FUNDAMENTALS OF FUNDAMENTALS OF PLANT BIOLOGY PLANT BIOLOGY

(Bio 103)(Bio 103)

Nanette Hope N. Sumaya, MScDepartment of Biological Sciences

CSM, MSU-IIT, Iligan City , Philippines

COURSE DESCRIPTION COURSE DESCRIPTION

Overview of plant body, plant functioning, reproduction and

embryonic development, growth and development

Course Coverage1- Brief Introduction

- Forms of Plants2- Microscopy (lab part)3- Cells and Tissues

-Plant Cells-Plant Tissues

4- Organs- Roots-Stems-Leaves-Flowers-Fruits-Seeds Reproductive

Parts

PRELIM

MIDTERM

Cont...5- Physiology

-Water Relations

-Photosynthesis

-Cellular Respiration

6-Plant Movements

FINALS

Examination – 60% Quizzes – 15 % Reporting/Oral - 10% Attendance and

Assignments- 15%

TOTAL – 100%

Grading Grading SystemSystem

Course Materials

References: Mauseth, J.D. 1998. Botany: an introduction

to plant biology—2/e, Multimedia enhanced ed. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Sudbury, Massachusetts.

Raven, P.H., R.F. Evert, and S.E. Eichorn. 1999. Biology of Plants. 6th Edition. W.H. Freeman and Co., New York.

Describe plants Describe plants

Botanyis a branch of biology which is a branch of biology which deals with the study of PLANTS. deals with the study of PLANTS.

Modern plants Modern plants studies studies

Kingdom Plantae Over 325, 000 species of plants known Have different characteristics with different sizes

ranging from microscopic to macroscopic Diversity of plant forms leads to classification Various classification scheme

- based on water requirements- based on habitat or environment location-based on life duration-based on natural system classification-based on their habit of body appearance

FORM OF PLANTS

Autotrophic or independent plants

- Can manufacture their own food- Include ALL green plants which make

their organic foodby PHOTOSYNTHESIS

- Also few non-green plants just like bacteria which manufacture their organic food

A. Based on Water Requirements

1. Mesophytes – those which require moderate supply of water.

2. Xerophytes – those which live in deserts or dry places and can withstand scanty supply of water.

3. Hydrophytes – those which thrive in watery or moist places and require abundant supply of water.

4. Halophytes- those which live in watery places, but in which the water is absorbed with difficulty because of its high salt content.

Mesophytes

Rosa multiflora

Leucanthemum vulgareSolidago canadensis

Xerophytes

Cereus peruvianus Euphorbia virosa

Hydrophytes- aquatic plants

Water lilies Nymphaea albaNelumbo nucifera

Water hyacinth

Halophytes

Seagrasses are found on the seaward edges of lagoons

Mangroves

Salicornia bigelovii

B. Based on their habitat or environment location

1. Aquatic plants- live in water

2. Terrestrial plants- live on land

3. Aerial plants- are above-ground and attached to other plants

C. Based on their life duration

1. Annual plants – live for one year or only one growing season

2. Biennial plants – live for two years. The first year is mainly limited to vegetative growth, and

the second year is its reproductive year

3. Perennial plants – live from year to year or more than two years

Examples: annual plants - corn, wheat, rice, lettuce, peas,

watermelon, beans, zinnia, marigold and etc.

biennial plants - onion, parsley, carrot, and etc.

perennial plants – fruits like avocado,pineapple, strawberry, banana,apple,tomato and etc..

-herbs like garlic, basil, oregano, ginger, black pepper and etc...

-vegetables like okra, potato, gabi, camote, eggplant and etc

- shrubs and trees

D. Based on their habit of body appearance

1. Trees – woody plants with single main stem which is commonly about 20 ft in length

2. Shrubs– woody plants in a relatively short

3. Herbs – plants with soft or succulent stems

4. Vines- climbing or twining plants, with stems which may be tender or

tough

Nonvascular Plants- lack vascular plants´ specialized means of transporting water and organic nutrients, do not have true roots, stems and leaves.

a. Division Hepatophyta (liverworts)

b. Division Bryophyta (mosses)

c. Division Anthocerophyta (hornworts)

E. Based on natural systems of classification

Seedless Vascular Plants:a. Division Psilotophyta (whisk ferns)b. Division Lycopodophyta (club mosses)c. Division Equisetophyta (horsetails)d. Division Pteridophyta (ferns)

Seed Vascular Plants:Gymnospermsa. Division Pinophyta (conifers)b. Division Cycadophyta (cycads)c. Division Gingkophyta (maidenhair tree)d. Division Gnetphyta (gnetophytes)Angiospermsa. Division Magnoliophyta (flowering plants)Class Magnoliopsida (dicots)Class Liliopsida (monocots)

Divisions Bryophyta, Hepatophyta, Anthocerophyta –liverworts, mosses, hornworts. All are non-vascular and non-seed.

Seedless vascular plants

Divisions Psilotophyta, Lycopodophyta, Equisetophyta, Pteridophytawhisk ferns, horsetails, and ferns vascular and non-seed.

Seed Bearing Plants

Gymnosperms are vascular plants that produce seeds on scales of woody strobili called cones.

In other words, they have naked seeds - seeds not enclosed in a fruit.

The four divisions of Gymnosperms are:

–Cycadophyta

–Ginkgophyta

–Gnetophyta

–Pinophyta

Cycads have a terminal rosette of leaves and bear seeds in cones.

All cycads have separate male and female plants.

Division Ginkgophyta has only on living species – Ginkgo biloba.

The leaves are lobed.

Like Cycads, Ginkgos have separate male and female trees.

Division Gnetophyta has 3 genera:

– Gnetum

– Ephedra

– Welwitschia

Pinophyta is the largest and most diverse division of the gymnosperms.

Most are evergreen – keeping their leaves year-round.

A very few are deciduous – dropping all of their leaves atthe same time

Angiosperms include one division - Magnoliophyta

Though there is only one division of angiosperms, Magnoliophyta ….

It is the largest and most diverse group of

seed plants on Earth.

Magnoliophytes produce flowers, then seeds enclosed in a fruit.

Magnoliophytes can be annuals, biennials, or perennials.

THANK YOU!!!