Leadership

By:-

Paras Sangwan

M.no 9579375017

What is Leadership?

The process of influencing and supporting others to work enthusiastically toward achieving objectives.

The critical factor that helps an individual or a group to identify its goals and then motivates and assists in achieving the stated goals.

Without leadership, an organization would be only a confusion of people and machines.

Three important elements

Influence / Support

Voluntary effort

Goal achievement

Importance of Leadership

Motivating employees

Creating confidence

Building morale

Characteristics of Leadership

There must be a group of followers. Leadership is a personal quality. Leadership is a reciprocal process. Leadership is a process of influencing. Leadership gives guidance. Leadership is a situational concept. Leadership is a shared function. Leadership is dynamic. Leaders must maintain separate identity.

Principles of Leadership

Be technically proficient. Seek responsibility and take responsibility for your

actions. Make sound and timely decisions. Set the example. Know your people and look out for their well-being. Keep your workers informed. Develop a sense of responsibility in your workers.

Contd….

Ensure that tasks are understood, supervised and accomplished.

Train as a team. Use the full capabilities of your organization.

Techniques of Leadership

Securing co-operation Use of power Co-ordination and command Maintaining Discipline Developing Group Morale

Essentials of Leadership

Intelligence and technical competence. Sense of responsibility. Initiative. Common emotional feeling. Moral qualities. Ability to integrate and inspire.

Factors of Leadership Follower

Leader

Communication

Situation

BE KNOW DO

BE a professional. BE a professional who posses good character. KNOW the four factors of leadership. KNOW yourself. KNOW human nature. KNOW your job. KNOW your organization. DO provide direction. DO implement. DO motivate.

Leadership amongst Primates

Only humans and chimpanzees; among all the animals living on earth, show leadership qualities.

Scope of Leadership

Youth Families Bands Tribes States and nations Empires

Types of Leadership

1. Autocratic Leadership

2. Democratic Leadership

3. Intellectual Leadership

4. Persuasive Leadership

5. Creative Leadership

Theories of Leadership

Trait theory : Traits play a central role in predicting who would or would not be a leader.

Behavioural theories : Leadership styles affect the behaviour of followers.

Contingency theories : There is no “one best way” to lead in all situations.

Trait Theory Innate Traits

Honesty & Integrity Personal drive & Desire Desire to lead Self-confidence

Acquirable Traits Emotional stability Human relations Empathy Objectivity Motivating skills Technical skills Communicative skills Social skills

Personal Drive

energy

Honesty & integrity

Emotional stability

Human relations

empathy

objectivity

Motivatingskills

Technical skill

Commun-icative

skill

Socialskills

Self-confidence

desire

individual

Why Trait Theory failed?

These qualities are difficult to measure.

No consistent set of traits emerged from research studies.

Those who did possess such characteristics were not in leadership positions.

Fiedler’s Contingency TheorySituational Characteristics

Leader-MemberRelation

Task-Structure

Position-Power

Good

High

Strong

Good

High

Weak

Good

Low

Strong

Good

Low

Weak

Poor

High

Weak

Poor

High

Strong

Poor

Low

Strong

Poor

Low

Weak

High Moderate LowSituational Control of Leader

Task-Oriented Relationship-Oriented Task-OrientedEffective LeadershipStyle

Path Goal Theory Of Leadership

Recommends that the leader adjust his or her behaviour to suit situational factor or contingencies.

The leaders can exercise four different styles:- Directive Leadership Supportive Leadership Participative Leadership Achievement oriented Leadership

These four styles can be used effectively by the leader, depending upon situational factors such as subordinate characteristics and attributes of the work setting.

Path Goal Leadership

Situational factors

Subordinates’ attributesAbilitiesInternals or externals

Work setting attributes TaskFormal authority systemPrimary work group

Leadership style

Directive

Supportive

Achievement oriented

Participative

Outcomes

Job satisfaction

Acceptance of leader

Motivated behaviour

Expectancy that

1. Effort will lead to performance

2. Performance will lead to valued rewards

Path – Goal Modal

Leader identifies employee needs

Appropriate goalsAre established

Leader connectsRewards with goals

Leader providesAssistance on Employee pathToward goals

Employees become Satisfied and

motivated, and they accept the leader

EffectivePerformance

occurs

Both employees and organization are better

able to reach their goals

Leadership Styles

Authoritarian Leadership Democratic Leadership Laissez-Faire Leadership Bureaucratic or Institutional Rule-centered

Style Manipulative Leadership Expert or Intellectual Leadership Style

Contd….

Likert’s Systems

System 1 = Exploitative autocratic

System 2 = Benevolent autocratic

System 3 = Consultative Leadership

System 4 = Participative Group Leadership

Leadership Modals

Helps us to understand what makes leaders act the way they do.

Two leadership models are:- Four Framework Approach Managerial Grid

Four Framework Approach

Structural Framework Human Resource Framework Political Framework Symbolic Framework

Managerial Grid

Described by American industrial psychologists- Blake and Mouton.

Useful device to a manager for identifying and classifying managerial styles.

They used two axis: “Concern for people” – plotted using the vertical

axis. “Concern for task” – plotted along the horizontal

axis.

They both have a range of 0 – 9.

Four types of leaders in this grid are taken:• Authoritarian :- High task low relationship.

(9 on task, 1 on people)• Team leader :- High task high relationship.

(9 on task, 9 on people)• Country club leadership :- Low task low

relationship.

(1 on task, 9 on people)• Impoverished leadership :- Low task low

relationship.

(1 on task, 1 on people)

Leadership Character ModelIt includes:-

Respect Empathy Lack of Blame Humility Responsibility Accountability Self – confidence Courage Focus on the whole

Functional Leadership Model

The leadership function meets needs in

areas :- Task

Team

Individual

Difference between Management & Leadership

Perspective :- Managers do things right, while leaders do the right thing.

Subordinate as a leader :- With small groups, it is not the manager who emerges as the leader.

Loyalty :- Groups are often more loyal to a leader than a manager.

Contd…

The leader is followed, the manager rules. Management knows how it works.

Thus the manager uses a formal, rational method whilst the leader uses passion and stirs emotions.