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1
LEARNING THAT STICKS HOW ANALOGIES SHAPE UNDERSTANDING
2
How often do you repeat
the same cue over and over
or feel like you are not
being heard?
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3
How many times have you instructed your client on how to perform a movement only to be asked -
so what do you want me
to do?
4
How many times have you given
your client a cue only to have them do exactly what you hoped to avoid?
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How many times have you achieved great results within a session only to
see those results disappear the next time the client shows up to train?
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Now…How many times have you also delivered a
cue or bit of instruction and have it instantly
work and continue to work as if you got 6 weeks of training out of one session?
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How do we optimize instruction and cueing to ensure learning?
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“CUTE AS A BABY”
9 DEVELOPMENT Learning Through Association | Sensory System
10 DEVELOPMENT Learning Through Association | Language System
APPLE!
DOG!
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“Symbols and words don’t have any intrinsic meaning except that which we assign them.” John Pollack
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“Hey honey this is a basketball”
-------------------
“Oh, kind of like a soccer ball”
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It would seem that new information is best understood through the lens of something we already know
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“IT’S KIND OF LIKE”
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“Much of humankind's remarkable mental aptitude can be attributed to analogical ability – the ability to perceive and use
relational similarity.” Gentner & Calhoun (2010)
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““In broad terms, an analogy is simply a
comparison that alerts a parallel
- explicit or implicit - between two distinct things, based on the
perception of a shared property or relation.”
-John Pollack
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Perth is in the grip of a heat wave with temperatures set to soar to 40 degrees Celsius by the end of the week. Australia is no stranger to extreme weather. Melbourne was pummeled with hailstones the size of golf balls on Saturday. Long term, droughts, bushfires, and floods have all plagued large swaths of Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria
(excerpts from: James Geary in I IS AN OTHER)
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“War involves the organized, deliberate use of force to attain a goal, often the control of territory. So does football.” Offensive lineman “ battle in the trenches ” to give the quarterback, often called the “ field general, ” the time to throw “ bullet ” passes and “ march ” his team downfield. If he’s got a “ cannon for an arm, ” he might even “ throw a bomb. ”
(excerpts from: Michael Mandelbaum in THE MEANING OF SPORTS via John Pollack in SHORTCUT)
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Car : Human Body Computer : Human Brain
Jet : Broad Jump Rocket : Vertical Jump
Prius : Jogging Porsche : Sprinting
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What role does analogy play in influencing movement skill acquisition and learning?
21
“PRACTICE LIKE YOU PLAY”
22 ANALOGY LEARNING Table Tennis
_ 3 Groups _ Explicit, Implicit and Analogy
_ Practice Performance (300 Trials) _ Explicit = Implicit = Analogy
_ Recall of Explicit Rules _ Explicit > Implicit = Analogy
_ Transfer Test (50 Trials-Backward Counting) _ Accuracy (Explicit < Implicit = Analogy)
_ Retention Test (50 Trials) _ Accuracy (Explicit = Implicit = Analogy)
(Liao et al., 2001 and Poolton et al., 2006)
23
Liao et al., 2001 “draw a right-angled
triangle with the bat…strike the ball while
bringing the bat up the hypotenuse of the
triangle”
UK Poolton et al., 2007
“move the bat as if it is travelling up the side of a
mountain”
CHINA
THE INFLUENCE OF CULTURE Analogy Learning
24 ANALOGY LEARNING Free Throws
_ 3 Groups _ Explicit, Analogy and Control
_ Practice Performance (3-days + 480 Trials) _ Explicit = Analogy = Control
_ Recall of Explicit Rules _ Explicit > Control > Analogy
_ Transfer Test (1 x 40 Trials-Backward Counting) _ Accuracy (Explicit = Control < Analogy)
_ Retention Test (2 x 40 Trials) _ Accuracy (Explicit = Control = Analogy)
(Lam et al., 2009/2009)
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“TEE IT UP”
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ANALOGY
Use the familiar to explain something less familiar
Familiar
Resonate emotionally | Emotionally charged
Emotional
Highlight similarities and obscure differences
Similarities
Tell a coherent story
Story
STRUCTURAL MAPPING Creating Effective Analogies
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Culture
How does their culture influence the way they see, understand and experience the world
Generation
How does their generation influence their identity, world perception
and social interests
Motivation
What is their ‘Why’ and their central driver for working towards a set
of goals
Habits/Hobbies
What are they interested in doing and ‘Why’ are they
interested in it
Personality
What makes them tick | What is their favorite
color, super hero, super power, etc.
FIVE WAYS TO IMPROVE YOUR ANALOGIES
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“It is not simply the case that the longer a piece of information stays in STM then the more likely it is to go into LTM. Instead, the more
significant a stimulus or event is then the greater likelihood it is retained in LTM” Williams et al. (2008)
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ANALOGY
Identify analogies that capture the same timing, speed or rhythm of the movement
Time | Speed
Identify analogies that capture the same force characteristics or strength demands
Force | Strength
Identify analogies that capture the same direction
or spatial qualities as the movement
Direction | Space
Identify analogies that capture the same shape, positions or geometry of
the movement
Geometry | Shape
STRUCTURAL MAPPING Creating Effective Analogies for Movement
30 ACCELERATION Structural Mapping
“Accelerate off the line like a jet taking-off from an aircraft carrier”
ACCELERATION | JET
31 VERTICAL JUMP Structural Mapping
“Explode of the ground like a rocket to the sky”
JUMP | ROCKET
32
“RUBBER MEETS THE ROAD”
33 ANALOGY LEARNING Framework
3 Steps 1. Identify movement of interest
2. Prioritize top 3-5 common errors
3. Generate 1-3 analogies for each error
_ Acceleration
_ Absolute Speed
34 ACCELERATION Analogy Learning Examples
POSTURE | FRONT SIDE | BACKSIDE | ARMS
35 ACCELERATION Analogy Learning Examples
POSTURE | FRONT SIDE | BACKSIDE | ARMS
36 ACCELERATION Analogy Learning Examples
POSTURE | FRONT SIDE | BACKSIDE | ARMS POSTURE | FRONT SIDE | BACKSIDE | ARMS
37 ACCELERATION Analogy Learning Examples
POSTURE | FRONT SIDE | BACKSIDE | ARMS POSTURE | FRONT SIDE | BACKSIDE | ARMS
38 ACCELERATION Analogy Learning Examples
POSTURE | FRONT SIDE | BACKSIDE | ARMS POSTURE | FRONT SIDE | BACKSIDE | ARMS
39 ACCELERATION Analogy Learning Examples
POSTURE | FRONT SIDE | BACKSIDE | ARMS POSTURE | FRONT SIDE | BACKSIDE | ARMS POSTURE | FRONT SIDE | BACKSIDE | ARMS
40 ACCELERATION Analogy Learning Examples
POSTURE | FRONT SIDE | BACKSIDE | ARMS POSTURE | FRONT SIDE | BACKSIDE | ARMS POSTURE | FRONT SIDE | BACKSIDE | ARMS POSTURE | FRONT SIDE | BACKSIDE | ARMS
41 ACCELERATION Analogy Learning Examples
POSTURE | FRONT SIDE | BACKSIDE | ARMS POSTURE | FRONT SIDE | BACKSIDE | ARMS POSTURE | FRONT SIDE | BACKSIDE | ARMS POSTURE | FRONT SIDE | BACKSIDE | ARMS
“Head to heel strong as steel”
“Drive your knee forward as if to shatter a pane of glass”
“Explode forward like you are sprinting upstairs”
“Sprint out like you are trying to catch a robber”
“Jet over helicopter when you drive out”
“Sprint out like you have a cheetah 2 steps behind you”
“Imagine your arms are hammers and your shins are the nails”
42 ABSOLUTE SPEED Analogy Learning Examples
POSTURE | FRONT SIDE | BACKSIDE | ARMS
43 ABSOLUTE SPEED Analogy Learning Examples
POSTURE | FRONT SIDE | BACKSIDE | ARMS
44 ABSOLUTE SPEED Analogy Learning Examples
POSTURE | FRONT SIDE | BACKSIDE | ARMS POSTURE | FRONT SIDE | BACKSIDE | ARMS
45 ABSOLUTE SPEED Analogy Learning Examples
POSTURE | FRONT SIDE | BACKSIDE | ARMS POSTURE | FRONT SIDE | BACKSIDE | ARMS
46 ABSOLUTE SPEED Analogy Learning Examples
POSTURE | FRONT SIDE | BACKSIDE | ARMS POSTURE | FRONT SIDE | BACKSIDE | ARMS
47 ABSOLUTE SPEED Analogy Learning Examples
POSTURE | FRONT SIDE | BACKSIDE | ARMS POSTURE | FRONT SIDE | BACKSIDE | ARMS POSTURE | FRONT SIDE | BACKSIDE | ARMS
48 ABSOLUTE SPEED Analogy Learning Examples
POSTURE | FRONT SIDE | BACKSIDE | ARMS POSTURE | FRONT SIDE | BACKSIDE | ARMS POSTURE | FRONT SIDE | BACKSIDE | ARMS
49 ABSOLUTE SPEED Analogy Learning Examples
POSTURE | FRONT SIDE | BACKSIDE | ARMS POSTURE | FRONT SIDE | BACKSIDE | ARMS POSTURE | FRONT SIDE | BACKSIDE | ARMS POSTURE | FRONT SIDE | BACKSIDE | ARMS
50 ABSOLUTE SPEED Analogy Learning Examples
POSTURE | FRONT SIDE | BACKSIDE | ARMS POSTURE | FRONT SIDE | BACKSIDE | ARMS POSTURE | FRONT SIDE | BACKSIDE | ARMS POSTURE | FRONT SIDE | BACKSIDE | ARMS
“Lead with your belt buckle”
“Lean into the wind or run like you are in a wind tunnel”
“Sprint through knee/shin high grass”
“Sprint through knee/shin high surf”
“Sprint as if the ground is on fire”
“Sprint as if to spin the earth back”
“Bounce off the ground like a ball”
“Open and close the door”
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“THE HAY IS IN THE BARN”
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“Analogies aren’t accidents, they’re arguments - arguments that, like icebergs, conceal most of their mass and power beneath the
surface.” – John Pollack
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“Analogies…often trigger emotions [and are a] practical way to sort a flood of incoming data, place it within the context of our
experience, and make decisions accordingly.” – John Pollack
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“If one never trusted a single analogy, how could one understand anything in this world? What, other than one’s past, can one rely on in
grounding decisions that one makes when facing a new situation.” – Douglas Hofstadter and Emmanuel Sander
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“[Analogy] reveals meaning without committing the error of defining it.” – Hannah Arendt
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