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Learning Theories
February 12, 2011
Gunsung Joung, Rosemary Battista, Stephanie Irvine, Sue McCaughin, & Taesung Kim
Constructivism, Progressivism, Experiential Learning,
Brain Based Learning, and Contextual Learning
Contents
Introduction
Details on Theories
Wrap-up
- Constructivism
- Progressivism
- Experiential Learning
- Brain Based Learning
- Contextual Learning
5 Theories at a Glance
1890 201119601930 1980
Progressivism
Constructivism
Experiential Learning
Brain Based Learning
Contextual Learning
Details on Theories
- Progressivism
- Constructivism
- Experiential Learning
- Brain Based Learning
- Contextual Learning
Emergence
- Progressivism is a political attitude favoring or
advocating changes or reform through governmental
action in the late 19th century into the 20th century.
- The Progressive Movement began in cities with
settlement workers and reformers who were
interested in helping those facing harsh conditions at
home and at work.
Progressivism
Progressivism
- Relationship between Progressivism and
Educational Reform (Spring , 1970)
- The first goal of the educators and the social
reformers who adopted this vision of the well
ordered society was to change the basis of human
motivation from desire for economic gain to
unselfish interest in working for the good of society.
Social & Educational Movement
Progressivism
- The second goal of this social and educational
movement was the establishment of a highly
organized and interdependent social structure.
- Both the social educators and their progressive
counterparts selected as their model the large
industrial organizations that had developed after
the Civil War.
Social & Educational Movement
Progressive Education
- Education must be based on the principle that
humans are social animals who learn best in real-life
activities with other people.
- The man who probably did the most to point out the
value of the educational training when the school
functioned as a social community was John Dewey
in his school and society lecture (Cremin,1959).
Progressivism
Workforce Education
- The public workforce education support began
with what is termed the progressive philosophy of
the early 1890s.
- Progressives argued that government had a
responsibility to address social problems including
equal access to skilled jobs, and workforce
education is one of the major beneficiaries.
Progressivism
Vocational Education
- Jane Addams, progressive reformer, lobbied for
vocational education and vocational guidance in the
public schools. Others lobbied for agricultural
education.
- The goal of vocational guidance was to increase
efficiency in the social order by matching individual
talent with an appropriate job.
Progressivism
Influence & Comparison
Phillips (1995)
- Most types of constructivism are modern forms of
progressivism.
Witcher, Sewall, Arnold, & Travers (2001)
- Transmissive philosophies and theories include
idealism, realism, and essentialism.
- Progressive philosophies and theories include
naturalism, experimentalism, and constructivism.
Progressivism
Details on Theories
- Progressivism
- Constructivism
- Experiential Learning
- Brain Based Learning
- Contextual Learning
ConstructivismDefinitions
- Knowing is that the learner dynamically adapts to variable
interpretation of experience (Glasersfeld, 1990)
- Individuals construct knowledge in transaction with the
environment and in the process both are changed (Anne, 2000)
- Learners have existing beliefs, attitudes, and knowledge that
impact their meaning (Almala, 2006)
History
Conventional Inquiry
Constructivism
Constructivism (Pioneer)
Individual Cognitive Constructivism (Piaget)
Radical Constructivism (Glasersfeld)
Social Constructivism (Dewey, Vygotsky)
Cultural Constructivism (Hutchinson)
What reality is like? Vs. How reality is known?
Key Concepts
Five Components of Constructivism (Almala, 2006)
- A complex and relevant learning environment
- Social negotiation
- Multiple perspective and multiple modes of learning
- Ownership in learning
- Self-awareness and knowledge construction
Constructivism
Key Concepts
Other Key Features of Constructivism (Chen, 1995)
- Knowledge students bring to learning
- Characteristics of the learners themselves
Other Key Features of Constructivism (Anne, 2000)
- Collaboration between the teacher and the student
- Collaboration between the students themselves
Constructivism
Influence
- Initiated learner-centered approach
- Exerted strong influence on adult education
- Provided the theoretical background for a quality e-learning
environment
- Caused Problem-Based Learning instructional model
- Changed teacher’s role into facilitator
Constructivism
Comparison
Behaviorism (observable changes in behavior)
- reinforcement, stimulus-response / tutorial, drill & practice
Constructivism
Cognitive theory (making symbolic & mental constructions)
- development stage, assimilation & accommodation / thinking
Constructivism (constructing knowledge)
- active interpretation, experience, social interaction / facilitating
Related ConceptsConstructivism
- Adult learning
- Self-directed learning
- Interactive e-learning
- Informal learning
- Collaborative learning
- Social networking in learning
- etc.
Details on Theories
- Progressivism
- Constructivism
- Experiential Learning
- Brain Based Learning
- Contextual Learning
Do it.
What?
So What?
Now What?
Definition
Learning is directly connected to the way a student
processes experiences and later reflects upon
those experiences.
The concept of reflection is two separate activities:
- Perceiving
- Processing
(Kelly, 1997)
Experiential Learning
Key Concepts
Abstract Conceptualization
Experiential Learning cycle
- Experiencing learning, Critical reflection, Planning to solve a
problem, Active experimentation, Further critical reflection
Learning Style Inventory
- Activist, Reflectors, Pragmatists, Theorizers
Experiential Learning
Who uses it?
- Business: employee training
- Students: supplement to classroom instruction
- Teachers: enforce concepts
- Researchers: close achievement gap
- Essentially everyone
- Covers numerous occupations
Experiential Learning
Influence
- Help assess student’s learning style
- Help match employees with job tasks
- Help CTE students learn through hands-on
experiences
- Help adopt e-learning technologies in the
classroom and workplace
Experiential Learning
Is it effective?
“Yes”
- Cost & Time effective
- Increase of employee’s job satisfaction
Experiential Learning
“No”
- Must account for student cognitive ability
- No increase in computer use over last two decades
Depends on instruction design, student ability, & curriculum tasks
Details on Theories
- Progressivism
- Constructivism
- Experiential Learning
- Brain Based Learning
- Contextual Learning
Definition
- Based on structure and function of the brain.
- Engages simultaneously the intellect, emotions,
creativity and physiology
- “Our brain is a vast network where stored
information influences what and how we learn”
(Gerald Edelman, 2000)
Brain Based Learning
Brain Facts
- Wet, fragile mass, weighs over 3 pounds, is the size of a grapefruit and looks like a walnut
- Neurons communicate with each other and grow dendrites (fibers) when you listen to, write about or practice something
- The more you practice something the thicker the dendrites become and the faster the signals travel
- Faster, stronger double connections = memory
Brain Based Learning
History
- Paul MacLean (1960’s) – Triune brain which
linked brain and behavior
- Madeline Hunter (late 1960’s)
- 1980’s – Decade of the Brain
- Renate Caine & Geoffrey Caine (early 1990’s) –Twelve Brain/Mind Learning Principles
Brain Based Learning
Brain Friendly Practices
- Create a classroom where students feel safe
- Variety of learning opportunities
- High levels of expectations
- Empower students
- Transferring knowledge
Brain Based Learning
- Orchestrate experiences
- Artificial time vs. Real time
- Holistic Learners
- Assessment beyond paper and pencil
Brain Friendly PracticesBrain Based Learning
Comparison
- Grew out of neuroscience and constructivism
- Brains are shaped by our experiences
- Learn best in real life activities
- Experiential learning – learning by doing
- Provide contextual learning
Brain Based Learning
Brain Based LearningNeuroscience + Education
- Engage the brain: humor, kinesthetic learning,
group activities, social interaction, guest speakers,
reflection, self assessment
- Educators are the only profession whose job is to
change the human brain every day (Sousa, 2006)
Details on Theories
- Progressivism
- Constructivism
- Experiential Learning
- Brain Based Learning
- Contextual Learning
http://cnx.org/content/
m22733/latest/
(Uploader, S., 2009)
Contextual LearningDefinition – One of Many
Contextual Learning is learning designed to
connect information to a student’s personal frame
of reference or their inner world of:
- Memory
- Experience
- Response
(Hull,1993)
History – Throughout Time
A Natural and Predominant Model of Human
Learning
Early 1900’s Theories Emerged / Inspired by:
- Child Psychology (Jean Piaget)
- Social Interaction (Lev Vygotsky)
- Constructivism/Active Learning (John Dewey)
Tell me, and I will forget. Show me, and I may remember.
Involve me, and I will understand (Confucius)
Contextual Learning
Current Proponents
Resurgence of Theories: 1960’s – Present
- Situated Learning (Jean Lave)
- Technical / Career Oriented Education (Daniel Hull)
- Neuroscience / Academic Relevance (Elaine
Johnson)
- Curriculum Integration (William Daggett)
Contextual Learning
Best PracticesKindergarten Through University Level - Strategies
- Emphasize problem-solving
- Establish a variety of environmental contexts
- Encourage self-regulated learners
- Teach in diverse life-contexts
- Encourage peer teaching
- Employ authentic assessment
(U.S. Department of Education and the National School-to-Work Office)
Contextual Learning
Implementation
- REACT:
Relating, Experiencing, Applying, Cooperating,
Transferring (CORD, 2010)
- RIGOR & RELEVANCE:
Acquisition, Application, Adaptation, Assimilation
(International Center for Leadership and Education,
2011)
Contextual Learning
Influence
All Areas of Education – Dependent on
Contextual Distance
Positive Implications:
- Self Efficacy
- Varied / Creative Teaching Methodologies
- Empowerment for Students & Teachers
(CORD, 2010)
Contextual Learning
Comparison
Connections:
- Constructivism
- Experiential
- Brain Based Learning
- Progressivism
Differences:
- Holistic Approach / Life Span Perspective (Wolf,
1998)
Contextual Learning
Globalization
Virtual Extension through Technology
- More Dynamic
- New Gateways
- Unknown Areas
- Changing Nature of Context
- Challenges as well as Benefits
The Good, The Bad, & The Ugly
Contextual Learning
Wrap-up _ History
1890 201119601930 1980
Progressivism
Constructivism
Experiential Learning
Brain Based Learning
Contextual Learning
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Q & A