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Pablo Franzolini CIMNE - International Center for Numerical Methods in Engineering http://learning-layers.eu
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http://Learning-Layers-eu – Scaling up Technologies for Informal Learning in SME Clusters – [email protected]
Technology to enhance the Cognitive Ecosystems?
• Designing technology that blends into work practices and supports informal learning is a major challenge
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http://Learning-Layers-eu – Scaling up Technologies for Informal Learning in SME Clusters – [email protected]://Learning-Layers-eu – Scaling up Technologies for Informal Learning in SME Clusters – [email protected]
Learning LayersScaling up Technologies for Informal Learning in SME Clusters
Scaling Informal Learning at the Workplace
Pablo Franzolini [email protected]
Presentation base on: Keynote give at the International Conference on Web-based Learning (ICWL 2014) 16/08/14, Tallinn, Estonia, by Tobias Ley, Institute of Informatics,Tallinn University
http://Learning-Layers-eu – Scaling up Technologies for Informal Learning in SME Clusters – [email protected]
Scaling Learning?
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Villemard, 1910: À l' École, Bibliotèque national de Francehttp://expositions.bnf.fr/utopie/grand/3_95b1.htm
http://Learning-Layers-eu – Scaling up Technologies for Informal Learning in SME Clusters – [email protected]
The Dilemma of Informal Learning at the Workplace
How do people learn at the workplace?• Ask colleagues, search for help, try
things out, learn from experience• Learning is informal, connected to
work practices, multi-episodic, just-in time [Hart 2011, Kooken 2009]
How do learning technologies look like?
• follow traditional training models • based on direct classroom instruction
and courses transfered to the screen [Kraiger 2008]
highly effective individualized
contextualized
motivating
does not scale
not persistent
few benefit
expensive
http://Learning-Layers-eu – Scaling up Technologies for Informal Learning in SME Clusters – [email protected]
Mechanisms for Scaling Informal Learning
• Looking at Learning in Work Practices– [Eraut and Hirsch 2007, Maier 2009,
Attwell 2003, Kooken et al. 2009, Collin 2006]
• Unlock Peer Production – [Schmidt et al. 2009, Maier &
Schmidt 2007]• Scaffolding for Meaningful Learning
– [Ley et al. 2010, Lindstaedt et al. 2010, Siadaty et al. 2010, Pata, 2006]
• Scale through Regional Clusters– [Deitmer and Attwell 2000]
http://Learning-Layers-eu – Scaling up Technologies for Informal Learning in SME Clusters – [email protected]
SCENARIOS AND DESIGN-BASED RESEARCH
Learning in Work Practices
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Ley, T., Cook, J., Dennerlein, S., Kravcik, M., Kunzmann, C., Pata, K., Purma, J., Sandars, J., Santos, P., Schmidt, A., Al-Smadi, M., Trattner, C. (2014). Scaling informal learning at the workplace: a model and four designs from a large-scale design-based research effort. British Journal of Educational Technology, in press.
http://Learning-Layers-eu – Scaling up Technologies for Informal Learning in SME Clusters – [email protected]
http://www.flickr.com/photos/seattlemunicipalarchives/7165372144/Seattle Municipal Archives
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/legalcode
Building & Construction
http://Learning-Layers-eu – Scaling up Technologies for Informal Learning in SME Clusters – [email protected]
Straw Building
How To
X3-PVQX3-PJC
X3-POZ PLC Equipment
One possible Construction Scenario
Explaining the use of a new construction technique and materials on site
Making video material available on site through QR tagsUse of video recording and
annotation
Further questions on the use of the technique connected to site
Material, questions and best practices collected and
discussed
Collection transformed into instructional material to
enhance traditional training
http://Learning-Layers-eu – Scaling up Technologies for Informal Learning in SME Clusters – [email protected]
http://www.flickr.com/photos/seattlemunicipalarchives/5765842244/Seattle Municipal Archives
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/legalcode
Healthcare
http://Learning-Layers-eu – Scaling up Technologies for Informal Learning in SME Clusters – [email protected]
One possible Healthcare Scenario
Two practice staff visit a NHS training on a new guideline for dementia
Staff collect materials from training and further research for their revalidation
Other staff ask questions
about the guideline
Material and questions evolve into a local implementation
plan for the practice
Other regional practices and the CSU join the effort to learn about implementation problems and practices
Implementation Plan
Guideline
X3-PVQX3-PJC
X3-POZ Dementia
http://Learning-Layers-eu – Scaling up Technologies for Informal Learning in SME Clusters – [email protected]
http://www.flickr.com/photos/seattlemunicipalarchives/8978702527/Seattle Municipal Archives
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/legalcode
How We Do Research
http://Learning-Layers-eu – Scaling up Technologies for Informal Learning in SME Clusters – [email protected]
Technologies should enhance the Cognitive Ecosystem
• Designing technology that blends into work practices and supports informal learning is a major challenge
• Emergence of meaning is heavily dependent on shared artefacts and practices
• An ecosystem of tools can be integrated by technologies that learn about meaning in a social context
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http://Learning-Layers-eu – Scaling up Technologies for Informal Learning in SME Clusters – [email protected]
Contextual Inquiry & Design-based Research
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http://learning-layers.eu/learning-layers-visits-doctors-and-construction-workers/
http://Learning-Layers-eu – Scaling up Technologies for Informal Learning in SME Clusters – [email protected]
Contextual Inquiry & Design-based Research
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http://learning-layers.eu/focus-groups-context/
context cards
Personas
user stories
stories of contextual factors
http://Learning-Layers-eu – Scaling up Technologies for Informal Learning in SME Clusters – [email protected]
Deployment & SustainabilityScaling in Regional Clusters
Architecture & Integration LayerIntegration through Common Infrastructure
Workplace Learning LayerIntegration through Workplace Learning Practices
Scaling Informal Learning: Project Architecture
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Interaction Layers: An Ecosystem of Tools
Social Semantic LayerIntegration through Shared Meaning
Interacting with Physical Objects
Interacting with People
Interacting with Digital Materials
Straw Building How To
X3-PVQX3-PJC
X3-POZ PLC Equipment
http://Learning-Layers-eu – Scaling up Technologies for Informal Learning in SME Clusters – [email protected]
AN ECOSYSTEM OF TOOLS TO SUPPORT INFORMAL LEARNING
Scaling Informal Learning Interactions
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Ley, T., Cook, J., Dennerlein, S., Kravcik, M., Kunzmann, C., Pata, K., Purma, J., Sandars, J., Santos, P., Schmidt, A., Al-Smadi, M., Trattner, C. (2014). Scaling informal learning at the workplace: a model and four designs from a large-scale design-based research effort. British Journal of Educational Technology, in press.
Tomberg, V., Smadi, M., Treasure-Jones, T., & Ley, T. (2013). A Sensemaking Interface for Supporting Doctor’s Learning at the Workplace – A Paper Prototype Study. In M. Divitini, T. Ley, S. Lindstaedt, V. Pammer, & M. Prilla (Eds.), Proceedings of ECTEL meets ECSCW 2013, the Workshop on Collaborative Technologies for Working and Learning, Sept. 21, 2013, Cyprus (pp. 54–58). Aachen: CEUR Workahop Proceedings. Retrieved from http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1047/paper12.pdf
http://Learning-Layers-eu – Scaling up Technologies for Informal Learning in SME Clusters – [email protected]
Two Examples
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E-portfolio Bits and Pieces
Boundary objects AchSo!
http://Learning-Layers-eu – Scaling up Technologies for Informal Learning in SME Clusters – [email protected]
AchSo! Mobile Learning on the Construction Site
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Video: http://vimeo.com/84383004Software: http://developer.learning-layers.eu/tools/ach-so/
http://Learning-Layers-eu – Scaling up Technologies for Informal Learning in SME Clusters – [email protected]
Bits and Pieces - Sensemaking about Learning Experiences
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Software: http://developer.learning-layers.eu/tools/bits-and-pieces/Running Demo
http://Learning-Layers-eu – Scaling up Technologies for Informal Learning in SME Clusters – [email protected]
Deployment & SustainabilityScaling in Regional Clusters
Architecture & Integration LayerIntegration through Common Infrastructure
Workplace Learning LayerIntegration through Workplace Learning Practices
Scaling Informal Learning: Project Architecture
20
Interaction Layers: An Ecosystem of Tools
Social Semantic LayerIntegration through Shared Meaning
Interacting with Physical Objects
Interacting with People
Interacting with Digital Materials
Straw Building How To
X3-PVQX3-PJC
X3-POZ PLC Equipment
http://Learning-Layers-eu – Scaling up Technologies for Informal Learning in SME Clusters – [email protected]
Project Consortium
Basiskarte: digitale-europakarte.de
Project Coordination
Learning Technology Research
Regional Application Clusters
Scaling Partners
Technology Partners
Health Care – Leeds
Construction & Building – Bremen
http://Learning-Layers-eu – Scaling up Technologies for Informal Learning in SME Clusters – [email protected]
Try our apps http://developer.learning-layers.eu/
http://Learning-Layers-eu – Scaling up Technologies for Informal Learning in SME Clusters – [email protected]
Design with us: http://odl.learning-layers.eu/
http://Learning-Layers-eu – Scaling up Technologies for Informal Learning in SME Clusters – [email protected]
SHARED MEANING IN ARTEFACT-MEDIATED COLLABORATION
Scaling Meaning Making
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Seitlinger, P., & Ley, T. (2014). Verbatim and semantic imitation in indexing resources on the Web: A fuzzy-trace account of social tagging. Applied Cognitive Psychology, in press.
Seitlinger, P., & Ley, T. (2012). Implicit Imitation in Social Tagging: Familiarity and Semantic Reconstruction. In Proceedings of ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI 2012) (pp. 1631–1640). New York: ACM Press.
Seitlinger, P., Kowald, D., Trattner, C., & Ley, T. (2013). Recommending Tags with a Model of Human Categorization. In Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, CIKM’13, Oct. 27–Nov. 1, 2013, San Francisco, CA, USA. (pp. 2381–2386). New York: ACM Press. doi:10.1145/2505515.2505625
Kump, B., Moskaliuk, J., Dennerlein, S., & Ley, T. (2013). Tracing knowledge co-evolution in a realistic course setting: A wiki-based field experiment. Computers & Education, 69, 60–70.
http://Learning-Layers-eu – Scaling up Technologies for Informal Learning in SME Clusters – [email protected]
How shared meaning emerges in Artefact-Mediated collaboration
• Networks of Meaning crystalize around a concrete thing (Verbeek, 2005)
resulting in a Cognitive Ecosystem (Hutchins, 2010)
• Shared Meaning is a result of social practices and negotiation (Wenger, 1998)
• Semantic Stabilization happens over time as people describe things (Wagner et al., 2014)
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ToiletHow To
Lightning SolutionX3-PJC
X3-POZ
PLC Equipment
http://Learning-Layers-eu – Scaling up Technologies for Informal Learning in SME Clusters – [email protected]
A Study using a collaborative bookmarking system
• Students made use of a bookmarking system to– Collect and share
bookmarks– Categorize and tag the
bookmarks– Create a shared taxonomy
of tags• Dynamic coupling leads to…
– Alignment of interpretations
– Alignment of tags (Fu et al., 2008, 2010, 2012)
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http://Learning-Layers-eu – Scaling up Technologies for Informal Learning in SME Clusters – [email protected]
Research Questions
1. Can we observe semantic stabilization in a small-scale collaborative setting?
2. Can we influence semantic stabilization?3. Does semantic stabilization influence
student learning?
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http://Learning-Layers-eu – Scaling up Technologies for Informal Learning in SME Clusters – [email protected]
SOBOLEO Environment
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Tag taxonomy
Tag/concept description
Chat
Tagging widget
http://Learning-Layers-eu – Scaling up Technologies for Informal Learning in SME Clusters – [email protected]
Design: Independent Variables
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Topic Duration Tag Specificity“basic level shift”
http://Learning-Layers-eu – Scaling up Technologies for Informal Learning in SME Clusters – [email protected]
Design: Dependent Variables
• Semantic stabilization: Entropy of tag distribution at each new tag assignment t
• Tag usage frequency – general, medium and specific tags
• Strength of memory representations of tags– Free association test using tags as open probes
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Ht = H * (1 - e-bt)
http://Learning-Layers-eu – Scaling up Technologies for Informal Learning in SME Clusters – [email protected]
Topic duration influences semantic stabilization ...
... but in an unexpected way!
Ht is lower under the sd than ld condition (W = 8340.5, p < .001)
Groups studying a shorter duration benfited from starting over from scratch after the topic switch
http://Learning-Layers-eu – Scaling up Technologies for Informal Learning in SME Clusters – [email protected]
Semantic stabilization leads to the use of more specific tags
Long duration Short duration
Basic Level Shift: Increased use of medium and specific tags in both groups (X2(18) = 18.15, p < .05)
Basic level shift is more pronounced under the sd than ld condition (X2(14) = 40.46, p < .001)
basic level shift
basic level shift
http://Learning-Layers-eu – Scaling up Technologies for Informal Learning in SME Clusters – [email protected]
Semantic stabilization leads to stronger learning of specific tags
Basic Level Shift in Both groups(F(2,21) = 28.4, p < .001)
Basic level shift is more pronouncedunder the sd than ld condition
(F(2,21) = 3.6, p < .05)
http://Learning-Layers-eu – Scaling up Technologies for Informal Learning in SME Clusters – [email protected]
Discussion
• Internal memory (association test) and external representations (use of tags) co-vary
• Semantic Stabilization can be observed in small group settings
• The quality of the shared representation (tag taxonomy) is more important than mere topic exposure
• Social processes on the group level (semantic stabilization mediated by artefacts) have an influence on individual categorization and learning
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http://Learning-Layers-eu – Scaling up Technologies for Informal Learning in SME Clusters – [email protected]
Deployment & SustainabilityScaling in Regional Clusters
Architecture & Integration LayerIntegration through Common Infrastructure
Workplace Learning LayerIntegration through Workplace Learning Practices
Scaling Informal Learning: Project Architecture
35
Interaction Layers: An Ecosystem of Tools
Social Semantic LayerIntegration through Shared Meaning
Interacting with Physical Objects
Interacting with People
Interacting with Digital Materials
Straw Building How To
X3-PVQX3-PJC
X3-POZ PLC Equipment
http://Learning-Layers-eu – Scaling up Technologies for Informal Learning in SME Clusters – [email protected]
Who When Where What ... ... ... ... ... ...
An Artefact Actor Network
User Profile
Resource Profile
Topic Modeling
RecommendedResource
Each interaction increases the network ...
... and is tracked in the history
Trust and Social Network
Traces of the Network History
Knowledge is built by people interacting with other people and artefacts
New Information displayed to Support User Interactions
Intelligent Services derive new information
1
2
3
4
5
Who When Where What ... ... ... ... ... ...
Who When Where What ... ... ... ... ... ...
Who When Where What ... ... ... ... ... ...
Whom to ask? What to read and watch? Who are the experts? What do people talk about?What’s the quality?
http://Learning-Layers-eu – Scaling up Technologies for Informal Learning in SME Clusters – [email protected]
A recommender that mimics human thinking
• How do you describe this resource?
• A mechanisms that guesses the words that you will use
• Two step process: – First generate meaning– Then produce words
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DementiaGuideline
NHS
Seitlinger, P., Kowald, D., Trattner, C., & Ley, T. (2013). Recommending Tags with a Model of Human Categorization. In Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, CIKM’13, Oct. 27–Nov. 1, 2013, San Francisco, CA, USA. (pp. 2381–2386). New York: ACM Press. doi:10.1145/2505515.2505625
http://Learning-Layers-eu – Scaling up Technologies for Informal Learning in SME Clusters – [email protected]
Learning Layers
38
Tobias LeyTallinn University
Institute of [email protected]
skype tobias_ley
http://tobiasley.wordpress.com
Learning Layers ProjectICT EU-FP7, 12mEUR, 2012-2016
Web: http://learning-layers.euSoftware: http://github.com/learning-layers
Scientific Coordinator
http://Learning-Layers-eu – Scaling up Technologies for Informal Learning in SME Clusters – [email protected] 39
http://Learning-Layers-eu – Scaling up Technologies for Informal Learning in SME Clusters – [email protected]
Blackboard delivered through TV (1930s)
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http://www.gizmodo.com.au/2014/01/15-technologies-that-were-supposed-to-change-education-forever/
http://Learning-Layers-eu – Scaling up Technologies for Informal Learning in SME Clusters – [email protected]
Extracting meaning from Pictures
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http://Learning-Layers-eu – Scaling up Technologies for Informal Learning in SME Clusters – [email protected]
The Perspective of Human Computer Interaction
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Understanding humans and computers as a system
Making the system smarter and more productive
