LEARNING

The acquisition of knowledge or skills through experiences, practice, or study, or by being taught.

A process which bring about a change in the individual’s way of responding as result of practice or other experiences.

A relatively change in behavior.

What is learning?

Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) Classical Conditioning BF Skinner(1948 )

Operant ConditioningThorndike Laws of

LearningLaw of EffectLaw of ExerciseLaw of Readiness

Albert Bandura Social Learning

Theories of Learning

Reflexive or automatic type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus.

Pavlovian conditioning or respondent conditioning

Pavlov’s Experiment

CS------------UCS-----------UCR-----------CS-------------CRbuzzer meat salivation buzzer Salivation

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BF Skinners Operant conditioning States that consequences or rewards can influence how often a behavior will occur. A behavior followed by a punishment is less likely occur again.However, a behavior followed by a reward is more likely to occur.

Burrhus Frederick Skinner(1904-1990)

“Skinner Box” which was similar to Thorndike’s puzzle box.

• Neutral operants: responses from the environment that neither increase nor decrease the probability of a behavior being repeated.• Reinforcers: Responses from the environment that increase the probability of a behavior being repeated. Reinforcers can be either positive or negative.• Punishers: Response from the environment that decrease the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. Punishment weakens behavior.

Three types of responses or operant that can follow behavior.

SKINNERS OPERANT CONDITIONING

SKINNERS OPERANT CONDITIONING

REWARD PUNISHMENTPUNISHMENT

REWARDEDContinuation of behavior

No-REWARDdiscontinuation of the behavior

No-PUNISHMENTContinuation of behavior

PUNISHED discontinuation of the behavior

The Law of Effect The law of effect is a principle of the psychology of learning described by Edward Thorndike (1911): It holds that responses that produce a satisfying or pleasant state of affairs in a particular situation are more likely to occur again in a similar situation.

Thorndike Laws of Learning

The Law of ExercisePractice strengthens the connection, disuse weakens it. We learn by doing We forget by not doing.

The Law of Readinessif physically ready, the connection is satisfying for the organism. When someone is ready to perform some act, to do so is satisfying. 

Social learning theory focuses on the learning that occurs within a social context. It considers that people learn from one another, including such concepts as observational learning, imitation, and modeling.

Albert Bandura -Social Learning

1. People can learn by observing the behavior is of others and the outcomes of those behaviors.2. Learning can occur without a change in behavior. Behaviorists say that learning has to be represented by a permanent change in behavior; in contrast social learning theorists say that because people can learn through observation alone, their learning may not necessarily be shown in their performance. Learning may or may not result in a behavior change.

General Principles of social learning theory follows:

3. Cognition plays a role in learning. Over the last 30 years social learning theory has become increasingly cognitive in its interpretation of human learning. Awareness and expectations of future reinforcements or punishments can have a major effect on the behaviors that people exhibit.

4. Social learning theory can be considered a bridge or a transition between behaviorist learning theories and cognitive learning theories. 

 

Educational implications of social learning theory:1. Students often learn a great deal

simply by observing other people.2. Teachers and parents

must model appropriate behaviors and take care that they do not model inappropriate behaviors.

3. Discussing with learners about the rewards and consequences of various behaviors.

Thank You and

God bless!!!!!!