetic code mechanisms of DNA RNA and Protein synthesis regulation of gene expression control of enzyme activity
- Development of Recombinant DNA Technology and Genetic Engineering
bull Microbiology
- In the broadest sense microbiology is the study of all organisms that are invisible to the naked eye-that is the study of microorganisms
- Its subjects are viruses bacteria many algae and fungi and protozoa
- The importance of microbiology and microorganisms can not be overemphasized
- Microorganisms are necessary for the production of bread cheese beer antibiotics vaccines vitamins enzymes etc
- Modern biotechnology rests upon a microbiological foundation
bull Scope of Microbiology
- Many microbiologists are primarily interested in the biology of microorganisms while others focus on specific groups
- Microbiology has an impact on medicine agriculture food science ecology genetics biochemistry immunology and many other fields
- Virologists - viruses
- Bacteriologists - bacteria
- Phycologists ndash algae
- Mycologist -fungi
- Protozoologists ndash protozoa
- Medical Microbiology deals with diseases of humans and animals identify and plan measures to eliminate agents causing infectious diseases
- Immunology study of the immune system that protects the body from pathogens
- Agricultural Microbiology impact of microorganisms on agriculture combat plant diseases that attack important food crops
- Food and Dairy Microbiology prevent microbial spoilage of food amp transmission of food-borne diseases (eg salmonellosis) use microorganisms to make food such as cheeses yogurts pickles beer etc
- Industrial Microbiology using microorganisms to make products such as antibiotics vaccines steroids alcohols amp other solvents vitamins amino acids enzymes etc
- Genetic Engineering Engineered microorganisms used to make hormones antibiotics vaccines and other products
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Plant Names amp Classification
Some learning Goals
1- Know what the Binomial System of Nomenclature is how it developed and how it is currently used
2- Learn several reasons for recognizing more than two kingdoms of living organisms
3- Understand the bases for Whittakerrsquos five-kingdoms system Outlinehelliphelliphellip
Systematics
Classification of Living Things
SYSTEMATICS
Gk systema ndash system + atikos ndash about
Webster the science or method of classifying especially taxonomy
Raven Scientific study of the kinds of organisms and the relationships between them
Judd The science of organismal diversity frequently used in a sense roughly equivalent to taxonomy
History of ClassificationEarly classification systems probably grouped organisms as to whether they were beneficial or harmful Another ancient classification system recognized 5 animal groups - domestic animals wild animals creeping animals flying animals and sea animals
ARISTOTLE - 4th century BC (384 to322 BC)Greek philosopher divided organisms into 2 groups - plants and animalsdivided animals into blood and bloodlessalso divided animals into 3 groups according to how they moved - walking flying or swimming (land air or water)his system was used into the 1600s
18th century bullSwedish scientist bullclassified plants and animals according to similarities in form bulldivided living things into one of two kingdoms -
bullplant and animal kingdoms bulldivided each of the kingdoms into smaller groups called genera (plural of genus) bulldivided each genera into smaller groups called species
CAROLUS LINNAEUS
bulldesigned a system of naming organisms called binomial (two names) nomenclature (system of naming) which gave each organism 2 names - genus (plural = genera) and species (plural = species) names The genus and species names would be similar to your first and last names Genus is always capitalized while species is never capitalized To be written correctly the scientific name must be either underlined or written in italics
CAROLUS LINNAEUS
Plant Classification Binomial System of
Nomenclature Linnaeus - founder of
plant taxonomyldquo Credited with binomial
system and classification hierarchy Example
Chlorella vulgaris Genus-- always italicized or
underlined eg Chlorella or Chlorella
Species-- always italicized or underlined eg vulgaris or vulgaris
C LinnaeusC Linnaeus1707-17781707-1778
In Aristotles time the living things were classified as either plants or animals
This 2 kingdom classification system was also used by Linnaeus and other scientists through the middle of the twentieth century
Today a 5-kingdom classification system is generally accepted
It was proposed by R H Whittaker in 1969
However this may not be the end of the story Some scientists have proposed that organisms be divided into even more (maybe as many as 8) kingdoms
Viruses are not included in any of the present 5 kingdoms - mainly due to their many nonliving characteristics (for example viruses are not cells)
History of Classification
(Classification is a constantly changing dynamic science)
5-kingdom classification system
Two kingdoms
Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia
The basis of differentiation
Three kingdoms(Haeckel)
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
Four kingdoms(Copeland)
Kingdom Monera
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
Five kingdoms
1- Monera simplest organisms single-celled Cyanobacteria (blue green algae) heterotrophic
bacteria archaea
2- Protista (Protoctista) single and multicelled with nucleus Algae protozoa (amoebas)
3- Fungi Mold lichen
4- Plantae multicelled photosynthetic plants
5- Animalia multicelled animals
1 KINGDOM MONERA
1 cell
no true nucleus - prokaryote (genetic material scattered and not enclosed by a membrane)
some move (flagellum) others dont
some make their own food (autotrophic) others cant make their own food (heterotrophic)
examples - bacteria blue-green bacteria (cyanobacteria)
Five - kingdom classification system
2 KINGDOM PROTISTA
1 cell
have a true nucleus - eukaryote
some move (cilia flagella pseudopodia) others dont
some are autotrophic others are heterotrophic
examples - amoeba diatom euglena paramecium some algae (unicellular) etc
Five - kingdom classification system
3 KINGDOM FUNGI
Multicellular
have nuclei
mainly do not move from place to place
heterotrophic (food is digested outside of fungus)
examples - mushroom mold puffball shelfbracket fungus yeast
Five - kingdom classification system
4 KINGDOM PLANTAE (plants)
multicellular
have nuclei
do not move
autotrophic
examples - multicellular algae mosses ferns flowering plants (dandelions roses etc) trees etc
Five - kingdom classification system
5 KINGDOM ANIMALIA (animals)
multicellular
have nuclei
do move
heterotrophic
examples - sponge jellyfish insect fish frog bird man
Five - kingdom classification system
Classification Hierarchy
Systemized classification of organisms
1048708 Kingdom (General)
1048708 Phylum
1048708 Class
1048708 Order
1048708 Family
1048708 Genus
1048708 Species (Specific)
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
plantplant AnimalAnimalss
ProtozoaProtozoa
FungiFungi
MicroalgaeMicroalgae
BacteriaBacteria ActinomycetesActinomycetes
MicroorganismsMicroorganisms
EuglenaEuglena
EukaryotesEukaryotes
ProkaryotesProkaryotesRikkitssiaRikkitssia
VirusesViruses
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic cell structureProkaryotic cell structure Eukaryotic cell structureEukaryotic cell structure Differences between Prokaryotic amp Differences between Prokaryotic amp
Eukaryotic cellsEukaryotic cells
- Cell is defined as the fundamental living unit of any organism
- Cell is important to produce energy for metabolism (all chemical reactions within a cell)
- Cell can mutate (change genetically) as a result of accidental changes in its genetic material (DNA)
- Some microorganisms are prokaryotic some are eukaryotic amp some are not cells at all (Viruses)
- Viruses are composed of only a few genes protected by a protein coat amp may contain few enzymes
- Cytology the study of the structure and functions of cells
Eukaryotic cellEukaryotic cell Prokaryotic cellProkaryotic cell
GramGram+ +
GramGram- -
Cell wallCell wall
Cell (inner) membraneCell (inner) membrane Outer membraneOuter membrane
RibosomesRibosomes
Rough endoplasmicRough endoplasmic
reticulumreticulum
MitochondriaMitochondria
GranuleGranule
))eg animaleg animal((
Cell wallCell wall
NucleoidNucleoid
NucleusNucleus
Cell membraneCell membrane
CapsuleCapsule
CytoplasmCytoplasm
FlagellumFlagellum
PiliPili
bull Composition of the Microbial World
-Procaryotes relative simple morphology and
-lack true membrane delimited nucleus
- Eucaryotes morphologically complex with a true membrane enclosed nucleus
Distinguishing Features of Prokaryotic Cells
1 DNA is= Not enclosed within a nuclear membrane
= A single circular chromosome
2 Lack membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi etc
3 Cell walls usually contain peptidoglycan a complex polysaccharide
4 Divide by binary fission (absence of sexual reproduction)
Distinguishing Features of Eucaryotic Cells
1 DNA is-Enclosed within a nuclear membrane
-Several linear chromosomes
2 Have membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi endoplasmic reticulum etc
3 Divide by mitosis
Important Differences Between Eucaryotic and Procaryotic Cells
Procaryotes Eucaryotes
Cell size 02-2 um in diameter 10-100 um in diameterNucleus Absent PresentMembranousOrganelles Absent Present
Cell Wall Chemically complex When present simpleRibosomesSmaller (70S) Larger (80S) in cell
70S in organellesDNA Single circular Multiple linear
chromosome chromosomes (histones)Cell Division Binary fission MitosisCytoskeleton Absent Present
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Characteristics of Life
Growth and development Reproduction and heredity Metabolism (synthesis degradation) Movement moving responses Cell support protection storage Transport of materials into and out of cell
Living things are made of cells
Living things obtain and use energy
Living things grow and develop
Living things reproduce
Living things respond to their environment
Living things adapt to their environment
Main characteristics of living things (organisms)
Small dimensions
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Morphologically differ
Metabolic flexible
Widely distributed
Reproduce by different methods
Main characteristics of microorganisms
bull Microbiology
- In the broadest sense microbiology is the study of all organisms that are invisible to the naked eye-that is the study of microorganisms
- Its subjects are viruses bacteria many algae and fungi and protozoa
- The importance of microbiology and microorganisms can not be overemphasized
- Microorganisms are necessary for the production of bread cheese beer antibiotics vaccines vitamins enzymes etc
- Modern biotechnology rests upon a microbiological foundation
bull Scope of Microbiology
- Many microbiologists are primarily interested in the biology of microorganisms while others focus on specific groups
- Microbiology has an impact on medicine agriculture food science ecology genetics biochemistry immunology and many other fields
- Virologists - viruses
- Bacteriologists - bacteria
- Phycologists ndash algae
- Mycologist -fungi
- Protozoologists ndash protozoa
- Medical Microbiology deals with diseases of humans and animals identify and plan measures to eliminate agents causing infectious diseases
- Immunology study of the immune system that protects the body from pathogens
- Agricultural Microbiology impact of microorganisms on agriculture combat plant diseases that attack important food crops
- Food and Dairy Microbiology prevent microbial spoilage of food amp transmission of food-borne diseases (eg salmonellosis) use microorganisms to make food such as cheeses yogurts pickles beer etc
- Industrial Microbiology using microorganisms to make products such as antibiotics vaccines steroids alcohols amp other solvents vitamins amino acids enzymes etc
- Genetic Engineering Engineered microorganisms used to make hormones antibiotics vaccines and other products
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Plant Names amp Classification
Some learning Goals
1- Know what the Binomial System of Nomenclature is how it developed and how it is currently used
2- Learn several reasons for recognizing more than two kingdoms of living organisms
3- Understand the bases for Whittakerrsquos five-kingdoms system Outlinehelliphelliphellip
Systematics
Classification of Living Things
SYSTEMATICS
Gk systema ndash system + atikos ndash about
Webster the science or method of classifying especially taxonomy
Raven Scientific study of the kinds of organisms and the relationships between them
Judd The science of organismal diversity frequently used in a sense roughly equivalent to taxonomy
History of ClassificationEarly classification systems probably grouped organisms as to whether they were beneficial or harmful Another ancient classification system recognized 5 animal groups - domestic animals wild animals creeping animals flying animals and sea animals
ARISTOTLE - 4th century BC (384 to322 BC)Greek philosopher divided organisms into 2 groups - plants and animalsdivided animals into blood and bloodlessalso divided animals into 3 groups according to how they moved - walking flying or swimming (land air or water)his system was used into the 1600s
18th century bullSwedish scientist bullclassified plants and animals according to similarities in form bulldivided living things into one of two kingdoms -
bullplant and animal kingdoms bulldivided each of the kingdoms into smaller groups called genera (plural of genus) bulldivided each genera into smaller groups called species
CAROLUS LINNAEUS
bulldesigned a system of naming organisms called binomial (two names) nomenclature (system of naming) which gave each organism 2 names - genus (plural = genera) and species (plural = species) names The genus and species names would be similar to your first and last names Genus is always capitalized while species is never capitalized To be written correctly the scientific name must be either underlined or written in italics
CAROLUS LINNAEUS
Plant Classification Binomial System of
Nomenclature Linnaeus - founder of
plant taxonomyldquo Credited with binomial
system and classification hierarchy Example
Chlorella vulgaris Genus-- always italicized or
underlined eg Chlorella or Chlorella
Species-- always italicized or underlined eg vulgaris or vulgaris
C LinnaeusC Linnaeus1707-17781707-1778
In Aristotles time the living things were classified as either plants or animals
This 2 kingdom classification system was also used by Linnaeus and other scientists through the middle of the twentieth century
Today a 5-kingdom classification system is generally accepted
It was proposed by R H Whittaker in 1969
However this may not be the end of the story Some scientists have proposed that organisms be divided into even more (maybe as many as 8) kingdoms
Viruses are not included in any of the present 5 kingdoms - mainly due to their many nonliving characteristics (for example viruses are not cells)
History of Classification
(Classification is a constantly changing dynamic science)
5-kingdom classification system
Two kingdoms
Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia
The basis of differentiation
Three kingdoms(Haeckel)
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
Four kingdoms(Copeland)
Kingdom Monera
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
Five kingdoms
1- Monera simplest organisms single-celled Cyanobacteria (blue green algae) heterotrophic
bacteria archaea
2- Protista (Protoctista) single and multicelled with nucleus Algae protozoa (amoebas)
3- Fungi Mold lichen
4- Plantae multicelled photosynthetic plants
5- Animalia multicelled animals
1 KINGDOM MONERA
1 cell
no true nucleus - prokaryote (genetic material scattered and not enclosed by a membrane)
some move (flagellum) others dont
some make their own food (autotrophic) others cant make their own food (heterotrophic)
examples - bacteria blue-green bacteria (cyanobacteria)
Five - kingdom classification system
2 KINGDOM PROTISTA
1 cell
have a true nucleus - eukaryote
some move (cilia flagella pseudopodia) others dont
some are autotrophic others are heterotrophic
examples - amoeba diatom euglena paramecium some algae (unicellular) etc
Five - kingdom classification system
3 KINGDOM FUNGI
Multicellular
have nuclei
mainly do not move from place to place
heterotrophic (food is digested outside of fungus)
examples - mushroom mold puffball shelfbracket fungus yeast
Five - kingdom classification system
4 KINGDOM PLANTAE (plants)
multicellular
have nuclei
do not move
autotrophic
examples - multicellular algae mosses ferns flowering plants (dandelions roses etc) trees etc
Five - kingdom classification system
5 KINGDOM ANIMALIA (animals)
multicellular
have nuclei
do move
heterotrophic
examples - sponge jellyfish insect fish frog bird man
Five - kingdom classification system
Classification Hierarchy
Systemized classification of organisms
1048708 Kingdom (General)
1048708 Phylum
1048708 Class
1048708 Order
1048708 Family
1048708 Genus
1048708 Species (Specific)
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
plantplant AnimalAnimalss
ProtozoaProtozoa
FungiFungi
MicroalgaeMicroalgae
BacteriaBacteria ActinomycetesActinomycetes
MicroorganismsMicroorganisms
EuglenaEuglena
EukaryotesEukaryotes
ProkaryotesProkaryotesRikkitssiaRikkitssia
VirusesViruses
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic cell structureProkaryotic cell structure Eukaryotic cell structureEukaryotic cell structure Differences between Prokaryotic amp Differences between Prokaryotic amp
Eukaryotic cellsEukaryotic cells
- Cell is defined as the fundamental living unit of any organism
- Cell is important to produce energy for metabolism (all chemical reactions within a cell)
- Cell can mutate (change genetically) as a result of accidental changes in its genetic material (DNA)
- Some microorganisms are prokaryotic some are eukaryotic amp some are not cells at all (Viruses)
- Viruses are composed of only a few genes protected by a protein coat amp may contain few enzymes
- Cytology the study of the structure and functions of cells
Eukaryotic cellEukaryotic cell Prokaryotic cellProkaryotic cell
GramGram+ +
GramGram- -
Cell wallCell wall
Cell (inner) membraneCell (inner) membrane Outer membraneOuter membrane
RibosomesRibosomes
Rough endoplasmicRough endoplasmic
reticulumreticulum
MitochondriaMitochondria
GranuleGranule
))eg animaleg animal((
Cell wallCell wall
NucleoidNucleoid
NucleusNucleus
Cell membraneCell membrane
CapsuleCapsule
CytoplasmCytoplasm
FlagellumFlagellum
PiliPili
bull Composition of the Microbial World
-Procaryotes relative simple morphology and
-lack true membrane delimited nucleus
- Eucaryotes morphologically complex with a true membrane enclosed nucleus
Distinguishing Features of Prokaryotic Cells
1 DNA is= Not enclosed within a nuclear membrane
= A single circular chromosome
2 Lack membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi etc
3 Cell walls usually contain peptidoglycan a complex polysaccharide
4 Divide by binary fission (absence of sexual reproduction)
Distinguishing Features of Eucaryotic Cells
1 DNA is-Enclosed within a nuclear membrane
-Several linear chromosomes
2 Have membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi endoplasmic reticulum etc
3 Divide by mitosis
Important Differences Between Eucaryotic and Procaryotic Cells
Procaryotes Eucaryotes
Cell size 02-2 um in diameter 10-100 um in diameterNucleus Absent PresentMembranousOrganelles Absent Present
Cell Wall Chemically complex When present simpleRibosomesSmaller (70S) Larger (80S) in cell
70S in organellesDNA Single circular Multiple linear
chromosome chromosomes (histones)Cell Division Binary fission MitosisCytoskeleton Absent Present
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Characteristics of Life
Growth and development Reproduction and heredity Metabolism (synthesis degradation) Movement moving responses Cell support protection storage Transport of materials into and out of cell
Living things are made of cells
Living things obtain and use energy
Living things grow and develop
Living things reproduce
Living things respond to their environment
Living things adapt to their environment
Main characteristics of living things (organisms)
Small dimensions
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Morphologically differ
Metabolic flexible
Widely distributed
Reproduce by different methods
Main characteristics of microorganisms
bull Scope of Microbiology
- Many microbiologists are primarily interested in the biology of microorganisms while others focus on specific groups
- Microbiology has an impact on medicine agriculture food science ecology genetics biochemistry immunology and many other fields
- Virologists - viruses
- Bacteriologists - bacteria
- Phycologists ndash algae
- Mycologist -fungi
- Protozoologists ndash protozoa
- Medical Microbiology deals with diseases of humans and animals identify and plan measures to eliminate agents causing infectious diseases
- Immunology study of the immune system that protects the body from pathogens
- Agricultural Microbiology impact of microorganisms on agriculture combat plant diseases that attack important food crops
- Food and Dairy Microbiology prevent microbial spoilage of food amp transmission of food-borne diseases (eg salmonellosis) use microorganisms to make food such as cheeses yogurts pickles beer etc
- Industrial Microbiology using microorganisms to make products such as antibiotics vaccines steroids alcohols amp other solvents vitamins amino acids enzymes etc
- Genetic Engineering Engineered microorganisms used to make hormones antibiotics vaccines and other products
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Plant Names amp Classification
Some learning Goals
1- Know what the Binomial System of Nomenclature is how it developed and how it is currently used
2- Learn several reasons for recognizing more than two kingdoms of living organisms
3- Understand the bases for Whittakerrsquos five-kingdoms system Outlinehelliphelliphellip
Systematics
Classification of Living Things
SYSTEMATICS
Gk systema ndash system + atikos ndash about
Webster the science or method of classifying especially taxonomy
Raven Scientific study of the kinds of organisms and the relationships between them
Judd The science of organismal diversity frequently used in a sense roughly equivalent to taxonomy
History of ClassificationEarly classification systems probably grouped organisms as to whether they were beneficial or harmful Another ancient classification system recognized 5 animal groups - domestic animals wild animals creeping animals flying animals and sea animals
ARISTOTLE - 4th century BC (384 to322 BC)Greek philosopher divided organisms into 2 groups - plants and animalsdivided animals into blood and bloodlessalso divided animals into 3 groups according to how they moved - walking flying or swimming (land air or water)his system was used into the 1600s
18th century bullSwedish scientist bullclassified plants and animals according to similarities in form bulldivided living things into one of two kingdoms -
bullplant and animal kingdoms bulldivided each of the kingdoms into smaller groups called genera (plural of genus) bulldivided each genera into smaller groups called species
CAROLUS LINNAEUS
bulldesigned a system of naming organisms called binomial (two names) nomenclature (system of naming) which gave each organism 2 names - genus (plural = genera) and species (plural = species) names The genus and species names would be similar to your first and last names Genus is always capitalized while species is never capitalized To be written correctly the scientific name must be either underlined or written in italics
CAROLUS LINNAEUS
Plant Classification Binomial System of
Nomenclature Linnaeus - founder of
plant taxonomyldquo Credited with binomial
system and classification hierarchy Example
Chlorella vulgaris Genus-- always italicized or
underlined eg Chlorella or Chlorella
Species-- always italicized or underlined eg vulgaris or vulgaris
C LinnaeusC Linnaeus1707-17781707-1778
In Aristotles time the living things were classified as either plants or animals
This 2 kingdom classification system was also used by Linnaeus and other scientists through the middle of the twentieth century
Today a 5-kingdom classification system is generally accepted
It was proposed by R H Whittaker in 1969
However this may not be the end of the story Some scientists have proposed that organisms be divided into even more (maybe as many as 8) kingdoms
Viruses are not included in any of the present 5 kingdoms - mainly due to their many nonliving characteristics (for example viruses are not cells)
History of Classification
(Classification is a constantly changing dynamic science)
5-kingdom classification system
Two kingdoms
Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia
The basis of differentiation
Three kingdoms(Haeckel)
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
Four kingdoms(Copeland)
Kingdom Monera
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
Five kingdoms
1- Monera simplest organisms single-celled Cyanobacteria (blue green algae) heterotrophic
bacteria archaea
2- Protista (Protoctista) single and multicelled with nucleus Algae protozoa (amoebas)
3- Fungi Mold lichen
4- Plantae multicelled photosynthetic plants
5- Animalia multicelled animals
1 KINGDOM MONERA
1 cell
no true nucleus - prokaryote (genetic material scattered and not enclosed by a membrane)
some move (flagellum) others dont
some make their own food (autotrophic) others cant make their own food (heterotrophic)
examples - bacteria blue-green bacteria (cyanobacteria)
Five - kingdom classification system
2 KINGDOM PROTISTA
1 cell
have a true nucleus - eukaryote
some move (cilia flagella pseudopodia) others dont
some are autotrophic others are heterotrophic
examples - amoeba diatom euglena paramecium some algae (unicellular) etc
Five - kingdom classification system
3 KINGDOM FUNGI
Multicellular
have nuclei
mainly do not move from place to place
heterotrophic (food is digested outside of fungus)
examples - mushroom mold puffball shelfbracket fungus yeast
Five - kingdom classification system
4 KINGDOM PLANTAE (plants)
multicellular
have nuclei
do not move
autotrophic
examples - multicellular algae mosses ferns flowering plants (dandelions roses etc) trees etc
Five - kingdom classification system
5 KINGDOM ANIMALIA (animals)
multicellular
have nuclei
do move
heterotrophic
examples - sponge jellyfish insect fish frog bird man
Five - kingdom classification system
Classification Hierarchy
Systemized classification of organisms
1048708 Kingdom (General)
1048708 Phylum
1048708 Class
1048708 Order
1048708 Family
1048708 Genus
1048708 Species (Specific)
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
plantplant AnimalAnimalss
ProtozoaProtozoa
FungiFungi
MicroalgaeMicroalgae
BacteriaBacteria ActinomycetesActinomycetes
MicroorganismsMicroorganisms
EuglenaEuglena
EukaryotesEukaryotes
ProkaryotesProkaryotesRikkitssiaRikkitssia
VirusesViruses
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic cell structureProkaryotic cell structure Eukaryotic cell structureEukaryotic cell structure Differences between Prokaryotic amp Differences between Prokaryotic amp
Eukaryotic cellsEukaryotic cells
- Cell is defined as the fundamental living unit of any organism
- Cell is important to produce energy for metabolism (all chemical reactions within a cell)
- Cell can mutate (change genetically) as a result of accidental changes in its genetic material (DNA)
- Some microorganisms are prokaryotic some are eukaryotic amp some are not cells at all (Viruses)
- Viruses are composed of only a few genes protected by a protein coat amp may contain few enzymes
- Cytology the study of the structure and functions of cells
Eukaryotic cellEukaryotic cell Prokaryotic cellProkaryotic cell
GramGram+ +
GramGram- -
Cell wallCell wall
Cell (inner) membraneCell (inner) membrane Outer membraneOuter membrane
RibosomesRibosomes
Rough endoplasmicRough endoplasmic
reticulumreticulum
MitochondriaMitochondria
GranuleGranule
))eg animaleg animal((
Cell wallCell wall
NucleoidNucleoid
NucleusNucleus
Cell membraneCell membrane
CapsuleCapsule
CytoplasmCytoplasm
FlagellumFlagellum
PiliPili
bull Composition of the Microbial World
-Procaryotes relative simple morphology and
-lack true membrane delimited nucleus
- Eucaryotes morphologically complex with a true membrane enclosed nucleus
Distinguishing Features of Prokaryotic Cells
1 DNA is= Not enclosed within a nuclear membrane
= A single circular chromosome
2 Lack membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi etc
3 Cell walls usually contain peptidoglycan a complex polysaccharide
4 Divide by binary fission (absence of sexual reproduction)
Distinguishing Features of Eucaryotic Cells
1 DNA is-Enclosed within a nuclear membrane
-Several linear chromosomes
2 Have membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi endoplasmic reticulum etc
3 Divide by mitosis
Important Differences Between Eucaryotic and Procaryotic Cells
Procaryotes Eucaryotes
Cell size 02-2 um in diameter 10-100 um in diameterNucleus Absent PresentMembranousOrganelles Absent Present
Cell Wall Chemically complex When present simpleRibosomesSmaller (70S) Larger (80S) in cell
70S in organellesDNA Single circular Multiple linear
chromosome chromosomes (histones)Cell Division Binary fission MitosisCytoskeleton Absent Present
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Characteristics of Life
Growth and development Reproduction and heredity Metabolism (synthesis degradation) Movement moving responses Cell support protection storage Transport of materials into and out of cell
Living things are made of cells
Living things obtain and use energy
Living things grow and develop
Living things reproduce
Living things respond to their environment
Living things adapt to their environment
Main characteristics of living things (organisms)
Small dimensions
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Morphologically differ
Metabolic flexible
Widely distributed
Reproduce by different methods
Main characteristics of microorganisms
- Medical Microbiology deals with diseases of humans and animals identify and plan measures to eliminate agents causing infectious diseases
- Immunology study of the immune system that protects the body from pathogens
- Agricultural Microbiology impact of microorganisms on agriculture combat plant diseases that attack important food crops
- Food and Dairy Microbiology prevent microbial spoilage of food amp transmission of food-borne diseases (eg salmonellosis) use microorganisms to make food such as cheeses yogurts pickles beer etc
- Industrial Microbiology using microorganisms to make products such as antibiotics vaccines steroids alcohols amp other solvents vitamins amino acids enzymes etc
- Genetic Engineering Engineered microorganisms used to make hormones antibiotics vaccines and other products
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Plant Names amp Classification
Some learning Goals
1- Know what the Binomial System of Nomenclature is how it developed and how it is currently used
2- Learn several reasons for recognizing more than two kingdoms of living organisms
3- Understand the bases for Whittakerrsquos five-kingdoms system Outlinehelliphelliphellip
Systematics
Classification of Living Things
SYSTEMATICS
Gk systema ndash system + atikos ndash about
Webster the science or method of classifying especially taxonomy
Raven Scientific study of the kinds of organisms and the relationships between them
Judd The science of organismal diversity frequently used in a sense roughly equivalent to taxonomy
History of ClassificationEarly classification systems probably grouped organisms as to whether they were beneficial or harmful Another ancient classification system recognized 5 animal groups - domestic animals wild animals creeping animals flying animals and sea animals
ARISTOTLE - 4th century BC (384 to322 BC)Greek philosopher divided organisms into 2 groups - plants and animalsdivided animals into blood and bloodlessalso divided animals into 3 groups according to how they moved - walking flying or swimming (land air or water)his system was used into the 1600s
18th century bullSwedish scientist bullclassified plants and animals according to similarities in form bulldivided living things into one of two kingdoms -
bullplant and animal kingdoms bulldivided each of the kingdoms into smaller groups called genera (plural of genus) bulldivided each genera into smaller groups called species
CAROLUS LINNAEUS
bulldesigned a system of naming organisms called binomial (two names) nomenclature (system of naming) which gave each organism 2 names - genus (plural = genera) and species (plural = species) names The genus and species names would be similar to your first and last names Genus is always capitalized while species is never capitalized To be written correctly the scientific name must be either underlined or written in italics
CAROLUS LINNAEUS
Plant Classification Binomial System of
Nomenclature Linnaeus - founder of
plant taxonomyldquo Credited with binomial
system and classification hierarchy Example
Chlorella vulgaris Genus-- always italicized or
underlined eg Chlorella or Chlorella
Species-- always italicized or underlined eg vulgaris or vulgaris
C LinnaeusC Linnaeus1707-17781707-1778
In Aristotles time the living things were classified as either plants or animals
This 2 kingdom classification system was also used by Linnaeus and other scientists through the middle of the twentieth century
Today a 5-kingdom classification system is generally accepted
It was proposed by R H Whittaker in 1969
However this may not be the end of the story Some scientists have proposed that organisms be divided into even more (maybe as many as 8) kingdoms
Viruses are not included in any of the present 5 kingdoms - mainly due to their many nonliving characteristics (for example viruses are not cells)
History of Classification
(Classification is a constantly changing dynamic science)
5-kingdom classification system
Two kingdoms
Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia
The basis of differentiation
Three kingdoms(Haeckel)
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
Four kingdoms(Copeland)
Kingdom Monera
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
Five kingdoms
1- Monera simplest organisms single-celled Cyanobacteria (blue green algae) heterotrophic
bacteria archaea
2- Protista (Protoctista) single and multicelled with nucleus Algae protozoa (amoebas)
3- Fungi Mold lichen
4- Plantae multicelled photosynthetic plants
5- Animalia multicelled animals
1 KINGDOM MONERA
1 cell
no true nucleus - prokaryote (genetic material scattered and not enclosed by a membrane)
some move (flagellum) others dont
some make their own food (autotrophic) others cant make their own food (heterotrophic)
examples - bacteria blue-green bacteria (cyanobacteria)
Five - kingdom classification system
2 KINGDOM PROTISTA
1 cell
have a true nucleus - eukaryote
some move (cilia flagella pseudopodia) others dont
some are autotrophic others are heterotrophic
examples - amoeba diatom euglena paramecium some algae (unicellular) etc
Five - kingdom classification system
3 KINGDOM FUNGI
Multicellular
have nuclei
mainly do not move from place to place
heterotrophic (food is digested outside of fungus)
examples - mushroom mold puffball shelfbracket fungus yeast
Five - kingdom classification system
4 KINGDOM PLANTAE (plants)
multicellular
have nuclei
do not move
autotrophic
examples - multicellular algae mosses ferns flowering plants (dandelions roses etc) trees etc
Five - kingdom classification system
5 KINGDOM ANIMALIA (animals)
multicellular
have nuclei
do move
heterotrophic
examples - sponge jellyfish insect fish frog bird man
Five - kingdom classification system
Classification Hierarchy
Systemized classification of organisms
1048708 Kingdom (General)
1048708 Phylum
1048708 Class
1048708 Order
1048708 Family
1048708 Genus
1048708 Species (Specific)
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
plantplant AnimalAnimalss
ProtozoaProtozoa
FungiFungi
MicroalgaeMicroalgae
BacteriaBacteria ActinomycetesActinomycetes
MicroorganismsMicroorganisms
EuglenaEuglena
EukaryotesEukaryotes
ProkaryotesProkaryotesRikkitssiaRikkitssia
VirusesViruses
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic cell structureProkaryotic cell structure Eukaryotic cell structureEukaryotic cell structure Differences between Prokaryotic amp Differences between Prokaryotic amp
Eukaryotic cellsEukaryotic cells
- Cell is defined as the fundamental living unit of any organism
- Cell is important to produce energy for metabolism (all chemical reactions within a cell)
- Cell can mutate (change genetically) as a result of accidental changes in its genetic material (DNA)
- Some microorganisms are prokaryotic some are eukaryotic amp some are not cells at all (Viruses)
- Viruses are composed of only a few genes protected by a protein coat amp may contain few enzymes
- Cytology the study of the structure and functions of cells
Eukaryotic cellEukaryotic cell Prokaryotic cellProkaryotic cell
GramGram+ +
GramGram- -
Cell wallCell wall
Cell (inner) membraneCell (inner) membrane Outer membraneOuter membrane
RibosomesRibosomes
Rough endoplasmicRough endoplasmic
reticulumreticulum
MitochondriaMitochondria
GranuleGranule
))eg animaleg animal((
Cell wallCell wall
NucleoidNucleoid
NucleusNucleus
Cell membraneCell membrane
CapsuleCapsule
CytoplasmCytoplasm
FlagellumFlagellum
PiliPili
bull Composition of the Microbial World
-Procaryotes relative simple morphology and
-lack true membrane delimited nucleus
- Eucaryotes morphologically complex with a true membrane enclosed nucleus
Distinguishing Features of Prokaryotic Cells
1 DNA is= Not enclosed within a nuclear membrane
= A single circular chromosome
2 Lack membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi etc
3 Cell walls usually contain peptidoglycan a complex polysaccharide
4 Divide by binary fission (absence of sexual reproduction)
Distinguishing Features of Eucaryotic Cells
1 DNA is-Enclosed within a nuclear membrane
-Several linear chromosomes
2 Have membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi endoplasmic reticulum etc
3 Divide by mitosis
Important Differences Between Eucaryotic and Procaryotic Cells
Procaryotes Eucaryotes
Cell size 02-2 um in diameter 10-100 um in diameterNucleus Absent PresentMembranousOrganelles Absent Present
Cell Wall Chemically complex When present simpleRibosomesSmaller (70S) Larger (80S) in cell
70S in organellesDNA Single circular Multiple linear
chromosome chromosomes (histones)Cell Division Binary fission MitosisCytoskeleton Absent Present
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Characteristics of Life
Growth and development Reproduction and heredity Metabolism (synthesis degradation) Movement moving responses Cell support protection storage Transport of materials into and out of cell
Living things are made of cells
Living things obtain and use energy
Living things grow and develop
Living things reproduce
Living things respond to their environment
Living things adapt to their environment
Main characteristics of living things (organisms)
Small dimensions
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Morphologically differ
Metabolic flexible
Widely distributed
Reproduce by different methods
Main characteristics of microorganisms
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Plant Names amp Classification
Some learning Goals
1- Know what the Binomial System of Nomenclature is how it developed and how it is currently used
2- Learn several reasons for recognizing more than two kingdoms of living organisms
3- Understand the bases for Whittakerrsquos five-kingdoms system Outlinehelliphelliphellip
Systematics
Classification of Living Things
SYSTEMATICS
Gk systema ndash system + atikos ndash about
Webster the science or method of classifying especially taxonomy
Raven Scientific study of the kinds of organisms and the relationships between them
Judd The science of organismal diversity frequently used in a sense roughly equivalent to taxonomy
History of ClassificationEarly classification systems probably grouped organisms as to whether they were beneficial or harmful Another ancient classification system recognized 5 animal groups - domestic animals wild animals creeping animals flying animals and sea animals
ARISTOTLE - 4th century BC (384 to322 BC)Greek philosopher divided organisms into 2 groups - plants and animalsdivided animals into blood and bloodlessalso divided animals into 3 groups according to how they moved - walking flying or swimming (land air or water)his system was used into the 1600s
18th century bullSwedish scientist bullclassified plants and animals according to similarities in form bulldivided living things into one of two kingdoms -
bullplant and animal kingdoms bulldivided each of the kingdoms into smaller groups called genera (plural of genus) bulldivided each genera into smaller groups called species
CAROLUS LINNAEUS
bulldesigned a system of naming organisms called binomial (two names) nomenclature (system of naming) which gave each organism 2 names - genus (plural = genera) and species (plural = species) names The genus and species names would be similar to your first and last names Genus is always capitalized while species is never capitalized To be written correctly the scientific name must be either underlined or written in italics
CAROLUS LINNAEUS
Plant Classification Binomial System of
Nomenclature Linnaeus - founder of
plant taxonomyldquo Credited with binomial
system and classification hierarchy Example
Chlorella vulgaris Genus-- always italicized or
underlined eg Chlorella or Chlorella
Species-- always italicized or underlined eg vulgaris or vulgaris
C LinnaeusC Linnaeus1707-17781707-1778
In Aristotles time the living things were classified as either plants or animals
This 2 kingdom classification system was also used by Linnaeus and other scientists through the middle of the twentieth century
Today a 5-kingdom classification system is generally accepted
It was proposed by R H Whittaker in 1969
However this may not be the end of the story Some scientists have proposed that organisms be divided into even more (maybe as many as 8) kingdoms
Viruses are not included in any of the present 5 kingdoms - mainly due to their many nonliving characteristics (for example viruses are not cells)
History of Classification
(Classification is a constantly changing dynamic science)
5-kingdom classification system
Two kingdoms
Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia
The basis of differentiation
Three kingdoms(Haeckel)
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
Four kingdoms(Copeland)
Kingdom Monera
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
Five kingdoms
1- Monera simplest organisms single-celled Cyanobacteria (blue green algae) heterotrophic
bacteria archaea
2- Protista (Protoctista) single and multicelled with nucleus Algae protozoa (amoebas)
3- Fungi Mold lichen
4- Plantae multicelled photosynthetic plants
5- Animalia multicelled animals
1 KINGDOM MONERA
1 cell
no true nucleus - prokaryote (genetic material scattered and not enclosed by a membrane)
some move (flagellum) others dont
some make their own food (autotrophic) others cant make their own food (heterotrophic)
examples - bacteria blue-green bacteria (cyanobacteria)
Five - kingdom classification system
2 KINGDOM PROTISTA
1 cell
have a true nucleus - eukaryote
some move (cilia flagella pseudopodia) others dont
some are autotrophic others are heterotrophic
examples - amoeba diatom euglena paramecium some algae (unicellular) etc
Five - kingdom classification system
3 KINGDOM FUNGI
Multicellular
have nuclei
mainly do not move from place to place
heterotrophic (food is digested outside of fungus)
examples - mushroom mold puffball shelfbracket fungus yeast
Five - kingdom classification system
4 KINGDOM PLANTAE (plants)
multicellular
have nuclei
do not move
autotrophic
examples - multicellular algae mosses ferns flowering plants (dandelions roses etc) trees etc
Five - kingdom classification system
5 KINGDOM ANIMALIA (animals)
multicellular
have nuclei
do move
heterotrophic
examples - sponge jellyfish insect fish frog bird man
Five - kingdom classification system
Classification Hierarchy
Systemized classification of organisms
1048708 Kingdom (General)
1048708 Phylum
1048708 Class
1048708 Order
1048708 Family
1048708 Genus
1048708 Species (Specific)
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
plantplant AnimalAnimalss
ProtozoaProtozoa
FungiFungi
MicroalgaeMicroalgae
BacteriaBacteria ActinomycetesActinomycetes
MicroorganismsMicroorganisms
EuglenaEuglena
EukaryotesEukaryotes
ProkaryotesProkaryotesRikkitssiaRikkitssia
VirusesViruses
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic cell structureProkaryotic cell structure Eukaryotic cell structureEukaryotic cell structure Differences between Prokaryotic amp Differences between Prokaryotic amp
Eukaryotic cellsEukaryotic cells
- Cell is defined as the fundamental living unit of any organism
- Cell is important to produce energy for metabolism (all chemical reactions within a cell)
- Cell can mutate (change genetically) as a result of accidental changes in its genetic material (DNA)
- Some microorganisms are prokaryotic some are eukaryotic amp some are not cells at all (Viruses)
- Viruses are composed of only a few genes protected by a protein coat amp may contain few enzymes
- Cytology the study of the structure and functions of cells
Eukaryotic cellEukaryotic cell Prokaryotic cellProkaryotic cell
GramGram+ +
GramGram- -
Cell wallCell wall
Cell (inner) membraneCell (inner) membrane Outer membraneOuter membrane
RibosomesRibosomes
Rough endoplasmicRough endoplasmic
reticulumreticulum
MitochondriaMitochondria
GranuleGranule
))eg animaleg animal((
Cell wallCell wall
NucleoidNucleoid
NucleusNucleus
Cell membraneCell membrane
CapsuleCapsule
CytoplasmCytoplasm
FlagellumFlagellum
PiliPili
bull Composition of the Microbial World
-Procaryotes relative simple morphology and
-lack true membrane delimited nucleus
- Eucaryotes morphologically complex with a true membrane enclosed nucleus
Distinguishing Features of Prokaryotic Cells
1 DNA is= Not enclosed within a nuclear membrane
= A single circular chromosome
2 Lack membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi etc
3 Cell walls usually contain peptidoglycan a complex polysaccharide
4 Divide by binary fission (absence of sexual reproduction)
Distinguishing Features of Eucaryotic Cells
1 DNA is-Enclosed within a nuclear membrane
-Several linear chromosomes
2 Have membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi endoplasmic reticulum etc
3 Divide by mitosis
Important Differences Between Eucaryotic and Procaryotic Cells
Procaryotes Eucaryotes
Cell size 02-2 um in diameter 10-100 um in diameterNucleus Absent PresentMembranousOrganelles Absent Present
Cell Wall Chemically complex When present simpleRibosomesSmaller (70S) Larger (80S) in cell
70S in organellesDNA Single circular Multiple linear
chromosome chromosomes (histones)Cell Division Binary fission MitosisCytoskeleton Absent Present
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Characteristics of Life
Growth and development Reproduction and heredity Metabolism (synthesis degradation) Movement moving responses Cell support protection storage Transport of materials into and out of cell
Living things are made of cells
Living things obtain and use energy
Living things grow and develop
Living things reproduce
Living things respond to their environment
Living things adapt to their environment
Main characteristics of living things (organisms)
Small dimensions
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Morphologically differ
Metabolic flexible
Widely distributed
Reproduce by different methods
Main characteristics of microorganisms
Plant Names amp Classification
Some learning Goals
1- Know what the Binomial System of Nomenclature is how it developed and how it is currently used
2- Learn several reasons for recognizing more than two kingdoms of living organisms
3- Understand the bases for Whittakerrsquos five-kingdoms system Outlinehelliphelliphellip
Systematics
Classification of Living Things
SYSTEMATICS
Gk systema ndash system + atikos ndash about
Webster the science or method of classifying especially taxonomy
Raven Scientific study of the kinds of organisms and the relationships between them
Judd The science of organismal diversity frequently used in a sense roughly equivalent to taxonomy
History of ClassificationEarly classification systems probably grouped organisms as to whether they were beneficial or harmful Another ancient classification system recognized 5 animal groups - domestic animals wild animals creeping animals flying animals and sea animals
ARISTOTLE - 4th century BC (384 to322 BC)Greek philosopher divided organisms into 2 groups - plants and animalsdivided animals into blood and bloodlessalso divided animals into 3 groups according to how they moved - walking flying or swimming (land air or water)his system was used into the 1600s
18th century bullSwedish scientist bullclassified plants and animals according to similarities in form bulldivided living things into one of two kingdoms -
bullplant and animal kingdoms bulldivided each of the kingdoms into smaller groups called genera (plural of genus) bulldivided each genera into smaller groups called species
CAROLUS LINNAEUS
bulldesigned a system of naming organisms called binomial (two names) nomenclature (system of naming) which gave each organism 2 names - genus (plural = genera) and species (plural = species) names The genus and species names would be similar to your first and last names Genus is always capitalized while species is never capitalized To be written correctly the scientific name must be either underlined or written in italics
CAROLUS LINNAEUS
Plant Classification Binomial System of
Nomenclature Linnaeus - founder of
plant taxonomyldquo Credited with binomial
system and classification hierarchy Example
Chlorella vulgaris Genus-- always italicized or
underlined eg Chlorella or Chlorella
Species-- always italicized or underlined eg vulgaris or vulgaris
C LinnaeusC Linnaeus1707-17781707-1778
In Aristotles time the living things were classified as either plants or animals
This 2 kingdom classification system was also used by Linnaeus and other scientists through the middle of the twentieth century
Today a 5-kingdom classification system is generally accepted
It was proposed by R H Whittaker in 1969
However this may not be the end of the story Some scientists have proposed that organisms be divided into even more (maybe as many as 8) kingdoms
Viruses are not included in any of the present 5 kingdoms - mainly due to their many nonliving characteristics (for example viruses are not cells)
History of Classification
(Classification is a constantly changing dynamic science)
5-kingdom classification system
Two kingdoms
Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia
The basis of differentiation
Three kingdoms(Haeckel)
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
Four kingdoms(Copeland)
Kingdom Monera
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
Five kingdoms
1- Monera simplest organisms single-celled Cyanobacteria (blue green algae) heterotrophic
bacteria archaea
2- Protista (Protoctista) single and multicelled with nucleus Algae protozoa (amoebas)
3- Fungi Mold lichen
4- Plantae multicelled photosynthetic plants
5- Animalia multicelled animals
1 KINGDOM MONERA
1 cell
no true nucleus - prokaryote (genetic material scattered and not enclosed by a membrane)
some move (flagellum) others dont
some make their own food (autotrophic) others cant make their own food (heterotrophic)
examples - bacteria blue-green bacteria (cyanobacteria)
Five - kingdom classification system
2 KINGDOM PROTISTA
1 cell
have a true nucleus - eukaryote
some move (cilia flagella pseudopodia) others dont
some are autotrophic others are heterotrophic
examples - amoeba diatom euglena paramecium some algae (unicellular) etc
Five - kingdom classification system
3 KINGDOM FUNGI
Multicellular
have nuclei
mainly do not move from place to place
heterotrophic (food is digested outside of fungus)
examples - mushroom mold puffball shelfbracket fungus yeast
Five - kingdom classification system
4 KINGDOM PLANTAE (plants)
multicellular
have nuclei
do not move
autotrophic
examples - multicellular algae mosses ferns flowering plants (dandelions roses etc) trees etc
Five - kingdom classification system
5 KINGDOM ANIMALIA (animals)
multicellular
have nuclei
do move
heterotrophic
examples - sponge jellyfish insect fish frog bird man
Five - kingdom classification system
Classification Hierarchy
Systemized classification of organisms
1048708 Kingdom (General)
1048708 Phylum
1048708 Class
1048708 Order
1048708 Family
1048708 Genus
1048708 Species (Specific)
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
plantplant AnimalAnimalss
ProtozoaProtozoa
FungiFungi
MicroalgaeMicroalgae
BacteriaBacteria ActinomycetesActinomycetes
MicroorganismsMicroorganisms
EuglenaEuglena
EukaryotesEukaryotes
ProkaryotesProkaryotesRikkitssiaRikkitssia
VirusesViruses
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic cell structureProkaryotic cell structure Eukaryotic cell structureEukaryotic cell structure Differences between Prokaryotic amp Differences between Prokaryotic amp
Eukaryotic cellsEukaryotic cells
- Cell is defined as the fundamental living unit of any organism
- Cell is important to produce energy for metabolism (all chemical reactions within a cell)
- Cell can mutate (change genetically) as a result of accidental changes in its genetic material (DNA)
- Some microorganisms are prokaryotic some are eukaryotic amp some are not cells at all (Viruses)
- Viruses are composed of only a few genes protected by a protein coat amp may contain few enzymes
- Cytology the study of the structure and functions of cells
Eukaryotic cellEukaryotic cell Prokaryotic cellProkaryotic cell
GramGram+ +
GramGram- -
Cell wallCell wall
Cell (inner) membraneCell (inner) membrane Outer membraneOuter membrane
RibosomesRibosomes
Rough endoplasmicRough endoplasmic
reticulumreticulum
MitochondriaMitochondria
GranuleGranule
))eg animaleg animal((
Cell wallCell wall
NucleoidNucleoid
NucleusNucleus
Cell membraneCell membrane
CapsuleCapsule
CytoplasmCytoplasm
FlagellumFlagellum
PiliPili
bull Composition of the Microbial World
-Procaryotes relative simple morphology and
-lack true membrane delimited nucleus
- Eucaryotes morphologically complex with a true membrane enclosed nucleus
Distinguishing Features of Prokaryotic Cells
1 DNA is= Not enclosed within a nuclear membrane
= A single circular chromosome
2 Lack membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi etc
3 Cell walls usually contain peptidoglycan a complex polysaccharide
4 Divide by binary fission (absence of sexual reproduction)
Distinguishing Features of Eucaryotic Cells
1 DNA is-Enclosed within a nuclear membrane
-Several linear chromosomes
2 Have membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi endoplasmic reticulum etc
3 Divide by mitosis
Important Differences Between Eucaryotic and Procaryotic Cells
Procaryotes Eucaryotes
Cell size 02-2 um in diameter 10-100 um in diameterNucleus Absent PresentMembranousOrganelles Absent Present
Cell Wall Chemically complex When present simpleRibosomesSmaller (70S) Larger (80S) in cell
70S in organellesDNA Single circular Multiple linear
chromosome chromosomes (histones)Cell Division Binary fission MitosisCytoskeleton Absent Present
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Characteristics of Life
Growth and development Reproduction and heredity Metabolism (synthesis degradation) Movement moving responses Cell support protection storage Transport of materials into and out of cell
Living things are made of cells
Living things obtain and use energy
Living things grow and develop
Living things reproduce
Living things respond to their environment
Living things adapt to their environment
Main characteristics of living things (organisms)
Small dimensions
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Morphologically differ
Metabolic flexible
Widely distributed
Reproduce by different methods
Main characteristics of microorganisms
Systematics
Classification of Living Things
SYSTEMATICS
Gk systema ndash system + atikos ndash about
Webster the science or method of classifying especially taxonomy
Raven Scientific study of the kinds of organisms and the relationships between them
Judd The science of organismal diversity frequently used in a sense roughly equivalent to taxonomy
History of ClassificationEarly classification systems probably grouped organisms as to whether they were beneficial or harmful Another ancient classification system recognized 5 animal groups - domestic animals wild animals creeping animals flying animals and sea animals
ARISTOTLE - 4th century BC (384 to322 BC)Greek philosopher divided organisms into 2 groups - plants and animalsdivided animals into blood and bloodlessalso divided animals into 3 groups according to how they moved - walking flying or swimming (land air or water)his system was used into the 1600s
18th century bullSwedish scientist bullclassified plants and animals according to similarities in form bulldivided living things into one of two kingdoms -
bullplant and animal kingdoms bulldivided each of the kingdoms into smaller groups called genera (plural of genus) bulldivided each genera into smaller groups called species
CAROLUS LINNAEUS
bulldesigned a system of naming organisms called binomial (two names) nomenclature (system of naming) which gave each organism 2 names - genus (plural = genera) and species (plural = species) names The genus and species names would be similar to your first and last names Genus is always capitalized while species is never capitalized To be written correctly the scientific name must be either underlined or written in italics
CAROLUS LINNAEUS
Plant Classification Binomial System of
Nomenclature Linnaeus - founder of
plant taxonomyldquo Credited with binomial
system and classification hierarchy Example
Chlorella vulgaris Genus-- always italicized or
underlined eg Chlorella or Chlorella
Species-- always italicized or underlined eg vulgaris or vulgaris
C LinnaeusC Linnaeus1707-17781707-1778
In Aristotles time the living things were classified as either plants or animals
This 2 kingdom classification system was also used by Linnaeus and other scientists through the middle of the twentieth century
Today a 5-kingdom classification system is generally accepted
It was proposed by R H Whittaker in 1969
However this may not be the end of the story Some scientists have proposed that organisms be divided into even more (maybe as many as 8) kingdoms
Viruses are not included in any of the present 5 kingdoms - mainly due to their many nonliving characteristics (for example viruses are not cells)
History of Classification
(Classification is a constantly changing dynamic science)
5-kingdom classification system
Two kingdoms
Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia
The basis of differentiation
Three kingdoms(Haeckel)
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
Four kingdoms(Copeland)
Kingdom Monera
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
Five kingdoms
1- Monera simplest organisms single-celled Cyanobacteria (blue green algae) heterotrophic
bacteria archaea
2- Protista (Protoctista) single and multicelled with nucleus Algae protozoa (amoebas)
3- Fungi Mold lichen
4- Plantae multicelled photosynthetic plants
5- Animalia multicelled animals
1 KINGDOM MONERA
1 cell
no true nucleus - prokaryote (genetic material scattered and not enclosed by a membrane)
some move (flagellum) others dont
some make their own food (autotrophic) others cant make their own food (heterotrophic)
examples - bacteria blue-green bacteria (cyanobacteria)
Five - kingdom classification system
2 KINGDOM PROTISTA
1 cell
have a true nucleus - eukaryote
some move (cilia flagella pseudopodia) others dont
some are autotrophic others are heterotrophic
examples - amoeba diatom euglena paramecium some algae (unicellular) etc
Five - kingdom classification system
3 KINGDOM FUNGI
Multicellular
have nuclei
mainly do not move from place to place
heterotrophic (food is digested outside of fungus)
examples - mushroom mold puffball shelfbracket fungus yeast
Five - kingdom classification system
4 KINGDOM PLANTAE (plants)
multicellular
have nuclei
do not move
autotrophic
examples - multicellular algae mosses ferns flowering plants (dandelions roses etc) trees etc
Five - kingdom classification system
5 KINGDOM ANIMALIA (animals)
multicellular
have nuclei
do move
heterotrophic
examples - sponge jellyfish insect fish frog bird man
Five - kingdom classification system
Classification Hierarchy
Systemized classification of organisms
1048708 Kingdom (General)
1048708 Phylum
1048708 Class
1048708 Order
1048708 Family
1048708 Genus
1048708 Species (Specific)
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
plantplant AnimalAnimalss
ProtozoaProtozoa
FungiFungi
MicroalgaeMicroalgae
BacteriaBacteria ActinomycetesActinomycetes
MicroorganismsMicroorganisms
EuglenaEuglena
EukaryotesEukaryotes
ProkaryotesProkaryotesRikkitssiaRikkitssia
VirusesViruses
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic cell structureProkaryotic cell structure Eukaryotic cell structureEukaryotic cell structure Differences between Prokaryotic amp Differences between Prokaryotic amp
Eukaryotic cellsEukaryotic cells
- Cell is defined as the fundamental living unit of any organism
- Cell is important to produce energy for metabolism (all chemical reactions within a cell)
- Cell can mutate (change genetically) as a result of accidental changes in its genetic material (DNA)
- Some microorganisms are prokaryotic some are eukaryotic amp some are not cells at all (Viruses)
- Viruses are composed of only a few genes protected by a protein coat amp may contain few enzymes
- Cytology the study of the structure and functions of cells
Eukaryotic cellEukaryotic cell Prokaryotic cellProkaryotic cell
GramGram+ +
GramGram- -
Cell wallCell wall
Cell (inner) membraneCell (inner) membrane Outer membraneOuter membrane
RibosomesRibosomes
Rough endoplasmicRough endoplasmic
reticulumreticulum
MitochondriaMitochondria
GranuleGranule
))eg animaleg animal((
Cell wallCell wall
NucleoidNucleoid
NucleusNucleus
Cell membraneCell membrane
CapsuleCapsule
CytoplasmCytoplasm
FlagellumFlagellum
PiliPili
bull Composition of the Microbial World
-Procaryotes relative simple morphology and
-lack true membrane delimited nucleus
- Eucaryotes morphologically complex with a true membrane enclosed nucleus
Distinguishing Features of Prokaryotic Cells
1 DNA is= Not enclosed within a nuclear membrane
= A single circular chromosome
2 Lack membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi etc
3 Cell walls usually contain peptidoglycan a complex polysaccharide
4 Divide by binary fission (absence of sexual reproduction)
Distinguishing Features of Eucaryotic Cells
1 DNA is-Enclosed within a nuclear membrane
-Several linear chromosomes
2 Have membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi endoplasmic reticulum etc
3 Divide by mitosis
Important Differences Between Eucaryotic and Procaryotic Cells
Procaryotes Eucaryotes
Cell size 02-2 um in diameter 10-100 um in diameterNucleus Absent PresentMembranousOrganelles Absent Present
Cell Wall Chemically complex When present simpleRibosomesSmaller (70S) Larger (80S) in cell
70S in organellesDNA Single circular Multiple linear
chromosome chromosomes (histones)Cell Division Binary fission MitosisCytoskeleton Absent Present
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Characteristics of Life
Growth and development Reproduction and heredity Metabolism (synthesis degradation) Movement moving responses Cell support protection storage Transport of materials into and out of cell
Living things are made of cells
Living things obtain and use energy
Living things grow and develop
Living things reproduce
Living things respond to their environment
Living things adapt to their environment
Main characteristics of living things (organisms)
Small dimensions
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Morphologically differ
Metabolic flexible
Widely distributed
Reproduce by different methods
Main characteristics of microorganisms
SYSTEMATICS
Gk systema ndash system + atikos ndash about
Webster the science or method of classifying especially taxonomy
Raven Scientific study of the kinds of organisms and the relationships between them
Judd The science of organismal diversity frequently used in a sense roughly equivalent to taxonomy
History of ClassificationEarly classification systems probably grouped organisms as to whether they were beneficial or harmful Another ancient classification system recognized 5 animal groups - domestic animals wild animals creeping animals flying animals and sea animals
ARISTOTLE - 4th century BC (384 to322 BC)Greek philosopher divided organisms into 2 groups - plants and animalsdivided animals into blood and bloodlessalso divided animals into 3 groups according to how they moved - walking flying or swimming (land air or water)his system was used into the 1600s
18th century bullSwedish scientist bullclassified plants and animals according to similarities in form bulldivided living things into one of two kingdoms -
bullplant and animal kingdoms bulldivided each of the kingdoms into smaller groups called genera (plural of genus) bulldivided each genera into smaller groups called species
CAROLUS LINNAEUS
bulldesigned a system of naming organisms called binomial (two names) nomenclature (system of naming) which gave each organism 2 names - genus (plural = genera) and species (plural = species) names The genus and species names would be similar to your first and last names Genus is always capitalized while species is never capitalized To be written correctly the scientific name must be either underlined or written in italics
CAROLUS LINNAEUS
Plant Classification Binomial System of
Nomenclature Linnaeus - founder of
plant taxonomyldquo Credited with binomial
system and classification hierarchy Example
Chlorella vulgaris Genus-- always italicized or
underlined eg Chlorella or Chlorella
Species-- always italicized or underlined eg vulgaris or vulgaris
C LinnaeusC Linnaeus1707-17781707-1778
In Aristotles time the living things were classified as either plants or animals
This 2 kingdom classification system was also used by Linnaeus and other scientists through the middle of the twentieth century
Today a 5-kingdom classification system is generally accepted
It was proposed by R H Whittaker in 1969
However this may not be the end of the story Some scientists have proposed that organisms be divided into even more (maybe as many as 8) kingdoms
Viruses are not included in any of the present 5 kingdoms - mainly due to their many nonliving characteristics (for example viruses are not cells)
History of Classification
(Classification is a constantly changing dynamic science)
5-kingdom classification system
Two kingdoms
Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia
The basis of differentiation
Three kingdoms(Haeckel)
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
Four kingdoms(Copeland)
Kingdom Monera
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
Five kingdoms
1- Monera simplest organisms single-celled Cyanobacteria (blue green algae) heterotrophic
bacteria archaea
2- Protista (Protoctista) single and multicelled with nucleus Algae protozoa (amoebas)
3- Fungi Mold lichen
4- Plantae multicelled photosynthetic plants
5- Animalia multicelled animals
1 KINGDOM MONERA
1 cell
no true nucleus - prokaryote (genetic material scattered and not enclosed by a membrane)
some move (flagellum) others dont
some make their own food (autotrophic) others cant make their own food (heterotrophic)
examples - bacteria blue-green bacteria (cyanobacteria)
Five - kingdom classification system
2 KINGDOM PROTISTA
1 cell
have a true nucleus - eukaryote
some move (cilia flagella pseudopodia) others dont
some are autotrophic others are heterotrophic
examples - amoeba diatom euglena paramecium some algae (unicellular) etc
Five - kingdom classification system
3 KINGDOM FUNGI
Multicellular
have nuclei
mainly do not move from place to place
heterotrophic (food is digested outside of fungus)
examples - mushroom mold puffball shelfbracket fungus yeast
Five - kingdom classification system
4 KINGDOM PLANTAE (plants)
multicellular
have nuclei
do not move
autotrophic
examples - multicellular algae mosses ferns flowering plants (dandelions roses etc) trees etc
Five - kingdom classification system
5 KINGDOM ANIMALIA (animals)
multicellular
have nuclei
do move
heterotrophic
examples - sponge jellyfish insect fish frog bird man
Five - kingdom classification system
Classification Hierarchy
Systemized classification of organisms
1048708 Kingdom (General)
1048708 Phylum
1048708 Class
1048708 Order
1048708 Family
1048708 Genus
1048708 Species (Specific)
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
plantplant AnimalAnimalss
ProtozoaProtozoa
FungiFungi
MicroalgaeMicroalgae
BacteriaBacteria ActinomycetesActinomycetes
MicroorganismsMicroorganisms
EuglenaEuglena
EukaryotesEukaryotes
ProkaryotesProkaryotesRikkitssiaRikkitssia
VirusesViruses
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic cell structureProkaryotic cell structure Eukaryotic cell structureEukaryotic cell structure Differences between Prokaryotic amp Differences between Prokaryotic amp
Eukaryotic cellsEukaryotic cells
- Cell is defined as the fundamental living unit of any organism
- Cell is important to produce energy for metabolism (all chemical reactions within a cell)
- Cell can mutate (change genetically) as a result of accidental changes in its genetic material (DNA)
- Some microorganisms are prokaryotic some are eukaryotic amp some are not cells at all (Viruses)
- Viruses are composed of only a few genes protected by a protein coat amp may contain few enzymes
- Cytology the study of the structure and functions of cells
Eukaryotic cellEukaryotic cell Prokaryotic cellProkaryotic cell
GramGram+ +
GramGram- -
Cell wallCell wall
Cell (inner) membraneCell (inner) membrane Outer membraneOuter membrane
RibosomesRibosomes
Rough endoplasmicRough endoplasmic
reticulumreticulum
MitochondriaMitochondria
GranuleGranule
))eg animaleg animal((
Cell wallCell wall
NucleoidNucleoid
NucleusNucleus
Cell membraneCell membrane
CapsuleCapsule
CytoplasmCytoplasm
FlagellumFlagellum
PiliPili
bull Composition of the Microbial World
-Procaryotes relative simple morphology and
-lack true membrane delimited nucleus
- Eucaryotes morphologically complex with a true membrane enclosed nucleus
Distinguishing Features of Prokaryotic Cells
1 DNA is= Not enclosed within a nuclear membrane
= A single circular chromosome
2 Lack membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi etc
3 Cell walls usually contain peptidoglycan a complex polysaccharide
4 Divide by binary fission (absence of sexual reproduction)
Distinguishing Features of Eucaryotic Cells
1 DNA is-Enclosed within a nuclear membrane
-Several linear chromosomes
2 Have membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi endoplasmic reticulum etc
3 Divide by mitosis
Important Differences Between Eucaryotic and Procaryotic Cells
Procaryotes Eucaryotes
Cell size 02-2 um in diameter 10-100 um in diameterNucleus Absent PresentMembranousOrganelles Absent Present
Cell Wall Chemically complex When present simpleRibosomesSmaller (70S) Larger (80S) in cell
70S in organellesDNA Single circular Multiple linear
chromosome chromosomes (histones)Cell Division Binary fission MitosisCytoskeleton Absent Present
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Characteristics of Life
Growth and development Reproduction and heredity Metabolism (synthesis degradation) Movement moving responses Cell support protection storage Transport of materials into and out of cell
Living things are made of cells
Living things obtain and use energy
Living things grow and develop
Living things reproduce
Living things respond to their environment
Living things adapt to their environment
Main characteristics of living things (organisms)
Small dimensions
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Morphologically differ
Metabolic flexible
Widely distributed
Reproduce by different methods
Main characteristics of microorganisms
History of ClassificationEarly classification systems probably grouped organisms as to whether they were beneficial or harmful Another ancient classification system recognized 5 animal groups - domestic animals wild animals creeping animals flying animals and sea animals
ARISTOTLE - 4th century BC (384 to322 BC)Greek philosopher divided organisms into 2 groups - plants and animalsdivided animals into blood and bloodlessalso divided animals into 3 groups according to how they moved - walking flying or swimming (land air or water)his system was used into the 1600s
18th century bullSwedish scientist bullclassified plants and animals according to similarities in form bulldivided living things into one of two kingdoms -
bullplant and animal kingdoms bulldivided each of the kingdoms into smaller groups called genera (plural of genus) bulldivided each genera into smaller groups called species
CAROLUS LINNAEUS
bulldesigned a system of naming organisms called binomial (two names) nomenclature (system of naming) which gave each organism 2 names - genus (plural = genera) and species (plural = species) names The genus and species names would be similar to your first and last names Genus is always capitalized while species is never capitalized To be written correctly the scientific name must be either underlined or written in italics
CAROLUS LINNAEUS
Plant Classification Binomial System of
Nomenclature Linnaeus - founder of
plant taxonomyldquo Credited with binomial
system and classification hierarchy Example
Chlorella vulgaris Genus-- always italicized or
underlined eg Chlorella or Chlorella
Species-- always italicized or underlined eg vulgaris or vulgaris
C LinnaeusC Linnaeus1707-17781707-1778
In Aristotles time the living things were classified as either plants or animals
This 2 kingdom classification system was also used by Linnaeus and other scientists through the middle of the twentieth century
Today a 5-kingdom classification system is generally accepted
It was proposed by R H Whittaker in 1969
However this may not be the end of the story Some scientists have proposed that organisms be divided into even more (maybe as many as 8) kingdoms
Viruses are not included in any of the present 5 kingdoms - mainly due to their many nonliving characteristics (for example viruses are not cells)
History of Classification
(Classification is a constantly changing dynamic science)
5-kingdom classification system
Two kingdoms
Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia
The basis of differentiation
Three kingdoms(Haeckel)
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
Four kingdoms(Copeland)
Kingdom Monera
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
Five kingdoms
1- Monera simplest organisms single-celled Cyanobacteria (blue green algae) heterotrophic
bacteria archaea
2- Protista (Protoctista) single and multicelled with nucleus Algae protozoa (amoebas)
3- Fungi Mold lichen
4- Plantae multicelled photosynthetic plants
5- Animalia multicelled animals
1 KINGDOM MONERA
1 cell
no true nucleus - prokaryote (genetic material scattered and not enclosed by a membrane)
some move (flagellum) others dont
some make their own food (autotrophic) others cant make their own food (heterotrophic)
examples - bacteria blue-green bacteria (cyanobacteria)
Five - kingdom classification system
2 KINGDOM PROTISTA
1 cell
have a true nucleus - eukaryote
some move (cilia flagella pseudopodia) others dont
some are autotrophic others are heterotrophic
examples - amoeba diatom euglena paramecium some algae (unicellular) etc
Five - kingdom classification system
3 KINGDOM FUNGI
Multicellular
have nuclei
mainly do not move from place to place
heterotrophic (food is digested outside of fungus)
examples - mushroom mold puffball shelfbracket fungus yeast
Five - kingdom classification system
4 KINGDOM PLANTAE (plants)
multicellular
have nuclei
do not move
autotrophic
examples - multicellular algae mosses ferns flowering plants (dandelions roses etc) trees etc
Five - kingdom classification system
5 KINGDOM ANIMALIA (animals)
multicellular
have nuclei
do move
heterotrophic
examples - sponge jellyfish insect fish frog bird man
Five - kingdom classification system
Classification Hierarchy
Systemized classification of organisms
1048708 Kingdom (General)
1048708 Phylum
1048708 Class
1048708 Order
1048708 Family
1048708 Genus
1048708 Species (Specific)
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
plantplant AnimalAnimalss
ProtozoaProtozoa
FungiFungi
MicroalgaeMicroalgae
BacteriaBacteria ActinomycetesActinomycetes
MicroorganismsMicroorganisms
EuglenaEuglena
EukaryotesEukaryotes
ProkaryotesProkaryotesRikkitssiaRikkitssia
VirusesViruses
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic cell structureProkaryotic cell structure Eukaryotic cell structureEukaryotic cell structure Differences between Prokaryotic amp Differences between Prokaryotic amp
Eukaryotic cellsEukaryotic cells
- Cell is defined as the fundamental living unit of any organism
- Cell is important to produce energy for metabolism (all chemical reactions within a cell)
- Cell can mutate (change genetically) as a result of accidental changes in its genetic material (DNA)
- Some microorganisms are prokaryotic some are eukaryotic amp some are not cells at all (Viruses)
- Viruses are composed of only a few genes protected by a protein coat amp may contain few enzymes
- Cytology the study of the structure and functions of cells
Eukaryotic cellEukaryotic cell Prokaryotic cellProkaryotic cell
GramGram+ +
GramGram- -
Cell wallCell wall
Cell (inner) membraneCell (inner) membrane Outer membraneOuter membrane
RibosomesRibosomes
Rough endoplasmicRough endoplasmic
reticulumreticulum
MitochondriaMitochondria
GranuleGranule
))eg animaleg animal((
Cell wallCell wall
NucleoidNucleoid
NucleusNucleus
Cell membraneCell membrane
CapsuleCapsule
CytoplasmCytoplasm
FlagellumFlagellum
PiliPili
bull Composition of the Microbial World
-Procaryotes relative simple morphology and
-lack true membrane delimited nucleus
- Eucaryotes morphologically complex with a true membrane enclosed nucleus
Distinguishing Features of Prokaryotic Cells
1 DNA is= Not enclosed within a nuclear membrane
= A single circular chromosome
2 Lack membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi etc
3 Cell walls usually contain peptidoglycan a complex polysaccharide
4 Divide by binary fission (absence of sexual reproduction)
Distinguishing Features of Eucaryotic Cells
1 DNA is-Enclosed within a nuclear membrane
-Several linear chromosomes
2 Have membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi endoplasmic reticulum etc
3 Divide by mitosis
Important Differences Between Eucaryotic and Procaryotic Cells
Procaryotes Eucaryotes
Cell size 02-2 um in diameter 10-100 um in diameterNucleus Absent PresentMembranousOrganelles Absent Present
Cell Wall Chemically complex When present simpleRibosomesSmaller (70S) Larger (80S) in cell
70S in organellesDNA Single circular Multiple linear
chromosome chromosomes (histones)Cell Division Binary fission MitosisCytoskeleton Absent Present
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Characteristics of Life
Growth and development Reproduction and heredity Metabolism (synthesis degradation) Movement moving responses Cell support protection storage Transport of materials into and out of cell
Living things are made of cells
Living things obtain and use energy
Living things grow and develop
Living things reproduce
Living things respond to their environment
Living things adapt to their environment
Main characteristics of living things (organisms)
Small dimensions
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Morphologically differ
Metabolic flexible
Widely distributed
Reproduce by different methods
Main characteristics of microorganisms
18th century bullSwedish scientist bullclassified plants and animals according to similarities in form bulldivided living things into one of two kingdoms -
bullplant and animal kingdoms bulldivided each of the kingdoms into smaller groups called genera (plural of genus) bulldivided each genera into smaller groups called species
CAROLUS LINNAEUS
bulldesigned a system of naming organisms called binomial (two names) nomenclature (system of naming) which gave each organism 2 names - genus (plural = genera) and species (plural = species) names The genus and species names would be similar to your first and last names Genus is always capitalized while species is never capitalized To be written correctly the scientific name must be either underlined or written in italics
CAROLUS LINNAEUS
Plant Classification Binomial System of
Nomenclature Linnaeus - founder of
plant taxonomyldquo Credited with binomial
system and classification hierarchy Example
Chlorella vulgaris Genus-- always italicized or
underlined eg Chlorella or Chlorella
Species-- always italicized or underlined eg vulgaris or vulgaris
C LinnaeusC Linnaeus1707-17781707-1778
In Aristotles time the living things were classified as either plants or animals
This 2 kingdom classification system was also used by Linnaeus and other scientists through the middle of the twentieth century
Today a 5-kingdom classification system is generally accepted
It was proposed by R H Whittaker in 1969
However this may not be the end of the story Some scientists have proposed that organisms be divided into even more (maybe as many as 8) kingdoms
Viruses are not included in any of the present 5 kingdoms - mainly due to their many nonliving characteristics (for example viruses are not cells)
History of Classification
(Classification is a constantly changing dynamic science)
5-kingdom classification system
Two kingdoms
Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia
The basis of differentiation
Three kingdoms(Haeckel)
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
Four kingdoms(Copeland)
Kingdom Monera
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
Five kingdoms
1- Monera simplest organisms single-celled Cyanobacteria (blue green algae) heterotrophic
bacteria archaea
2- Protista (Protoctista) single and multicelled with nucleus Algae protozoa (amoebas)
3- Fungi Mold lichen
4- Plantae multicelled photosynthetic plants
5- Animalia multicelled animals
1 KINGDOM MONERA
1 cell
no true nucleus - prokaryote (genetic material scattered and not enclosed by a membrane)
some move (flagellum) others dont
some make their own food (autotrophic) others cant make their own food (heterotrophic)
examples - bacteria blue-green bacteria (cyanobacteria)
Five - kingdom classification system
2 KINGDOM PROTISTA
1 cell
have a true nucleus - eukaryote
some move (cilia flagella pseudopodia) others dont
some are autotrophic others are heterotrophic
examples - amoeba diatom euglena paramecium some algae (unicellular) etc
Five - kingdom classification system
3 KINGDOM FUNGI
Multicellular
have nuclei
mainly do not move from place to place
heterotrophic (food is digested outside of fungus)
examples - mushroom mold puffball shelfbracket fungus yeast
Five - kingdom classification system
4 KINGDOM PLANTAE (plants)
multicellular
have nuclei
do not move
autotrophic
examples - multicellular algae mosses ferns flowering plants (dandelions roses etc) trees etc
Five - kingdom classification system
5 KINGDOM ANIMALIA (animals)
multicellular
have nuclei
do move
heterotrophic
examples - sponge jellyfish insect fish frog bird man
Five - kingdom classification system
Classification Hierarchy
Systemized classification of organisms
1048708 Kingdom (General)
1048708 Phylum
1048708 Class
1048708 Order
1048708 Family
1048708 Genus
1048708 Species (Specific)
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
plantplant AnimalAnimalss
ProtozoaProtozoa
FungiFungi
MicroalgaeMicroalgae
BacteriaBacteria ActinomycetesActinomycetes
MicroorganismsMicroorganisms
EuglenaEuglena
EukaryotesEukaryotes
ProkaryotesProkaryotesRikkitssiaRikkitssia
VirusesViruses
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic cell structureProkaryotic cell structure Eukaryotic cell structureEukaryotic cell structure Differences between Prokaryotic amp Differences between Prokaryotic amp
Eukaryotic cellsEukaryotic cells
- Cell is defined as the fundamental living unit of any organism
- Cell is important to produce energy for metabolism (all chemical reactions within a cell)
- Cell can mutate (change genetically) as a result of accidental changes in its genetic material (DNA)
- Some microorganisms are prokaryotic some are eukaryotic amp some are not cells at all (Viruses)
- Viruses are composed of only a few genes protected by a protein coat amp may contain few enzymes
- Cytology the study of the structure and functions of cells
Eukaryotic cellEukaryotic cell Prokaryotic cellProkaryotic cell
GramGram+ +
GramGram- -
Cell wallCell wall
Cell (inner) membraneCell (inner) membrane Outer membraneOuter membrane
RibosomesRibosomes
Rough endoplasmicRough endoplasmic
reticulumreticulum
MitochondriaMitochondria
GranuleGranule
))eg animaleg animal((
Cell wallCell wall
NucleoidNucleoid
NucleusNucleus
Cell membraneCell membrane
CapsuleCapsule
CytoplasmCytoplasm
FlagellumFlagellum
PiliPili
bull Composition of the Microbial World
-Procaryotes relative simple morphology and
-lack true membrane delimited nucleus
- Eucaryotes morphologically complex with a true membrane enclosed nucleus
Distinguishing Features of Prokaryotic Cells
1 DNA is= Not enclosed within a nuclear membrane
= A single circular chromosome
2 Lack membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi etc
3 Cell walls usually contain peptidoglycan a complex polysaccharide
4 Divide by binary fission (absence of sexual reproduction)
Distinguishing Features of Eucaryotic Cells
1 DNA is-Enclosed within a nuclear membrane
-Several linear chromosomes
2 Have membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi endoplasmic reticulum etc
3 Divide by mitosis
Important Differences Between Eucaryotic and Procaryotic Cells
Procaryotes Eucaryotes
Cell size 02-2 um in diameter 10-100 um in diameterNucleus Absent PresentMembranousOrganelles Absent Present
Cell Wall Chemically complex When present simpleRibosomesSmaller (70S) Larger (80S) in cell
70S in organellesDNA Single circular Multiple linear
chromosome chromosomes (histones)Cell Division Binary fission MitosisCytoskeleton Absent Present
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Characteristics of Life
Growth and development Reproduction and heredity Metabolism (synthesis degradation) Movement moving responses Cell support protection storage Transport of materials into and out of cell
Living things are made of cells
Living things obtain and use energy
Living things grow and develop
Living things reproduce
Living things respond to their environment
Living things adapt to their environment
Main characteristics of living things (organisms)
Small dimensions
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Morphologically differ
Metabolic flexible
Widely distributed
Reproduce by different methods
Main characteristics of microorganisms
bulldesigned a system of naming organisms called binomial (two names) nomenclature (system of naming) which gave each organism 2 names - genus (plural = genera) and species (plural = species) names The genus and species names would be similar to your first and last names Genus is always capitalized while species is never capitalized To be written correctly the scientific name must be either underlined or written in italics
CAROLUS LINNAEUS
Plant Classification Binomial System of
Nomenclature Linnaeus - founder of
plant taxonomyldquo Credited with binomial
system and classification hierarchy Example
Chlorella vulgaris Genus-- always italicized or
underlined eg Chlorella or Chlorella
Species-- always italicized or underlined eg vulgaris or vulgaris
C LinnaeusC Linnaeus1707-17781707-1778
In Aristotles time the living things were classified as either plants or animals
This 2 kingdom classification system was also used by Linnaeus and other scientists through the middle of the twentieth century
Today a 5-kingdom classification system is generally accepted
It was proposed by R H Whittaker in 1969
However this may not be the end of the story Some scientists have proposed that organisms be divided into even more (maybe as many as 8) kingdoms
Viruses are not included in any of the present 5 kingdoms - mainly due to their many nonliving characteristics (for example viruses are not cells)
History of Classification
(Classification is a constantly changing dynamic science)
5-kingdom classification system
Two kingdoms
Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia
The basis of differentiation
Three kingdoms(Haeckel)
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
Four kingdoms(Copeland)
Kingdom Monera
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
Five kingdoms
1- Monera simplest organisms single-celled Cyanobacteria (blue green algae) heterotrophic
bacteria archaea
2- Protista (Protoctista) single and multicelled with nucleus Algae protozoa (amoebas)
3- Fungi Mold lichen
4- Plantae multicelled photosynthetic plants
5- Animalia multicelled animals
1 KINGDOM MONERA
1 cell
no true nucleus - prokaryote (genetic material scattered and not enclosed by a membrane)
some move (flagellum) others dont
some make their own food (autotrophic) others cant make their own food (heterotrophic)
examples - bacteria blue-green bacteria (cyanobacteria)
Five - kingdom classification system
2 KINGDOM PROTISTA
1 cell
have a true nucleus - eukaryote
some move (cilia flagella pseudopodia) others dont
some are autotrophic others are heterotrophic
examples - amoeba diatom euglena paramecium some algae (unicellular) etc
Five - kingdom classification system
3 KINGDOM FUNGI
Multicellular
have nuclei
mainly do not move from place to place
heterotrophic (food is digested outside of fungus)
examples - mushroom mold puffball shelfbracket fungus yeast
Five - kingdom classification system
4 KINGDOM PLANTAE (plants)
multicellular
have nuclei
do not move
autotrophic
examples - multicellular algae mosses ferns flowering plants (dandelions roses etc) trees etc
Five - kingdom classification system
5 KINGDOM ANIMALIA (animals)
multicellular
have nuclei
do move
heterotrophic
examples - sponge jellyfish insect fish frog bird man
Five - kingdom classification system
Classification Hierarchy
Systemized classification of organisms
1048708 Kingdom (General)
1048708 Phylum
1048708 Class
1048708 Order
1048708 Family
1048708 Genus
1048708 Species (Specific)
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
plantplant AnimalAnimalss
ProtozoaProtozoa
FungiFungi
MicroalgaeMicroalgae
BacteriaBacteria ActinomycetesActinomycetes
MicroorganismsMicroorganisms
EuglenaEuglena
EukaryotesEukaryotes
ProkaryotesProkaryotesRikkitssiaRikkitssia
VirusesViruses
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic cell structureProkaryotic cell structure Eukaryotic cell structureEukaryotic cell structure Differences between Prokaryotic amp Differences between Prokaryotic amp
Eukaryotic cellsEukaryotic cells
- Cell is defined as the fundamental living unit of any organism
- Cell is important to produce energy for metabolism (all chemical reactions within a cell)
- Cell can mutate (change genetically) as a result of accidental changes in its genetic material (DNA)
- Some microorganisms are prokaryotic some are eukaryotic amp some are not cells at all (Viruses)
- Viruses are composed of only a few genes protected by a protein coat amp may contain few enzymes
- Cytology the study of the structure and functions of cells
Eukaryotic cellEukaryotic cell Prokaryotic cellProkaryotic cell
GramGram+ +
GramGram- -
Cell wallCell wall
Cell (inner) membraneCell (inner) membrane Outer membraneOuter membrane
RibosomesRibosomes
Rough endoplasmicRough endoplasmic
reticulumreticulum
MitochondriaMitochondria
GranuleGranule
))eg animaleg animal((
Cell wallCell wall
NucleoidNucleoid
NucleusNucleus
Cell membraneCell membrane
CapsuleCapsule
CytoplasmCytoplasm
FlagellumFlagellum
PiliPili
bull Composition of the Microbial World
-Procaryotes relative simple morphology and
-lack true membrane delimited nucleus
- Eucaryotes morphologically complex with a true membrane enclosed nucleus
Distinguishing Features of Prokaryotic Cells
1 DNA is= Not enclosed within a nuclear membrane
= A single circular chromosome
2 Lack membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi etc
3 Cell walls usually contain peptidoglycan a complex polysaccharide
4 Divide by binary fission (absence of sexual reproduction)
Distinguishing Features of Eucaryotic Cells
1 DNA is-Enclosed within a nuclear membrane
-Several linear chromosomes
2 Have membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi endoplasmic reticulum etc
3 Divide by mitosis
Important Differences Between Eucaryotic and Procaryotic Cells
Procaryotes Eucaryotes
Cell size 02-2 um in diameter 10-100 um in diameterNucleus Absent PresentMembranousOrganelles Absent Present
Cell Wall Chemically complex When present simpleRibosomesSmaller (70S) Larger (80S) in cell
70S in organellesDNA Single circular Multiple linear
chromosome chromosomes (histones)Cell Division Binary fission MitosisCytoskeleton Absent Present
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Characteristics of Life
Growth and development Reproduction and heredity Metabolism (synthesis degradation) Movement moving responses Cell support protection storage Transport of materials into and out of cell
Living things are made of cells
Living things obtain and use energy
Living things grow and develop
Living things reproduce
Living things respond to their environment
Living things adapt to their environment
Main characteristics of living things (organisms)
Small dimensions
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Morphologically differ
Metabolic flexible
Widely distributed
Reproduce by different methods
Main characteristics of microorganisms
Plant Classification Binomial System of
Nomenclature Linnaeus - founder of
plant taxonomyldquo Credited with binomial
system and classification hierarchy Example
Chlorella vulgaris Genus-- always italicized or
underlined eg Chlorella or Chlorella
Species-- always italicized or underlined eg vulgaris or vulgaris
C LinnaeusC Linnaeus1707-17781707-1778
In Aristotles time the living things were classified as either plants or animals
This 2 kingdom classification system was also used by Linnaeus and other scientists through the middle of the twentieth century
Today a 5-kingdom classification system is generally accepted
It was proposed by R H Whittaker in 1969
However this may not be the end of the story Some scientists have proposed that organisms be divided into even more (maybe as many as 8) kingdoms
Viruses are not included in any of the present 5 kingdoms - mainly due to their many nonliving characteristics (for example viruses are not cells)
History of Classification
(Classification is a constantly changing dynamic science)
5-kingdom classification system
Two kingdoms
Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia
The basis of differentiation
Three kingdoms(Haeckel)
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
Four kingdoms(Copeland)
Kingdom Monera
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
Five kingdoms
1- Monera simplest organisms single-celled Cyanobacteria (blue green algae) heterotrophic
bacteria archaea
2- Protista (Protoctista) single and multicelled with nucleus Algae protozoa (amoebas)
3- Fungi Mold lichen
4- Plantae multicelled photosynthetic plants
5- Animalia multicelled animals
1 KINGDOM MONERA
1 cell
no true nucleus - prokaryote (genetic material scattered and not enclosed by a membrane)
some move (flagellum) others dont
some make their own food (autotrophic) others cant make their own food (heterotrophic)
examples - bacteria blue-green bacteria (cyanobacteria)
Five - kingdom classification system
2 KINGDOM PROTISTA
1 cell
have a true nucleus - eukaryote
some move (cilia flagella pseudopodia) others dont
some are autotrophic others are heterotrophic
examples - amoeba diatom euglena paramecium some algae (unicellular) etc
Five - kingdom classification system
3 KINGDOM FUNGI
Multicellular
have nuclei
mainly do not move from place to place
heterotrophic (food is digested outside of fungus)
examples - mushroom mold puffball shelfbracket fungus yeast
Five - kingdom classification system
4 KINGDOM PLANTAE (plants)
multicellular
have nuclei
do not move
autotrophic
examples - multicellular algae mosses ferns flowering plants (dandelions roses etc) trees etc
Five - kingdom classification system
5 KINGDOM ANIMALIA (animals)
multicellular
have nuclei
do move
heterotrophic
examples - sponge jellyfish insect fish frog bird man
Five - kingdom classification system
Classification Hierarchy
Systemized classification of organisms
1048708 Kingdom (General)
1048708 Phylum
1048708 Class
1048708 Order
1048708 Family
1048708 Genus
1048708 Species (Specific)
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
plantplant AnimalAnimalss
ProtozoaProtozoa
FungiFungi
MicroalgaeMicroalgae
BacteriaBacteria ActinomycetesActinomycetes
MicroorganismsMicroorganisms
EuglenaEuglena
EukaryotesEukaryotes
ProkaryotesProkaryotesRikkitssiaRikkitssia
VirusesViruses
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic cell structureProkaryotic cell structure Eukaryotic cell structureEukaryotic cell structure Differences between Prokaryotic amp Differences between Prokaryotic amp
Eukaryotic cellsEukaryotic cells
- Cell is defined as the fundamental living unit of any organism
- Cell is important to produce energy for metabolism (all chemical reactions within a cell)
- Cell can mutate (change genetically) as a result of accidental changes in its genetic material (DNA)
- Some microorganisms are prokaryotic some are eukaryotic amp some are not cells at all (Viruses)
- Viruses are composed of only a few genes protected by a protein coat amp may contain few enzymes
- Cytology the study of the structure and functions of cells
Eukaryotic cellEukaryotic cell Prokaryotic cellProkaryotic cell
GramGram+ +
GramGram- -
Cell wallCell wall
Cell (inner) membraneCell (inner) membrane Outer membraneOuter membrane
RibosomesRibosomes
Rough endoplasmicRough endoplasmic
reticulumreticulum
MitochondriaMitochondria
GranuleGranule
))eg animaleg animal((
Cell wallCell wall
NucleoidNucleoid
NucleusNucleus
Cell membraneCell membrane
CapsuleCapsule
CytoplasmCytoplasm
FlagellumFlagellum
PiliPili
bull Composition of the Microbial World
-Procaryotes relative simple morphology and
-lack true membrane delimited nucleus
- Eucaryotes morphologically complex with a true membrane enclosed nucleus
Distinguishing Features of Prokaryotic Cells
1 DNA is= Not enclosed within a nuclear membrane
= A single circular chromosome
2 Lack membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi etc
3 Cell walls usually contain peptidoglycan a complex polysaccharide
4 Divide by binary fission (absence of sexual reproduction)
Distinguishing Features of Eucaryotic Cells
1 DNA is-Enclosed within a nuclear membrane
-Several linear chromosomes
2 Have membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi endoplasmic reticulum etc
3 Divide by mitosis
Important Differences Between Eucaryotic and Procaryotic Cells
Procaryotes Eucaryotes
Cell size 02-2 um in diameter 10-100 um in diameterNucleus Absent PresentMembranousOrganelles Absent Present
Cell Wall Chemically complex When present simpleRibosomesSmaller (70S) Larger (80S) in cell
70S in organellesDNA Single circular Multiple linear
chromosome chromosomes (histones)Cell Division Binary fission MitosisCytoskeleton Absent Present
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Characteristics of Life
Growth and development Reproduction and heredity Metabolism (synthesis degradation) Movement moving responses Cell support protection storage Transport of materials into and out of cell
Living things are made of cells
Living things obtain and use energy
Living things grow and develop
Living things reproduce
Living things respond to their environment
Living things adapt to their environment
Main characteristics of living things (organisms)
Small dimensions
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Morphologically differ
Metabolic flexible
Widely distributed
Reproduce by different methods
Main characteristics of microorganisms
In Aristotles time the living things were classified as either plants or animals
This 2 kingdom classification system was also used by Linnaeus and other scientists through the middle of the twentieth century
Today a 5-kingdom classification system is generally accepted
It was proposed by R H Whittaker in 1969
However this may not be the end of the story Some scientists have proposed that organisms be divided into even more (maybe as many as 8) kingdoms
Viruses are not included in any of the present 5 kingdoms - mainly due to their many nonliving characteristics (for example viruses are not cells)
History of Classification
(Classification is a constantly changing dynamic science)
5-kingdom classification system
Two kingdoms
Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia
The basis of differentiation
Three kingdoms(Haeckel)
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
Four kingdoms(Copeland)
Kingdom Monera
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
Five kingdoms
1- Monera simplest organisms single-celled Cyanobacteria (blue green algae) heterotrophic
bacteria archaea
2- Protista (Protoctista) single and multicelled with nucleus Algae protozoa (amoebas)
3- Fungi Mold lichen
4- Plantae multicelled photosynthetic plants
5- Animalia multicelled animals
1 KINGDOM MONERA
1 cell
no true nucleus - prokaryote (genetic material scattered and not enclosed by a membrane)
some move (flagellum) others dont
some make their own food (autotrophic) others cant make their own food (heterotrophic)
examples - bacteria blue-green bacteria (cyanobacteria)
Five - kingdom classification system
2 KINGDOM PROTISTA
1 cell
have a true nucleus - eukaryote
some move (cilia flagella pseudopodia) others dont
some are autotrophic others are heterotrophic
examples - amoeba diatom euglena paramecium some algae (unicellular) etc
Five - kingdom classification system
3 KINGDOM FUNGI
Multicellular
have nuclei
mainly do not move from place to place
heterotrophic (food is digested outside of fungus)
examples - mushroom mold puffball shelfbracket fungus yeast
Five - kingdom classification system
4 KINGDOM PLANTAE (plants)
multicellular
have nuclei
do not move
autotrophic
examples - multicellular algae mosses ferns flowering plants (dandelions roses etc) trees etc
Five - kingdom classification system
5 KINGDOM ANIMALIA (animals)
multicellular
have nuclei
do move
heterotrophic
examples - sponge jellyfish insect fish frog bird man
Five - kingdom classification system
Classification Hierarchy
Systemized classification of organisms
1048708 Kingdom (General)
1048708 Phylum
1048708 Class
1048708 Order
1048708 Family
1048708 Genus
1048708 Species (Specific)
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
plantplant AnimalAnimalss
ProtozoaProtozoa
FungiFungi
MicroalgaeMicroalgae
BacteriaBacteria ActinomycetesActinomycetes
MicroorganismsMicroorganisms
EuglenaEuglena
EukaryotesEukaryotes
ProkaryotesProkaryotesRikkitssiaRikkitssia
VirusesViruses
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic cell structureProkaryotic cell structure Eukaryotic cell structureEukaryotic cell structure Differences between Prokaryotic amp Differences between Prokaryotic amp
Eukaryotic cellsEukaryotic cells
- Cell is defined as the fundamental living unit of any organism
- Cell is important to produce energy for metabolism (all chemical reactions within a cell)
- Cell can mutate (change genetically) as a result of accidental changes in its genetic material (DNA)
- Some microorganisms are prokaryotic some are eukaryotic amp some are not cells at all (Viruses)
- Viruses are composed of only a few genes protected by a protein coat amp may contain few enzymes
- Cytology the study of the structure and functions of cells
Eukaryotic cellEukaryotic cell Prokaryotic cellProkaryotic cell
GramGram+ +
GramGram- -
Cell wallCell wall
Cell (inner) membraneCell (inner) membrane Outer membraneOuter membrane
RibosomesRibosomes
Rough endoplasmicRough endoplasmic
reticulumreticulum
MitochondriaMitochondria
GranuleGranule
))eg animaleg animal((
Cell wallCell wall
NucleoidNucleoid
NucleusNucleus
Cell membraneCell membrane
CapsuleCapsule
CytoplasmCytoplasm
FlagellumFlagellum
PiliPili
bull Composition of the Microbial World
-Procaryotes relative simple morphology and
-lack true membrane delimited nucleus
- Eucaryotes morphologically complex with a true membrane enclosed nucleus
Distinguishing Features of Prokaryotic Cells
1 DNA is= Not enclosed within a nuclear membrane
= A single circular chromosome
2 Lack membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi etc
3 Cell walls usually contain peptidoglycan a complex polysaccharide
4 Divide by binary fission (absence of sexual reproduction)
Distinguishing Features of Eucaryotic Cells
1 DNA is-Enclosed within a nuclear membrane
-Several linear chromosomes
2 Have membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi endoplasmic reticulum etc
3 Divide by mitosis
Important Differences Between Eucaryotic and Procaryotic Cells
Procaryotes Eucaryotes
Cell size 02-2 um in diameter 10-100 um in diameterNucleus Absent PresentMembranousOrganelles Absent Present
Cell Wall Chemically complex When present simpleRibosomesSmaller (70S) Larger (80S) in cell
70S in organellesDNA Single circular Multiple linear
chromosome chromosomes (histones)Cell Division Binary fission MitosisCytoskeleton Absent Present
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Characteristics of Life
Growth and development Reproduction and heredity Metabolism (synthesis degradation) Movement moving responses Cell support protection storage Transport of materials into and out of cell
Living things are made of cells
Living things obtain and use energy
Living things grow and develop
Living things reproduce
Living things respond to their environment
Living things adapt to their environment
Main characteristics of living things (organisms)
Small dimensions
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Morphologically differ
Metabolic flexible
Widely distributed
Reproduce by different methods
Main characteristics of microorganisms
Two kingdoms
Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia
The basis of differentiation
Three kingdoms(Haeckel)
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
Four kingdoms(Copeland)
Kingdom Monera
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
Five kingdoms
1- Monera simplest organisms single-celled Cyanobacteria (blue green algae) heterotrophic
bacteria archaea
2- Protista (Protoctista) single and multicelled with nucleus Algae protozoa (amoebas)
3- Fungi Mold lichen
4- Plantae multicelled photosynthetic plants
5- Animalia multicelled animals
1 KINGDOM MONERA
1 cell
no true nucleus - prokaryote (genetic material scattered and not enclosed by a membrane)
some move (flagellum) others dont
some make their own food (autotrophic) others cant make their own food (heterotrophic)
examples - bacteria blue-green bacteria (cyanobacteria)
Five - kingdom classification system
2 KINGDOM PROTISTA
1 cell
have a true nucleus - eukaryote
some move (cilia flagella pseudopodia) others dont
some are autotrophic others are heterotrophic
examples - amoeba diatom euglena paramecium some algae (unicellular) etc
Five - kingdom classification system
3 KINGDOM FUNGI
Multicellular
have nuclei
mainly do not move from place to place
heterotrophic (food is digested outside of fungus)
examples - mushroom mold puffball shelfbracket fungus yeast
Five - kingdom classification system
4 KINGDOM PLANTAE (plants)
multicellular
have nuclei
do not move
autotrophic
examples - multicellular algae mosses ferns flowering plants (dandelions roses etc) trees etc
Five - kingdom classification system
5 KINGDOM ANIMALIA (animals)
multicellular
have nuclei
do move
heterotrophic
examples - sponge jellyfish insect fish frog bird man
Five - kingdom classification system
Classification Hierarchy
Systemized classification of organisms
1048708 Kingdom (General)
1048708 Phylum
1048708 Class
1048708 Order
1048708 Family
1048708 Genus
1048708 Species (Specific)
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
plantplant AnimalAnimalss
ProtozoaProtozoa
FungiFungi
MicroalgaeMicroalgae
BacteriaBacteria ActinomycetesActinomycetes
MicroorganismsMicroorganisms
EuglenaEuglena
EukaryotesEukaryotes
ProkaryotesProkaryotesRikkitssiaRikkitssia
VirusesViruses
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic cell structureProkaryotic cell structure Eukaryotic cell structureEukaryotic cell structure Differences between Prokaryotic amp Differences between Prokaryotic amp
Eukaryotic cellsEukaryotic cells
- Cell is defined as the fundamental living unit of any organism
- Cell is important to produce energy for metabolism (all chemical reactions within a cell)
- Cell can mutate (change genetically) as a result of accidental changes in its genetic material (DNA)
- Some microorganisms are prokaryotic some are eukaryotic amp some are not cells at all (Viruses)
- Viruses are composed of only a few genes protected by a protein coat amp may contain few enzymes
- Cytology the study of the structure and functions of cells
Eukaryotic cellEukaryotic cell Prokaryotic cellProkaryotic cell
GramGram+ +
GramGram- -
Cell wallCell wall
Cell (inner) membraneCell (inner) membrane Outer membraneOuter membrane
RibosomesRibosomes
Rough endoplasmicRough endoplasmic
reticulumreticulum
MitochondriaMitochondria
GranuleGranule
))eg animaleg animal((
Cell wallCell wall
NucleoidNucleoid
NucleusNucleus
Cell membraneCell membrane
CapsuleCapsule
CytoplasmCytoplasm
FlagellumFlagellum
PiliPili
bull Composition of the Microbial World
-Procaryotes relative simple morphology and
-lack true membrane delimited nucleus
- Eucaryotes morphologically complex with a true membrane enclosed nucleus
Distinguishing Features of Prokaryotic Cells
1 DNA is= Not enclosed within a nuclear membrane
= A single circular chromosome
2 Lack membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi etc
3 Cell walls usually contain peptidoglycan a complex polysaccharide
4 Divide by binary fission (absence of sexual reproduction)
Distinguishing Features of Eucaryotic Cells
1 DNA is-Enclosed within a nuclear membrane
-Several linear chromosomes
2 Have membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi endoplasmic reticulum etc
3 Divide by mitosis
Important Differences Between Eucaryotic and Procaryotic Cells
Procaryotes Eucaryotes
Cell size 02-2 um in diameter 10-100 um in diameterNucleus Absent PresentMembranousOrganelles Absent Present
Cell Wall Chemically complex When present simpleRibosomesSmaller (70S) Larger (80S) in cell
70S in organellesDNA Single circular Multiple linear
chromosome chromosomes (histones)Cell Division Binary fission MitosisCytoskeleton Absent Present
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Characteristics of Life
Growth and development Reproduction and heredity Metabolism (synthesis degradation) Movement moving responses Cell support protection storage Transport of materials into and out of cell
Living things are made of cells
Living things obtain and use energy
Living things grow and develop
Living things reproduce
Living things respond to their environment
Living things adapt to their environment
Main characteristics of living things (organisms)
Small dimensions
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Morphologically differ
Metabolic flexible
Widely distributed
Reproduce by different methods
Main characteristics of microorganisms
Three kingdoms(Haeckel)
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
Four kingdoms(Copeland)
Kingdom Monera
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
Five kingdoms
1- Monera simplest organisms single-celled Cyanobacteria (blue green algae) heterotrophic
bacteria archaea
2- Protista (Protoctista) single and multicelled with nucleus Algae protozoa (amoebas)
3- Fungi Mold lichen
4- Plantae multicelled photosynthetic plants
5- Animalia multicelled animals
1 KINGDOM MONERA
1 cell
no true nucleus - prokaryote (genetic material scattered and not enclosed by a membrane)
some move (flagellum) others dont
some make their own food (autotrophic) others cant make their own food (heterotrophic)
examples - bacteria blue-green bacteria (cyanobacteria)
Five - kingdom classification system
2 KINGDOM PROTISTA
1 cell
have a true nucleus - eukaryote
some move (cilia flagella pseudopodia) others dont
some are autotrophic others are heterotrophic
examples - amoeba diatom euglena paramecium some algae (unicellular) etc
Five - kingdom classification system
3 KINGDOM FUNGI
Multicellular
have nuclei
mainly do not move from place to place
heterotrophic (food is digested outside of fungus)
examples - mushroom mold puffball shelfbracket fungus yeast
Five - kingdom classification system
4 KINGDOM PLANTAE (plants)
multicellular
have nuclei
do not move
autotrophic
examples - multicellular algae mosses ferns flowering plants (dandelions roses etc) trees etc
Five - kingdom classification system
5 KINGDOM ANIMALIA (animals)
multicellular
have nuclei
do move
heterotrophic
examples - sponge jellyfish insect fish frog bird man
Five - kingdom classification system
Classification Hierarchy
Systemized classification of organisms
1048708 Kingdom (General)
1048708 Phylum
1048708 Class
1048708 Order
1048708 Family
1048708 Genus
1048708 Species (Specific)
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
plantplant AnimalAnimalss
ProtozoaProtozoa
FungiFungi
MicroalgaeMicroalgae
BacteriaBacteria ActinomycetesActinomycetes
MicroorganismsMicroorganisms
EuglenaEuglena
EukaryotesEukaryotes
ProkaryotesProkaryotesRikkitssiaRikkitssia
VirusesViruses
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic cell structureProkaryotic cell structure Eukaryotic cell structureEukaryotic cell structure Differences between Prokaryotic amp Differences between Prokaryotic amp
Eukaryotic cellsEukaryotic cells
- Cell is defined as the fundamental living unit of any organism
- Cell is important to produce energy for metabolism (all chemical reactions within a cell)
- Cell can mutate (change genetically) as a result of accidental changes in its genetic material (DNA)
- Some microorganisms are prokaryotic some are eukaryotic amp some are not cells at all (Viruses)
- Viruses are composed of only a few genes protected by a protein coat amp may contain few enzymes
- Cytology the study of the structure and functions of cells
Eukaryotic cellEukaryotic cell Prokaryotic cellProkaryotic cell
GramGram+ +
GramGram- -
Cell wallCell wall
Cell (inner) membraneCell (inner) membrane Outer membraneOuter membrane
RibosomesRibosomes
Rough endoplasmicRough endoplasmic
reticulumreticulum
MitochondriaMitochondria
GranuleGranule
))eg animaleg animal((
Cell wallCell wall
NucleoidNucleoid
NucleusNucleus
Cell membraneCell membrane
CapsuleCapsule
CytoplasmCytoplasm
FlagellumFlagellum
PiliPili
bull Composition of the Microbial World
-Procaryotes relative simple morphology and
-lack true membrane delimited nucleus
- Eucaryotes morphologically complex with a true membrane enclosed nucleus
Distinguishing Features of Prokaryotic Cells
1 DNA is= Not enclosed within a nuclear membrane
= A single circular chromosome
2 Lack membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi etc
3 Cell walls usually contain peptidoglycan a complex polysaccharide
4 Divide by binary fission (absence of sexual reproduction)
Distinguishing Features of Eucaryotic Cells
1 DNA is-Enclosed within a nuclear membrane
-Several linear chromosomes
2 Have membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi endoplasmic reticulum etc
3 Divide by mitosis
Important Differences Between Eucaryotic and Procaryotic Cells
Procaryotes Eucaryotes
Cell size 02-2 um in diameter 10-100 um in diameterNucleus Absent PresentMembranousOrganelles Absent Present
Cell Wall Chemically complex When present simpleRibosomesSmaller (70S) Larger (80S) in cell
70S in organellesDNA Single circular Multiple linear
chromosome chromosomes (histones)Cell Division Binary fission MitosisCytoskeleton Absent Present
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Characteristics of Life
Growth and development Reproduction and heredity Metabolism (synthesis degradation) Movement moving responses Cell support protection storage Transport of materials into and out of cell
Living things are made of cells
Living things obtain and use energy
Living things grow and develop
Living things reproduce
Living things respond to their environment
Living things adapt to their environment
Main characteristics of living things (organisms)
Small dimensions
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Morphologically differ
Metabolic flexible
Widely distributed
Reproduce by different methods
Main characteristics of microorganisms
Four kingdoms(Copeland)
Kingdom Monera
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
Five kingdoms
1- Monera simplest organisms single-celled Cyanobacteria (blue green algae) heterotrophic
bacteria archaea
2- Protista (Protoctista) single and multicelled with nucleus Algae protozoa (amoebas)
3- Fungi Mold lichen
4- Plantae multicelled photosynthetic plants
5- Animalia multicelled animals
1 KINGDOM MONERA
1 cell
no true nucleus - prokaryote (genetic material scattered and not enclosed by a membrane)
some move (flagellum) others dont
some make their own food (autotrophic) others cant make their own food (heterotrophic)
examples - bacteria blue-green bacteria (cyanobacteria)
Five - kingdom classification system
2 KINGDOM PROTISTA
1 cell
have a true nucleus - eukaryote
some move (cilia flagella pseudopodia) others dont
some are autotrophic others are heterotrophic
examples - amoeba diatom euglena paramecium some algae (unicellular) etc
Five - kingdom classification system
3 KINGDOM FUNGI
Multicellular
have nuclei
mainly do not move from place to place
heterotrophic (food is digested outside of fungus)
examples - mushroom mold puffball shelfbracket fungus yeast
Five - kingdom classification system
4 KINGDOM PLANTAE (plants)
multicellular
have nuclei
do not move
autotrophic
examples - multicellular algae mosses ferns flowering plants (dandelions roses etc) trees etc
Five - kingdom classification system
5 KINGDOM ANIMALIA (animals)
multicellular
have nuclei
do move
heterotrophic
examples - sponge jellyfish insect fish frog bird man
Five - kingdom classification system
Classification Hierarchy
Systemized classification of organisms
1048708 Kingdom (General)
1048708 Phylum
1048708 Class
1048708 Order
1048708 Family
1048708 Genus
1048708 Species (Specific)
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
plantplant AnimalAnimalss
ProtozoaProtozoa
FungiFungi
MicroalgaeMicroalgae
BacteriaBacteria ActinomycetesActinomycetes
MicroorganismsMicroorganisms
EuglenaEuglena
EukaryotesEukaryotes
ProkaryotesProkaryotesRikkitssiaRikkitssia
VirusesViruses
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic cell structureProkaryotic cell structure Eukaryotic cell structureEukaryotic cell structure Differences between Prokaryotic amp Differences between Prokaryotic amp
Eukaryotic cellsEukaryotic cells
- Cell is defined as the fundamental living unit of any organism
- Cell is important to produce energy for metabolism (all chemical reactions within a cell)
- Cell can mutate (change genetically) as a result of accidental changes in its genetic material (DNA)
- Some microorganisms are prokaryotic some are eukaryotic amp some are not cells at all (Viruses)
- Viruses are composed of only a few genes protected by a protein coat amp may contain few enzymes
- Cytology the study of the structure and functions of cells
Eukaryotic cellEukaryotic cell Prokaryotic cellProkaryotic cell
GramGram+ +
GramGram- -
Cell wallCell wall
Cell (inner) membraneCell (inner) membrane Outer membraneOuter membrane
RibosomesRibosomes
Rough endoplasmicRough endoplasmic
reticulumreticulum
MitochondriaMitochondria
GranuleGranule
))eg animaleg animal((
Cell wallCell wall
NucleoidNucleoid
NucleusNucleus
Cell membraneCell membrane
CapsuleCapsule
CytoplasmCytoplasm
FlagellumFlagellum
PiliPili
bull Composition of the Microbial World
-Procaryotes relative simple morphology and
-lack true membrane delimited nucleus
- Eucaryotes morphologically complex with a true membrane enclosed nucleus
Distinguishing Features of Prokaryotic Cells
1 DNA is= Not enclosed within a nuclear membrane
= A single circular chromosome
2 Lack membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi etc
3 Cell walls usually contain peptidoglycan a complex polysaccharide
4 Divide by binary fission (absence of sexual reproduction)
Distinguishing Features of Eucaryotic Cells
1 DNA is-Enclosed within a nuclear membrane
-Several linear chromosomes
2 Have membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi endoplasmic reticulum etc
3 Divide by mitosis
Important Differences Between Eucaryotic and Procaryotic Cells
Procaryotes Eucaryotes
Cell size 02-2 um in diameter 10-100 um in diameterNucleus Absent PresentMembranousOrganelles Absent Present
Cell Wall Chemically complex When present simpleRibosomesSmaller (70S) Larger (80S) in cell
70S in organellesDNA Single circular Multiple linear
chromosome chromosomes (histones)Cell Division Binary fission MitosisCytoskeleton Absent Present
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Characteristics of Life
Growth and development Reproduction and heredity Metabolism (synthesis degradation) Movement moving responses Cell support protection storage Transport of materials into and out of cell
Living things are made of cells
Living things obtain and use energy
Living things grow and develop
Living things reproduce
Living things respond to their environment
Living things adapt to their environment
Main characteristics of living things (organisms)
Small dimensions
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Morphologically differ
Metabolic flexible
Widely distributed
Reproduce by different methods
Main characteristics of microorganisms
Five kingdoms
1- Monera simplest organisms single-celled Cyanobacteria (blue green algae) heterotrophic
bacteria archaea
2- Protista (Protoctista) single and multicelled with nucleus Algae protozoa (amoebas)
3- Fungi Mold lichen
4- Plantae multicelled photosynthetic plants
5- Animalia multicelled animals
1 KINGDOM MONERA
1 cell
no true nucleus - prokaryote (genetic material scattered and not enclosed by a membrane)
some move (flagellum) others dont
some make their own food (autotrophic) others cant make their own food (heterotrophic)
examples - bacteria blue-green bacteria (cyanobacteria)
Five - kingdom classification system
2 KINGDOM PROTISTA
1 cell
have a true nucleus - eukaryote
some move (cilia flagella pseudopodia) others dont
some are autotrophic others are heterotrophic
examples - amoeba diatom euglena paramecium some algae (unicellular) etc
Five - kingdom classification system
3 KINGDOM FUNGI
Multicellular
have nuclei
mainly do not move from place to place
heterotrophic (food is digested outside of fungus)
examples - mushroom mold puffball shelfbracket fungus yeast
Five - kingdom classification system
4 KINGDOM PLANTAE (plants)
multicellular
have nuclei
do not move
autotrophic
examples - multicellular algae mosses ferns flowering plants (dandelions roses etc) trees etc
Five - kingdom classification system
5 KINGDOM ANIMALIA (animals)
multicellular
have nuclei
do move
heterotrophic
examples - sponge jellyfish insect fish frog bird man
Five - kingdom classification system
Classification Hierarchy
Systemized classification of organisms
1048708 Kingdom (General)
1048708 Phylum
1048708 Class
1048708 Order
1048708 Family
1048708 Genus
1048708 Species (Specific)
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
plantplant AnimalAnimalss
ProtozoaProtozoa
FungiFungi
MicroalgaeMicroalgae
BacteriaBacteria ActinomycetesActinomycetes
MicroorganismsMicroorganisms
EuglenaEuglena
EukaryotesEukaryotes
ProkaryotesProkaryotesRikkitssiaRikkitssia
VirusesViruses
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic cell structureProkaryotic cell structure Eukaryotic cell structureEukaryotic cell structure Differences between Prokaryotic amp Differences between Prokaryotic amp
Eukaryotic cellsEukaryotic cells
- Cell is defined as the fundamental living unit of any organism
- Cell is important to produce energy for metabolism (all chemical reactions within a cell)
- Cell can mutate (change genetically) as a result of accidental changes in its genetic material (DNA)
- Some microorganisms are prokaryotic some are eukaryotic amp some are not cells at all (Viruses)
- Viruses are composed of only a few genes protected by a protein coat amp may contain few enzymes
- Cytology the study of the structure and functions of cells
Eukaryotic cellEukaryotic cell Prokaryotic cellProkaryotic cell
GramGram+ +
GramGram- -
Cell wallCell wall
Cell (inner) membraneCell (inner) membrane Outer membraneOuter membrane
RibosomesRibosomes
Rough endoplasmicRough endoplasmic
reticulumreticulum
MitochondriaMitochondria
GranuleGranule
))eg animaleg animal((
Cell wallCell wall
NucleoidNucleoid
NucleusNucleus
Cell membraneCell membrane
CapsuleCapsule
CytoplasmCytoplasm
FlagellumFlagellum
PiliPili
bull Composition of the Microbial World
-Procaryotes relative simple morphology and
-lack true membrane delimited nucleus
- Eucaryotes morphologically complex with a true membrane enclosed nucleus
Distinguishing Features of Prokaryotic Cells
1 DNA is= Not enclosed within a nuclear membrane
= A single circular chromosome
2 Lack membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi etc
3 Cell walls usually contain peptidoglycan a complex polysaccharide
4 Divide by binary fission (absence of sexual reproduction)
Distinguishing Features of Eucaryotic Cells
1 DNA is-Enclosed within a nuclear membrane
-Several linear chromosomes
2 Have membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi endoplasmic reticulum etc
3 Divide by mitosis
Important Differences Between Eucaryotic and Procaryotic Cells
Procaryotes Eucaryotes
Cell size 02-2 um in diameter 10-100 um in diameterNucleus Absent PresentMembranousOrganelles Absent Present
Cell Wall Chemically complex When present simpleRibosomesSmaller (70S) Larger (80S) in cell
70S in organellesDNA Single circular Multiple linear
chromosome chromosomes (histones)Cell Division Binary fission MitosisCytoskeleton Absent Present
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Characteristics of Life
Growth and development Reproduction and heredity Metabolism (synthesis degradation) Movement moving responses Cell support protection storage Transport of materials into and out of cell
Living things are made of cells
Living things obtain and use energy
Living things grow and develop
Living things reproduce
Living things respond to their environment
Living things adapt to their environment
Main characteristics of living things (organisms)
Small dimensions
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Morphologically differ
Metabolic flexible
Widely distributed
Reproduce by different methods
Main characteristics of microorganisms
1 KINGDOM MONERA
1 cell
no true nucleus - prokaryote (genetic material scattered and not enclosed by a membrane)
some move (flagellum) others dont
some make their own food (autotrophic) others cant make their own food (heterotrophic)
examples - bacteria blue-green bacteria (cyanobacteria)
Five - kingdom classification system
2 KINGDOM PROTISTA
1 cell
have a true nucleus - eukaryote
some move (cilia flagella pseudopodia) others dont
some are autotrophic others are heterotrophic
examples - amoeba diatom euglena paramecium some algae (unicellular) etc
Five - kingdom classification system
3 KINGDOM FUNGI
Multicellular
have nuclei
mainly do not move from place to place
heterotrophic (food is digested outside of fungus)
examples - mushroom mold puffball shelfbracket fungus yeast
Five - kingdom classification system
4 KINGDOM PLANTAE (plants)
multicellular
have nuclei
do not move
autotrophic
examples - multicellular algae mosses ferns flowering plants (dandelions roses etc) trees etc
Five - kingdom classification system
5 KINGDOM ANIMALIA (animals)
multicellular
have nuclei
do move
heterotrophic
examples - sponge jellyfish insect fish frog bird man
Five - kingdom classification system
Classification Hierarchy
Systemized classification of organisms
1048708 Kingdom (General)
1048708 Phylum
1048708 Class
1048708 Order
1048708 Family
1048708 Genus
1048708 Species (Specific)
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
plantplant AnimalAnimalss
ProtozoaProtozoa
FungiFungi
MicroalgaeMicroalgae
BacteriaBacteria ActinomycetesActinomycetes
MicroorganismsMicroorganisms
EuglenaEuglena
EukaryotesEukaryotes
ProkaryotesProkaryotesRikkitssiaRikkitssia
VirusesViruses
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic cell structureProkaryotic cell structure Eukaryotic cell structureEukaryotic cell structure Differences between Prokaryotic amp Differences between Prokaryotic amp
Eukaryotic cellsEukaryotic cells
- Cell is defined as the fundamental living unit of any organism
- Cell is important to produce energy for metabolism (all chemical reactions within a cell)
- Cell can mutate (change genetically) as a result of accidental changes in its genetic material (DNA)
- Some microorganisms are prokaryotic some are eukaryotic amp some are not cells at all (Viruses)
- Viruses are composed of only a few genes protected by a protein coat amp may contain few enzymes
- Cytology the study of the structure and functions of cells
Eukaryotic cellEukaryotic cell Prokaryotic cellProkaryotic cell
GramGram+ +
GramGram- -
Cell wallCell wall
Cell (inner) membraneCell (inner) membrane Outer membraneOuter membrane
RibosomesRibosomes
Rough endoplasmicRough endoplasmic
reticulumreticulum
MitochondriaMitochondria
GranuleGranule
))eg animaleg animal((
Cell wallCell wall
NucleoidNucleoid
NucleusNucleus
Cell membraneCell membrane
CapsuleCapsule
CytoplasmCytoplasm
FlagellumFlagellum
PiliPili
bull Composition of the Microbial World
-Procaryotes relative simple morphology and
-lack true membrane delimited nucleus
- Eucaryotes morphologically complex with a true membrane enclosed nucleus
Distinguishing Features of Prokaryotic Cells
1 DNA is= Not enclosed within a nuclear membrane
= A single circular chromosome
2 Lack membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi etc
3 Cell walls usually contain peptidoglycan a complex polysaccharide
4 Divide by binary fission (absence of sexual reproduction)
Distinguishing Features of Eucaryotic Cells
1 DNA is-Enclosed within a nuclear membrane
-Several linear chromosomes
2 Have membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi endoplasmic reticulum etc
3 Divide by mitosis
Important Differences Between Eucaryotic and Procaryotic Cells
Procaryotes Eucaryotes
Cell size 02-2 um in diameter 10-100 um in diameterNucleus Absent PresentMembranousOrganelles Absent Present
Cell Wall Chemically complex When present simpleRibosomesSmaller (70S) Larger (80S) in cell
70S in organellesDNA Single circular Multiple linear
chromosome chromosomes (histones)Cell Division Binary fission MitosisCytoskeleton Absent Present
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Characteristics of Life
Growth and development Reproduction and heredity Metabolism (synthesis degradation) Movement moving responses Cell support protection storage Transport of materials into and out of cell
Living things are made of cells
Living things obtain and use energy
Living things grow and develop
Living things reproduce
Living things respond to their environment
Living things adapt to their environment
Main characteristics of living things (organisms)
Small dimensions
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Morphologically differ
Metabolic flexible
Widely distributed
Reproduce by different methods
Main characteristics of microorganisms
2 KINGDOM PROTISTA
1 cell
have a true nucleus - eukaryote
some move (cilia flagella pseudopodia) others dont
some are autotrophic others are heterotrophic
examples - amoeba diatom euglena paramecium some algae (unicellular) etc
Five - kingdom classification system
3 KINGDOM FUNGI
Multicellular
have nuclei
mainly do not move from place to place
heterotrophic (food is digested outside of fungus)
examples - mushroom mold puffball shelfbracket fungus yeast
Five - kingdom classification system
4 KINGDOM PLANTAE (plants)
multicellular
have nuclei
do not move
autotrophic
examples - multicellular algae mosses ferns flowering plants (dandelions roses etc) trees etc
Five - kingdom classification system
5 KINGDOM ANIMALIA (animals)
multicellular
have nuclei
do move
heterotrophic
examples - sponge jellyfish insect fish frog bird man
Five - kingdom classification system
Classification Hierarchy
Systemized classification of organisms
1048708 Kingdom (General)
1048708 Phylum
1048708 Class
1048708 Order
1048708 Family
1048708 Genus
1048708 Species (Specific)
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
plantplant AnimalAnimalss
ProtozoaProtozoa
FungiFungi
MicroalgaeMicroalgae
BacteriaBacteria ActinomycetesActinomycetes
MicroorganismsMicroorganisms
EuglenaEuglena
EukaryotesEukaryotes
ProkaryotesProkaryotesRikkitssiaRikkitssia
VirusesViruses
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic cell structureProkaryotic cell structure Eukaryotic cell structureEukaryotic cell structure Differences between Prokaryotic amp Differences between Prokaryotic amp
Eukaryotic cellsEukaryotic cells
- Cell is defined as the fundamental living unit of any organism
- Cell is important to produce energy for metabolism (all chemical reactions within a cell)
- Cell can mutate (change genetically) as a result of accidental changes in its genetic material (DNA)
- Some microorganisms are prokaryotic some are eukaryotic amp some are not cells at all (Viruses)
- Viruses are composed of only a few genes protected by a protein coat amp may contain few enzymes
- Cytology the study of the structure and functions of cells
Eukaryotic cellEukaryotic cell Prokaryotic cellProkaryotic cell
GramGram+ +
GramGram- -
Cell wallCell wall
Cell (inner) membraneCell (inner) membrane Outer membraneOuter membrane
RibosomesRibosomes
Rough endoplasmicRough endoplasmic
reticulumreticulum
MitochondriaMitochondria
GranuleGranule
))eg animaleg animal((
Cell wallCell wall
NucleoidNucleoid
NucleusNucleus
Cell membraneCell membrane
CapsuleCapsule
CytoplasmCytoplasm
FlagellumFlagellum
PiliPili
bull Composition of the Microbial World
-Procaryotes relative simple morphology and
-lack true membrane delimited nucleus
- Eucaryotes morphologically complex with a true membrane enclosed nucleus
Distinguishing Features of Prokaryotic Cells
1 DNA is= Not enclosed within a nuclear membrane
= A single circular chromosome
2 Lack membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi etc
3 Cell walls usually contain peptidoglycan a complex polysaccharide
4 Divide by binary fission (absence of sexual reproduction)
Distinguishing Features of Eucaryotic Cells
1 DNA is-Enclosed within a nuclear membrane
-Several linear chromosomes
2 Have membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi endoplasmic reticulum etc
3 Divide by mitosis
Important Differences Between Eucaryotic and Procaryotic Cells
Procaryotes Eucaryotes
Cell size 02-2 um in diameter 10-100 um in diameterNucleus Absent PresentMembranousOrganelles Absent Present
Cell Wall Chemically complex When present simpleRibosomesSmaller (70S) Larger (80S) in cell
70S in organellesDNA Single circular Multiple linear
chromosome chromosomes (histones)Cell Division Binary fission MitosisCytoskeleton Absent Present
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Characteristics of Life
Growth and development Reproduction and heredity Metabolism (synthesis degradation) Movement moving responses Cell support protection storage Transport of materials into and out of cell
Living things are made of cells
Living things obtain and use energy
Living things grow and develop
Living things reproduce
Living things respond to their environment
Living things adapt to their environment
Main characteristics of living things (organisms)
Small dimensions
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Morphologically differ
Metabolic flexible
Widely distributed
Reproduce by different methods
Main characteristics of microorganisms
3 KINGDOM FUNGI
Multicellular
have nuclei
mainly do not move from place to place
heterotrophic (food is digested outside of fungus)
examples - mushroom mold puffball shelfbracket fungus yeast
Five - kingdom classification system
4 KINGDOM PLANTAE (plants)
multicellular
have nuclei
do not move
autotrophic
examples - multicellular algae mosses ferns flowering plants (dandelions roses etc) trees etc
Five - kingdom classification system
5 KINGDOM ANIMALIA (animals)
multicellular
have nuclei
do move
heterotrophic
examples - sponge jellyfish insect fish frog bird man
Five - kingdom classification system
Classification Hierarchy
Systemized classification of organisms
1048708 Kingdom (General)
1048708 Phylum
1048708 Class
1048708 Order
1048708 Family
1048708 Genus
1048708 Species (Specific)
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
plantplant AnimalAnimalss
ProtozoaProtozoa
FungiFungi
MicroalgaeMicroalgae
BacteriaBacteria ActinomycetesActinomycetes
MicroorganismsMicroorganisms
EuglenaEuglena
EukaryotesEukaryotes
ProkaryotesProkaryotesRikkitssiaRikkitssia
VirusesViruses
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic cell structureProkaryotic cell structure Eukaryotic cell structureEukaryotic cell structure Differences between Prokaryotic amp Differences between Prokaryotic amp
Eukaryotic cellsEukaryotic cells
- Cell is defined as the fundamental living unit of any organism
- Cell is important to produce energy for metabolism (all chemical reactions within a cell)
- Cell can mutate (change genetically) as a result of accidental changes in its genetic material (DNA)
- Some microorganisms are prokaryotic some are eukaryotic amp some are not cells at all (Viruses)
- Viruses are composed of only a few genes protected by a protein coat amp may contain few enzymes
- Cytology the study of the structure and functions of cells
Eukaryotic cellEukaryotic cell Prokaryotic cellProkaryotic cell
GramGram+ +
GramGram- -
Cell wallCell wall
Cell (inner) membraneCell (inner) membrane Outer membraneOuter membrane
RibosomesRibosomes
Rough endoplasmicRough endoplasmic
reticulumreticulum
MitochondriaMitochondria
GranuleGranule
))eg animaleg animal((
Cell wallCell wall
NucleoidNucleoid
NucleusNucleus
Cell membraneCell membrane
CapsuleCapsule
CytoplasmCytoplasm
FlagellumFlagellum
PiliPili
bull Composition of the Microbial World
-Procaryotes relative simple morphology and
-lack true membrane delimited nucleus
- Eucaryotes morphologically complex with a true membrane enclosed nucleus
Distinguishing Features of Prokaryotic Cells
1 DNA is= Not enclosed within a nuclear membrane
= A single circular chromosome
2 Lack membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi etc
3 Cell walls usually contain peptidoglycan a complex polysaccharide
4 Divide by binary fission (absence of sexual reproduction)
Distinguishing Features of Eucaryotic Cells
1 DNA is-Enclosed within a nuclear membrane
-Several linear chromosomes
2 Have membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi endoplasmic reticulum etc
3 Divide by mitosis
Important Differences Between Eucaryotic and Procaryotic Cells
Procaryotes Eucaryotes
Cell size 02-2 um in diameter 10-100 um in diameterNucleus Absent PresentMembranousOrganelles Absent Present
Cell Wall Chemically complex When present simpleRibosomesSmaller (70S) Larger (80S) in cell
70S in organellesDNA Single circular Multiple linear
chromosome chromosomes (histones)Cell Division Binary fission MitosisCytoskeleton Absent Present
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Characteristics of Life
Growth and development Reproduction and heredity Metabolism (synthesis degradation) Movement moving responses Cell support protection storage Transport of materials into and out of cell
Living things are made of cells
Living things obtain and use energy
Living things grow and develop
Living things reproduce
Living things respond to their environment
Living things adapt to their environment
Main characteristics of living things (organisms)
Small dimensions
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Morphologically differ
Metabolic flexible
Widely distributed
Reproduce by different methods
Main characteristics of microorganisms
4 KINGDOM PLANTAE (plants)
multicellular
have nuclei
do not move
autotrophic
examples - multicellular algae mosses ferns flowering plants (dandelions roses etc) trees etc
Five - kingdom classification system
5 KINGDOM ANIMALIA (animals)
multicellular
have nuclei
do move
heterotrophic
examples - sponge jellyfish insect fish frog bird man
Five - kingdom classification system
Classification Hierarchy
Systemized classification of organisms
1048708 Kingdom (General)
1048708 Phylum
1048708 Class
1048708 Order
1048708 Family
1048708 Genus
1048708 Species (Specific)
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
plantplant AnimalAnimalss
ProtozoaProtozoa
FungiFungi
MicroalgaeMicroalgae
BacteriaBacteria ActinomycetesActinomycetes
MicroorganismsMicroorganisms
EuglenaEuglena
EukaryotesEukaryotes
ProkaryotesProkaryotesRikkitssiaRikkitssia
VirusesViruses
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic cell structureProkaryotic cell structure Eukaryotic cell structureEukaryotic cell structure Differences between Prokaryotic amp Differences between Prokaryotic amp
Eukaryotic cellsEukaryotic cells
- Cell is defined as the fundamental living unit of any organism
- Cell is important to produce energy for metabolism (all chemical reactions within a cell)
- Cell can mutate (change genetically) as a result of accidental changes in its genetic material (DNA)
- Some microorganisms are prokaryotic some are eukaryotic amp some are not cells at all (Viruses)
- Viruses are composed of only a few genes protected by a protein coat amp may contain few enzymes
- Cytology the study of the structure and functions of cells
Eukaryotic cellEukaryotic cell Prokaryotic cellProkaryotic cell
GramGram+ +
GramGram- -
Cell wallCell wall
Cell (inner) membraneCell (inner) membrane Outer membraneOuter membrane
RibosomesRibosomes
Rough endoplasmicRough endoplasmic
reticulumreticulum
MitochondriaMitochondria
GranuleGranule
))eg animaleg animal((
Cell wallCell wall
NucleoidNucleoid
NucleusNucleus
Cell membraneCell membrane
CapsuleCapsule
CytoplasmCytoplasm
FlagellumFlagellum
PiliPili
bull Composition of the Microbial World
-Procaryotes relative simple morphology and
-lack true membrane delimited nucleus
- Eucaryotes morphologically complex with a true membrane enclosed nucleus
Distinguishing Features of Prokaryotic Cells
1 DNA is= Not enclosed within a nuclear membrane
= A single circular chromosome
2 Lack membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi etc
3 Cell walls usually contain peptidoglycan a complex polysaccharide
4 Divide by binary fission (absence of sexual reproduction)
Distinguishing Features of Eucaryotic Cells
1 DNA is-Enclosed within a nuclear membrane
-Several linear chromosomes
2 Have membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi endoplasmic reticulum etc
3 Divide by mitosis
Important Differences Between Eucaryotic and Procaryotic Cells
Procaryotes Eucaryotes
Cell size 02-2 um in diameter 10-100 um in diameterNucleus Absent PresentMembranousOrganelles Absent Present
Cell Wall Chemically complex When present simpleRibosomesSmaller (70S) Larger (80S) in cell
70S in organellesDNA Single circular Multiple linear
chromosome chromosomes (histones)Cell Division Binary fission MitosisCytoskeleton Absent Present
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Characteristics of Life
Growth and development Reproduction and heredity Metabolism (synthesis degradation) Movement moving responses Cell support protection storage Transport of materials into and out of cell
Living things are made of cells
Living things obtain and use energy
Living things grow and develop
Living things reproduce
Living things respond to their environment
Living things adapt to their environment
Main characteristics of living things (organisms)
Small dimensions
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Morphologically differ
Metabolic flexible
Widely distributed
Reproduce by different methods
Main characteristics of microorganisms
5 KINGDOM ANIMALIA (animals)
multicellular
have nuclei
do move
heterotrophic
examples - sponge jellyfish insect fish frog bird man
Five - kingdom classification system
Classification Hierarchy
Systemized classification of organisms
1048708 Kingdom (General)
1048708 Phylum
1048708 Class
1048708 Order
1048708 Family
1048708 Genus
1048708 Species (Specific)
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
plantplant AnimalAnimalss
ProtozoaProtozoa
FungiFungi
MicroalgaeMicroalgae
BacteriaBacteria ActinomycetesActinomycetes
MicroorganismsMicroorganisms
EuglenaEuglena
EukaryotesEukaryotes
ProkaryotesProkaryotesRikkitssiaRikkitssia
VirusesViruses
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic cell structureProkaryotic cell structure Eukaryotic cell structureEukaryotic cell structure Differences between Prokaryotic amp Differences between Prokaryotic amp
Eukaryotic cellsEukaryotic cells
- Cell is defined as the fundamental living unit of any organism
- Cell is important to produce energy for metabolism (all chemical reactions within a cell)
- Cell can mutate (change genetically) as a result of accidental changes in its genetic material (DNA)
- Some microorganisms are prokaryotic some are eukaryotic amp some are not cells at all (Viruses)
- Viruses are composed of only a few genes protected by a protein coat amp may contain few enzymes
- Cytology the study of the structure and functions of cells
Eukaryotic cellEukaryotic cell Prokaryotic cellProkaryotic cell
GramGram+ +
GramGram- -
Cell wallCell wall
Cell (inner) membraneCell (inner) membrane Outer membraneOuter membrane
RibosomesRibosomes
Rough endoplasmicRough endoplasmic
reticulumreticulum
MitochondriaMitochondria
GranuleGranule
))eg animaleg animal((
Cell wallCell wall
NucleoidNucleoid
NucleusNucleus
Cell membraneCell membrane
CapsuleCapsule
CytoplasmCytoplasm
FlagellumFlagellum
PiliPili
bull Composition of the Microbial World
-Procaryotes relative simple morphology and
-lack true membrane delimited nucleus
- Eucaryotes morphologically complex with a true membrane enclosed nucleus
Distinguishing Features of Prokaryotic Cells
1 DNA is= Not enclosed within a nuclear membrane
= A single circular chromosome
2 Lack membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi etc
3 Cell walls usually contain peptidoglycan a complex polysaccharide
4 Divide by binary fission (absence of sexual reproduction)
Distinguishing Features of Eucaryotic Cells
1 DNA is-Enclosed within a nuclear membrane
-Several linear chromosomes
2 Have membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi endoplasmic reticulum etc
3 Divide by mitosis
Important Differences Between Eucaryotic and Procaryotic Cells
Procaryotes Eucaryotes
Cell size 02-2 um in diameter 10-100 um in diameterNucleus Absent PresentMembranousOrganelles Absent Present
Cell Wall Chemically complex When present simpleRibosomesSmaller (70S) Larger (80S) in cell
70S in organellesDNA Single circular Multiple linear
chromosome chromosomes (histones)Cell Division Binary fission MitosisCytoskeleton Absent Present
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Characteristics of Life
Growth and development Reproduction and heredity Metabolism (synthesis degradation) Movement moving responses Cell support protection storage Transport of materials into and out of cell
Living things are made of cells
Living things obtain and use energy
Living things grow and develop
Living things reproduce
Living things respond to their environment
Living things adapt to their environment
Main characteristics of living things (organisms)
Small dimensions
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Morphologically differ
Metabolic flexible
Widely distributed
Reproduce by different methods
Main characteristics of microorganisms
Classification Hierarchy
Systemized classification of organisms
1048708 Kingdom (General)
1048708 Phylum
1048708 Class
1048708 Order
1048708 Family
1048708 Genus
1048708 Species (Specific)
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
plantplant AnimalAnimalss
ProtozoaProtozoa
FungiFungi
MicroalgaeMicroalgae
BacteriaBacteria ActinomycetesActinomycetes
MicroorganismsMicroorganisms
EuglenaEuglena
EukaryotesEukaryotes
ProkaryotesProkaryotesRikkitssiaRikkitssia
VirusesViruses
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic cell structureProkaryotic cell structure Eukaryotic cell structureEukaryotic cell structure Differences between Prokaryotic amp Differences between Prokaryotic amp
Eukaryotic cellsEukaryotic cells
- Cell is defined as the fundamental living unit of any organism
- Cell is important to produce energy for metabolism (all chemical reactions within a cell)
- Cell can mutate (change genetically) as a result of accidental changes in its genetic material (DNA)
- Some microorganisms are prokaryotic some are eukaryotic amp some are not cells at all (Viruses)
- Viruses are composed of only a few genes protected by a protein coat amp may contain few enzymes
- Cytology the study of the structure and functions of cells
Eukaryotic cellEukaryotic cell Prokaryotic cellProkaryotic cell
GramGram+ +
GramGram- -
Cell wallCell wall
Cell (inner) membraneCell (inner) membrane Outer membraneOuter membrane
RibosomesRibosomes
Rough endoplasmicRough endoplasmic
reticulumreticulum
MitochondriaMitochondria
GranuleGranule
))eg animaleg animal((
Cell wallCell wall
NucleoidNucleoid
NucleusNucleus
Cell membraneCell membrane
CapsuleCapsule
CytoplasmCytoplasm
FlagellumFlagellum
PiliPili
bull Composition of the Microbial World
-Procaryotes relative simple morphology and
-lack true membrane delimited nucleus
- Eucaryotes morphologically complex with a true membrane enclosed nucleus
Distinguishing Features of Prokaryotic Cells
1 DNA is= Not enclosed within a nuclear membrane
= A single circular chromosome
2 Lack membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi etc
3 Cell walls usually contain peptidoglycan a complex polysaccharide
4 Divide by binary fission (absence of sexual reproduction)
Distinguishing Features of Eucaryotic Cells
1 DNA is-Enclosed within a nuclear membrane
-Several linear chromosomes
2 Have membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi endoplasmic reticulum etc
3 Divide by mitosis
Important Differences Between Eucaryotic and Procaryotic Cells
Procaryotes Eucaryotes
Cell size 02-2 um in diameter 10-100 um in diameterNucleus Absent PresentMembranousOrganelles Absent Present
Cell Wall Chemically complex When present simpleRibosomesSmaller (70S) Larger (80S) in cell
70S in organellesDNA Single circular Multiple linear
chromosome chromosomes (histones)Cell Division Binary fission MitosisCytoskeleton Absent Present
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Characteristics of Life
Growth and development Reproduction and heredity Metabolism (synthesis degradation) Movement moving responses Cell support protection storage Transport of materials into and out of cell
Living things are made of cells
Living things obtain and use energy
Living things grow and develop
Living things reproduce
Living things respond to their environment
Living things adapt to their environment
Main characteristics of living things (organisms)
Small dimensions
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Morphologically differ
Metabolic flexible
Widely distributed
Reproduce by different methods
Main characteristics of microorganisms
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
plantplant AnimalAnimalss
ProtozoaProtozoa
FungiFungi
MicroalgaeMicroalgae
BacteriaBacteria ActinomycetesActinomycetes
MicroorganismsMicroorganisms
EuglenaEuglena
EukaryotesEukaryotes
ProkaryotesProkaryotesRikkitssiaRikkitssia
VirusesViruses
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic cell structureProkaryotic cell structure Eukaryotic cell structureEukaryotic cell structure Differences between Prokaryotic amp Differences between Prokaryotic amp
Eukaryotic cellsEukaryotic cells
- Cell is defined as the fundamental living unit of any organism
- Cell is important to produce energy for metabolism (all chemical reactions within a cell)
- Cell can mutate (change genetically) as a result of accidental changes in its genetic material (DNA)
- Some microorganisms are prokaryotic some are eukaryotic amp some are not cells at all (Viruses)
- Viruses are composed of only a few genes protected by a protein coat amp may contain few enzymes
- Cytology the study of the structure and functions of cells
Eukaryotic cellEukaryotic cell Prokaryotic cellProkaryotic cell
GramGram+ +
GramGram- -
Cell wallCell wall
Cell (inner) membraneCell (inner) membrane Outer membraneOuter membrane
RibosomesRibosomes
Rough endoplasmicRough endoplasmic
reticulumreticulum
MitochondriaMitochondria
GranuleGranule
))eg animaleg animal((
Cell wallCell wall
NucleoidNucleoid
NucleusNucleus
Cell membraneCell membrane
CapsuleCapsule
CytoplasmCytoplasm
FlagellumFlagellum
PiliPili
bull Composition of the Microbial World
-Procaryotes relative simple morphology and
-lack true membrane delimited nucleus
- Eucaryotes morphologically complex with a true membrane enclosed nucleus
Distinguishing Features of Prokaryotic Cells
1 DNA is= Not enclosed within a nuclear membrane
= A single circular chromosome
2 Lack membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi etc
3 Cell walls usually contain peptidoglycan a complex polysaccharide
4 Divide by binary fission (absence of sexual reproduction)
Distinguishing Features of Eucaryotic Cells
1 DNA is-Enclosed within a nuclear membrane
-Several linear chromosomes
2 Have membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi endoplasmic reticulum etc
3 Divide by mitosis
Important Differences Between Eucaryotic and Procaryotic Cells
Procaryotes Eucaryotes
Cell size 02-2 um in diameter 10-100 um in diameterNucleus Absent PresentMembranousOrganelles Absent Present
Cell Wall Chemically complex When present simpleRibosomesSmaller (70S) Larger (80S) in cell
70S in organellesDNA Single circular Multiple linear
chromosome chromosomes (histones)Cell Division Binary fission MitosisCytoskeleton Absent Present
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Characteristics of Life
Growth and development Reproduction and heredity Metabolism (synthesis degradation) Movement moving responses Cell support protection storage Transport of materials into and out of cell
Living things are made of cells
Living things obtain and use energy
Living things grow and develop
Living things reproduce
Living things respond to their environment
Living things adapt to their environment
Main characteristics of living things (organisms)
Small dimensions
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Morphologically differ
Metabolic flexible
Widely distributed
Reproduce by different methods
Main characteristics of microorganisms
plantplant AnimalAnimalss
ProtozoaProtozoa
FungiFungi
MicroalgaeMicroalgae
BacteriaBacteria ActinomycetesActinomycetes
MicroorganismsMicroorganisms
EuglenaEuglena
EukaryotesEukaryotes
ProkaryotesProkaryotesRikkitssiaRikkitssia
VirusesViruses
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic cell structureProkaryotic cell structure Eukaryotic cell structureEukaryotic cell structure Differences between Prokaryotic amp Differences between Prokaryotic amp
Eukaryotic cellsEukaryotic cells
- Cell is defined as the fundamental living unit of any organism
- Cell is important to produce energy for metabolism (all chemical reactions within a cell)
- Cell can mutate (change genetically) as a result of accidental changes in its genetic material (DNA)
- Some microorganisms are prokaryotic some are eukaryotic amp some are not cells at all (Viruses)
- Viruses are composed of only a few genes protected by a protein coat amp may contain few enzymes
- Cytology the study of the structure and functions of cells
Eukaryotic cellEukaryotic cell Prokaryotic cellProkaryotic cell
GramGram+ +
GramGram- -
Cell wallCell wall
Cell (inner) membraneCell (inner) membrane Outer membraneOuter membrane
RibosomesRibosomes
Rough endoplasmicRough endoplasmic
reticulumreticulum
MitochondriaMitochondria
GranuleGranule
))eg animaleg animal((
Cell wallCell wall
NucleoidNucleoid
NucleusNucleus
Cell membraneCell membrane
CapsuleCapsule
CytoplasmCytoplasm
FlagellumFlagellum
PiliPili
bull Composition of the Microbial World
-Procaryotes relative simple morphology and
-lack true membrane delimited nucleus
- Eucaryotes morphologically complex with a true membrane enclosed nucleus
Distinguishing Features of Prokaryotic Cells
1 DNA is= Not enclosed within a nuclear membrane
= A single circular chromosome
2 Lack membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi etc
3 Cell walls usually contain peptidoglycan a complex polysaccharide
4 Divide by binary fission (absence of sexual reproduction)
Distinguishing Features of Eucaryotic Cells
1 DNA is-Enclosed within a nuclear membrane
-Several linear chromosomes
2 Have membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi endoplasmic reticulum etc
3 Divide by mitosis
Important Differences Between Eucaryotic and Procaryotic Cells
Procaryotes Eucaryotes
Cell size 02-2 um in diameter 10-100 um in diameterNucleus Absent PresentMembranousOrganelles Absent Present
Cell Wall Chemically complex When present simpleRibosomesSmaller (70S) Larger (80S) in cell
70S in organellesDNA Single circular Multiple linear
chromosome chromosomes (histones)Cell Division Binary fission MitosisCytoskeleton Absent Present
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Characteristics of Life
Growth and development Reproduction and heredity Metabolism (synthesis degradation) Movement moving responses Cell support protection storage Transport of materials into and out of cell
Living things are made of cells
Living things obtain and use energy
Living things grow and develop
Living things reproduce
Living things respond to their environment
Living things adapt to their environment
Main characteristics of living things (organisms)
Small dimensions
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Morphologically differ
Metabolic flexible
Widely distributed
Reproduce by different methods
Main characteristics of microorganisms
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic cell structureProkaryotic cell structure Eukaryotic cell structureEukaryotic cell structure Differences between Prokaryotic amp Differences between Prokaryotic amp
Eukaryotic cellsEukaryotic cells
- Cell is defined as the fundamental living unit of any organism
- Cell is important to produce energy for metabolism (all chemical reactions within a cell)
- Cell can mutate (change genetically) as a result of accidental changes in its genetic material (DNA)
- Some microorganisms are prokaryotic some are eukaryotic amp some are not cells at all (Viruses)
- Viruses are composed of only a few genes protected by a protein coat amp may contain few enzymes
- Cytology the study of the structure and functions of cells
Eukaryotic cellEukaryotic cell Prokaryotic cellProkaryotic cell
GramGram+ +
GramGram- -
Cell wallCell wall
Cell (inner) membraneCell (inner) membrane Outer membraneOuter membrane
RibosomesRibosomes
Rough endoplasmicRough endoplasmic
reticulumreticulum
MitochondriaMitochondria
GranuleGranule
))eg animaleg animal((
Cell wallCell wall
NucleoidNucleoid
NucleusNucleus
Cell membraneCell membrane
CapsuleCapsule
CytoplasmCytoplasm
FlagellumFlagellum
PiliPili
bull Composition of the Microbial World
-Procaryotes relative simple morphology and
-lack true membrane delimited nucleus
- Eucaryotes morphologically complex with a true membrane enclosed nucleus
Distinguishing Features of Prokaryotic Cells
1 DNA is= Not enclosed within a nuclear membrane
= A single circular chromosome
2 Lack membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi etc
3 Cell walls usually contain peptidoglycan a complex polysaccharide
4 Divide by binary fission (absence of sexual reproduction)
Distinguishing Features of Eucaryotic Cells
1 DNA is-Enclosed within a nuclear membrane
-Several linear chromosomes
2 Have membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi endoplasmic reticulum etc
3 Divide by mitosis
Important Differences Between Eucaryotic and Procaryotic Cells
Procaryotes Eucaryotes
Cell size 02-2 um in diameter 10-100 um in diameterNucleus Absent PresentMembranousOrganelles Absent Present
Cell Wall Chemically complex When present simpleRibosomesSmaller (70S) Larger (80S) in cell
70S in organellesDNA Single circular Multiple linear
chromosome chromosomes (histones)Cell Division Binary fission MitosisCytoskeleton Absent Present
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Characteristics of Life
Growth and development Reproduction and heredity Metabolism (synthesis degradation) Movement moving responses Cell support protection storage Transport of materials into and out of cell
Living things are made of cells
Living things obtain and use energy
Living things grow and develop
Living things reproduce
Living things respond to their environment
Living things adapt to their environment
Main characteristics of living things (organisms)
Small dimensions
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Morphologically differ
Metabolic flexible
Widely distributed
Reproduce by different methods
Main characteristics of microorganisms
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic cell structureProkaryotic cell structure Eukaryotic cell structureEukaryotic cell structure Differences between Prokaryotic amp Differences between Prokaryotic amp
Eukaryotic cellsEukaryotic cells
- Cell is defined as the fundamental living unit of any organism
- Cell is important to produce energy for metabolism (all chemical reactions within a cell)
- Cell can mutate (change genetically) as a result of accidental changes in its genetic material (DNA)
- Some microorganisms are prokaryotic some are eukaryotic amp some are not cells at all (Viruses)
- Viruses are composed of only a few genes protected by a protein coat amp may contain few enzymes
- Cytology the study of the structure and functions of cells
Eukaryotic cellEukaryotic cell Prokaryotic cellProkaryotic cell
GramGram+ +
GramGram- -
Cell wallCell wall
Cell (inner) membraneCell (inner) membrane Outer membraneOuter membrane
RibosomesRibosomes
Rough endoplasmicRough endoplasmic
reticulumreticulum
MitochondriaMitochondria
GranuleGranule
))eg animaleg animal((
Cell wallCell wall
NucleoidNucleoid
NucleusNucleus
Cell membraneCell membrane
CapsuleCapsule
CytoplasmCytoplasm
FlagellumFlagellum
PiliPili
bull Composition of the Microbial World
-Procaryotes relative simple morphology and
-lack true membrane delimited nucleus
- Eucaryotes morphologically complex with a true membrane enclosed nucleus
Distinguishing Features of Prokaryotic Cells
1 DNA is= Not enclosed within a nuclear membrane
= A single circular chromosome
2 Lack membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi etc
3 Cell walls usually contain peptidoglycan a complex polysaccharide
4 Divide by binary fission (absence of sexual reproduction)
Distinguishing Features of Eucaryotic Cells
1 DNA is-Enclosed within a nuclear membrane
-Several linear chromosomes
2 Have membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi endoplasmic reticulum etc
3 Divide by mitosis
Important Differences Between Eucaryotic and Procaryotic Cells
Procaryotes Eucaryotes
Cell size 02-2 um in diameter 10-100 um in diameterNucleus Absent PresentMembranousOrganelles Absent Present
Cell Wall Chemically complex When present simpleRibosomesSmaller (70S) Larger (80S) in cell
70S in organellesDNA Single circular Multiple linear
chromosome chromosomes (histones)Cell Division Binary fission MitosisCytoskeleton Absent Present
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Characteristics of Life
Growth and development Reproduction and heredity Metabolism (synthesis degradation) Movement moving responses Cell support protection storage Transport of materials into and out of cell
Living things are made of cells
Living things obtain and use energy
Living things grow and develop
Living things reproduce
Living things respond to their environment
Living things adapt to their environment
Main characteristics of living things (organisms)
Small dimensions
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Morphologically differ
Metabolic flexible
Widely distributed
Reproduce by different methods
Main characteristics of microorganisms
- Cell is defined as the fundamental living unit of any organism
- Cell is important to produce energy for metabolism (all chemical reactions within a cell)
- Cell can mutate (change genetically) as a result of accidental changes in its genetic material (DNA)
- Some microorganisms are prokaryotic some are eukaryotic amp some are not cells at all (Viruses)
- Viruses are composed of only a few genes protected by a protein coat amp may contain few enzymes
- Cytology the study of the structure and functions of cells
Eukaryotic cellEukaryotic cell Prokaryotic cellProkaryotic cell
GramGram+ +
GramGram- -
Cell wallCell wall
Cell (inner) membraneCell (inner) membrane Outer membraneOuter membrane
RibosomesRibosomes
Rough endoplasmicRough endoplasmic
reticulumreticulum
MitochondriaMitochondria
GranuleGranule
))eg animaleg animal((
Cell wallCell wall
NucleoidNucleoid
NucleusNucleus
Cell membraneCell membrane
CapsuleCapsule
CytoplasmCytoplasm
FlagellumFlagellum
PiliPili
bull Composition of the Microbial World
-Procaryotes relative simple morphology and
-lack true membrane delimited nucleus
- Eucaryotes morphologically complex with a true membrane enclosed nucleus
Distinguishing Features of Prokaryotic Cells
1 DNA is= Not enclosed within a nuclear membrane
= A single circular chromosome
2 Lack membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi etc
3 Cell walls usually contain peptidoglycan a complex polysaccharide
4 Divide by binary fission (absence of sexual reproduction)
Distinguishing Features of Eucaryotic Cells
1 DNA is-Enclosed within a nuclear membrane
-Several linear chromosomes
2 Have membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi endoplasmic reticulum etc
3 Divide by mitosis
Important Differences Between Eucaryotic and Procaryotic Cells
Procaryotes Eucaryotes
Cell size 02-2 um in diameter 10-100 um in diameterNucleus Absent PresentMembranousOrganelles Absent Present
Cell Wall Chemically complex When present simpleRibosomesSmaller (70S) Larger (80S) in cell
70S in organellesDNA Single circular Multiple linear
chromosome chromosomes (histones)Cell Division Binary fission MitosisCytoskeleton Absent Present
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Characteristics of Life
Growth and development Reproduction and heredity Metabolism (synthesis degradation) Movement moving responses Cell support protection storage Transport of materials into and out of cell
Living things are made of cells
Living things obtain and use energy
Living things grow and develop
Living things reproduce
Living things respond to their environment
Living things adapt to their environment
Main characteristics of living things (organisms)
Small dimensions
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Morphologically differ
Metabolic flexible
Widely distributed
Reproduce by different methods
Main characteristics of microorganisms
Eukaryotic cellEukaryotic cell Prokaryotic cellProkaryotic cell
GramGram+ +
GramGram- -
Cell wallCell wall
Cell (inner) membraneCell (inner) membrane Outer membraneOuter membrane
RibosomesRibosomes
Rough endoplasmicRough endoplasmic
reticulumreticulum
MitochondriaMitochondria
GranuleGranule
))eg animaleg animal((
Cell wallCell wall
NucleoidNucleoid
NucleusNucleus
Cell membraneCell membrane
CapsuleCapsule
CytoplasmCytoplasm
FlagellumFlagellum
PiliPili
bull Composition of the Microbial World
-Procaryotes relative simple morphology and
-lack true membrane delimited nucleus
- Eucaryotes morphologically complex with a true membrane enclosed nucleus
Distinguishing Features of Prokaryotic Cells
1 DNA is= Not enclosed within a nuclear membrane
= A single circular chromosome
2 Lack membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi etc
3 Cell walls usually contain peptidoglycan a complex polysaccharide
4 Divide by binary fission (absence of sexual reproduction)
Distinguishing Features of Eucaryotic Cells
1 DNA is-Enclosed within a nuclear membrane
-Several linear chromosomes
2 Have membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi endoplasmic reticulum etc
3 Divide by mitosis
Important Differences Between Eucaryotic and Procaryotic Cells
Procaryotes Eucaryotes
Cell size 02-2 um in diameter 10-100 um in diameterNucleus Absent PresentMembranousOrganelles Absent Present
Cell Wall Chemically complex When present simpleRibosomesSmaller (70S) Larger (80S) in cell
70S in organellesDNA Single circular Multiple linear
chromosome chromosomes (histones)Cell Division Binary fission MitosisCytoskeleton Absent Present
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Characteristics of Life
Growth and development Reproduction and heredity Metabolism (synthesis degradation) Movement moving responses Cell support protection storage Transport of materials into and out of cell
Living things are made of cells
Living things obtain and use energy
Living things grow and develop
Living things reproduce
Living things respond to their environment
Living things adapt to their environment
Main characteristics of living things (organisms)
Small dimensions
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Morphologically differ
Metabolic flexible
Widely distributed
Reproduce by different methods
Main characteristics of microorganisms
bull Composition of the Microbial World
-Procaryotes relative simple morphology and
-lack true membrane delimited nucleus
- Eucaryotes morphologically complex with a true membrane enclosed nucleus
Distinguishing Features of Prokaryotic Cells
1 DNA is= Not enclosed within a nuclear membrane
= A single circular chromosome
2 Lack membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi etc
3 Cell walls usually contain peptidoglycan a complex polysaccharide
4 Divide by binary fission (absence of sexual reproduction)
Distinguishing Features of Eucaryotic Cells
1 DNA is-Enclosed within a nuclear membrane
-Several linear chromosomes
2 Have membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi endoplasmic reticulum etc
3 Divide by mitosis
Important Differences Between Eucaryotic and Procaryotic Cells
Procaryotes Eucaryotes
Cell size 02-2 um in diameter 10-100 um in diameterNucleus Absent PresentMembranousOrganelles Absent Present
Cell Wall Chemically complex When present simpleRibosomesSmaller (70S) Larger (80S) in cell
70S in organellesDNA Single circular Multiple linear
chromosome chromosomes (histones)Cell Division Binary fission MitosisCytoskeleton Absent Present
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Characteristics of Life
Growth and development Reproduction and heredity Metabolism (synthesis degradation) Movement moving responses Cell support protection storage Transport of materials into and out of cell
Living things are made of cells
Living things obtain and use energy
Living things grow and develop
Living things reproduce
Living things respond to their environment
Living things adapt to their environment
Main characteristics of living things (organisms)
Small dimensions
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Morphologically differ
Metabolic flexible
Widely distributed
Reproduce by different methods
Main characteristics of microorganisms
Distinguishing Features of Prokaryotic Cells
1 DNA is= Not enclosed within a nuclear membrane
= A single circular chromosome
2 Lack membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi etc
3 Cell walls usually contain peptidoglycan a complex polysaccharide
4 Divide by binary fission (absence of sexual reproduction)
Distinguishing Features of Eucaryotic Cells
1 DNA is-Enclosed within a nuclear membrane
-Several linear chromosomes
2 Have membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi endoplasmic reticulum etc
3 Divide by mitosis
Important Differences Between Eucaryotic and Procaryotic Cells
Procaryotes Eucaryotes
Cell size 02-2 um in diameter 10-100 um in diameterNucleus Absent PresentMembranousOrganelles Absent Present
Cell Wall Chemically complex When present simpleRibosomesSmaller (70S) Larger (80S) in cell
70S in organellesDNA Single circular Multiple linear
chromosome chromosomes (histones)Cell Division Binary fission MitosisCytoskeleton Absent Present
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Characteristics of Life
Growth and development Reproduction and heredity Metabolism (synthesis degradation) Movement moving responses Cell support protection storage Transport of materials into and out of cell
Living things are made of cells
Living things obtain and use energy
Living things grow and develop
Living things reproduce
Living things respond to their environment
Living things adapt to their environment
Main characteristics of living things (organisms)
Small dimensions
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Morphologically differ
Metabolic flexible
Widely distributed
Reproduce by different methods
Main characteristics of microorganisms
Distinguishing Features of Eucaryotic Cells
1 DNA is-Enclosed within a nuclear membrane
-Several linear chromosomes
2 Have membrane-enclosed organelles like mitochondria chloroplasts Golgi endoplasmic reticulum etc
3 Divide by mitosis
Important Differences Between Eucaryotic and Procaryotic Cells
Procaryotes Eucaryotes
Cell size 02-2 um in diameter 10-100 um in diameterNucleus Absent PresentMembranousOrganelles Absent Present
Cell Wall Chemically complex When present simpleRibosomesSmaller (70S) Larger (80S) in cell
70S in organellesDNA Single circular Multiple linear
chromosome chromosomes (histones)Cell Division Binary fission MitosisCytoskeleton Absent Present
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Characteristics of Life
Growth and development Reproduction and heredity Metabolism (synthesis degradation) Movement moving responses Cell support protection storage Transport of materials into and out of cell
Living things are made of cells
Living things obtain and use energy
Living things grow and develop
Living things reproduce
Living things respond to their environment
Living things adapt to their environment
Main characteristics of living things (organisms)
Small dimensions
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Morphologically differ
Metabolic flexible
Widely distributed
Reproduce by different methods
Main characteristics of microorganisms
Important Differences Between Eucaryotic and Procaryotic Cells
Procaryotes Eucaryotes
Cell size 02-2 um in diameter 10-100 um in diameterNucleus Absent PresentMembranousOrganelles Absent Present
Cell Wall Chemically complex When present simpleRibosomesSmaller (70S) Larger (80S) in cell
70S in organellesDNA Single circular Multiple linear
chromosome chromosomes (histones)Cell Division Binary fission MitosisCytoskeleton Absent Present
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Characteristics of Life
Growth and development Reproduction and heredity Metabolism (synthesis degradation) Movement moving responses Cell support protection storage Transport of materials into and out of cell
Living things are made of cells
Living things obtain and use energy
Living things grow and develop
Living things reproduce
Living things respond to their environment
Living things adapt to their environment
Main characteristics of living things (organisms)
Small dimensions
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Morphologically differ
Metabolic flexible
Widely distributed
Reproduce by different methods
Main characteristics of microorganisms
The place of microorganisms in nature
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Scientific investigation and Discovery
General properties of microorganisms
Classification
Characteristics of Life
Growth and development Reproduction and heredity Metabolism (synthesis degradation) Movement moving responses Cell support protection storage Transport of materials into and out of cell
Living things are made of cells
Living things obtain and use energy
Living things grow and develop
Living things reproduce
Living things respond to their environment
Living things adapt to their environment
Main characteristics of living things (organisms)
Small dimensions
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Morphologically differ
Metabolic flexible
Widely distributed
Reproduce by different methods
Main characteristics of microorganisms
Characteristics of Life
Growth and development Reproduction and heredity Metabolism (synthesis degradation) Movement moving responses Cell support protection storage Transport of materials into and out of cell
Living things are made of cells
Living things obtain and use energy
Living things grow and develop
Living things reproduce
Living things respond to their environment
Living things adapt to their environment
Main characteristics of living things (organisms)
Small dimensions
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Morphologically differ
Metabolic flexible
Widely distributed
Reproduce by different methods
Main characteristics of microorganisms
Living things are made of cells
Living things obtain and use energy
Living things grow and develop
Living things reproduce
Living things respond to their environment
Living things adapt to their environment
Main characteristics of living things (organisms)
Small dimensions
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Morphologically differ
Metabolic flexible
Widely distributed
Reproduce by different methods
Main characteristics of microorganisms
Small dimensions
Eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Morphologically differ
Metabolic flexible
Widely distributed
Reproduce by different methods
Main characteristics of microorganisms
