Learning TheoriesBy :-

Mrs.Chaithra.BDYPatil school of education

MA Education III Sem2016-17

Contents Behaviourism Behaviourists Edward Lee Thorndike Principles of Learning Theories of learning

Behaviourism

Behaviourism All things should be looked at from the

perspective of behaviour. And it doesn’t matter what is going on in the

mind, it just matters what the behaviour So there is no difference in the behaviourist

mind between external behaviour and internal thoughts.

Behaviourists Ivan Pavlov

Edward Lee Thorndike

John B. Watson

B.F. Skinner

Behaviourists (before Dr. Phil) Ivan Pavlov

Edward Lee Thorndike

John B. Watson

B.F. Skinner

Behaviourists (before Dr. Phil) Ivan Pavlov

Edward Lee Thorndike

John B. Watson

B.F. Skinner

Behaviourists (before Dr. Phil) Ivan Pavlov

Edward Lee Thorndike

John B. Watson

B.F. Skinner

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov Born Sept 14, 1849 Died Feb 27, 1936 born in Ryazan, Russia physiologist,

psychologist, and physician

awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1904 for research on the digestive system

Edward Lee Thorndike Born August 31, 1874 Died August 9, 1949 Born in Williamsburg,

Massachusetts Studied animal behaviour

and the learning process led to the theory of

connectionism Laying the foundation for

modern educational psychology.

Cats in Puzzle Boxes

Cats in Puzzle BoxesThorndike looked at how cats learned to

escape from puzzle boxes The puzzle box experiments were

motivated by Thorndike's dislike for statements that animals made use of extraordinary faculties such as insight in their problem solving.

Cats in Puzzle Boxes Thorndike's instruments in answering this

question were learning curves revealed by plotting the time it took for an animal to escape the box each time it was in the box

if the animals were showing insight, then their time to escape would suddenly drop to a negligible period, which would also be shown in the learning curve as an abrupt drop;

while animals using a more ordinary method of trial and error would show gradual curves.

Cats in Puzzle BoxesHis finding was that cats consistently

showed gradual learning.

Cats in Puzzle BoxesSo it was trial-and-errorThese led Thorndike to formulate

first his Principles of Learning and then his Theory of Learning that became the foundation of modern educational psychology.

Principles of Learning Thorndike specified three conditions that

maximizes learning: The Law of Effect states that the likely

recurrence of a response is generally governed by its consequence or effect generally in the form of reward or punishment.

The Law of Recency states that the most recent response is likely to govern the recurrence.

The Law of Exercise stated that stimulus-response associations are strengthened through repetition.

Law of Effect "Of several responses made to the same situation,

those which are accompanied or closely followed by satisfaction to the animal will, other things being equal, be more firmly connected with the situation, so that, when it recurs, they will be more likely to recur; those which are accompanied or closely followed by discomfort to the animal will, other things being equal, have their connections with that situation weakened, so that, when it recurs, they will be less likely to occur" Thorndike, E. L. (1911). “Animal intelligence: Experimental

Studies”. p. 244

Theory of Learning Thorndike created 13 basic rules

I want us to pause after each one and check if you think this is a universal principle.

Also see if there is some technology or teaching approach you can imagine that might help support this rule

Theory of Learning

1. The most basic form of learning is trial and error learning.

Theory of Learning

2. Learning is incremental not insightful.

Theory of Learning

3. Learning is not mediated by ideas.

Theory of Learning

4. All mammals learn in the same manner.

Theory of Learning

5. Law of Readiness: Interference with goal directed behaviour causes frustration and causing someone to do something they do not want to do is also frustrating.

a. When someone is ready to perform some act, to do so is satisfying.

b. When someone is ready to perform some act, not to do so is annoying.

c. When someone is not ready to perform some act and is forced to do so, it is annoying.

Theory of Learning

6. Law of Exercise: We learn by doing. We forget by not doing, although to a small extent only.

a. Connections between a stimulus and a response are strengthened as they are used. (law of use)

b. Connections between a stimulus and a response are weakened as they are not used. (law of disuse)

Theory of Learning

7. Law of Effect: If the response in a connection is followed by a satisfying state of affairs, the strength of the connection is considerably increased whereas if followed by an annoying state of affairs, then the strength of the connection is marginally decreased.

Theory of Learning

8. Multiple Responses: A learner would keep trying multiple responses to solve a problem before it is actually solved.

Theory of Learning

9. Set or Attitude: What the learner already possesses, like prior learning experiences, present state of the learner, etc., while it begins learning a new task.

Theory of Learning

10. Prepotency of Elements: Different responses to the same environment would be evoked by different perceptions of the environment which act as the stimulus to the responses. Different perceptions would be subject to the prepotency of different elements for different perceivers.

Theory of Learning

11. Response from analogy: New problems are solved by using solution techniques employed to solve analogous problems.

Theory of Learning

12. Associative Shifting: Let stimulus S be paired with response R. Now, if stimulus Q is presented simultaneously with stimulus S repeatedly, then stimulus Q is likely to get paired with response R.

Theory of Learning

13. Belongingness: If there is a natural relationship between the need state of an organism and the effect caused by a response, learning is more effective than if the relationship is unnatural.

John Broadus Watson Born Jan 9, 1878 Died Sept 25, 1958 Born in Greenville,

South Carolina American psychologist established the

psychological school of behaviourism

“Little Albert” experiment

"Little Albert" experiment Occurred in 1920 One of the most

controversial experiments in the history of psychology

It was an experiment showing empirical evidence of classical conditioning in humans Rosalie Rayner

Albert B.John B. Watson

Burrhus Frederic Skinner Born March 20, 1904 Died August 18, 1990 Born in Susquehanna,

Pennsylvania American psychologist,

author, inventor, advocate for social reform and poet.

Innovated his own philosophy of science called Radical Behaviorism

Operant Conditioning Chamber (“Skinner Box”)

Thankyou Refrence :-

>Psychology of education , T V somshekar>Educational Psychology , JC Aggarwal

>www.google.co.in