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Large Scale Land Acquisition in the MekongComparative overview and regional dynamics
J.-C. Diepart, MRLG
Content• Agrarian Structure• Spatiality of concessions• Mechanism of land acquisition• Characteristics of deals• Impacts• Counter-movements and
regulation
Myanmar% Agric. Pop. 66% % Agric. in GDP 38% % Agric. in FDI 0.4%
Viet-Nam% Agric. Pop. 61% % Agric. in GDP 19% % Agric. in FDI 1.3%
Laos% Agric. Pop. 74% % Agric. in GDP 25% % Agric. in FDI 12%
Cambodia% Agric. Pop. 64% % Agric. in GDP 35% % Agric. in FDI 6%
Trajectories and Agrarian Structure
MyanmarPop. Density 84 p.km-2
Agric. Landless 30-50%
Land area size (in 2013)Smallholder 13 M. haConcession 2.1 M. ha
Viet-NamPop. Density 296 p.km-2
Agric. Landless 12 %
Land area size (in 2013)Smallholder 10M. haConcession 0.3 M. ha
LaosPop. Density 30 p.km-2
Agric. Landless ?
Land area size (in 2012)Smallholder 1.1 M. haConcession 1.1 M. ha
CambodiaPop. Density 83 p.km-2
Agric. Landless 26 %
Land area size (in 2012)Smallholder 3.1 M. haConcession 4.4 M. ha
Trajectories and Agrarian Structure
Spatiality of Large Scale Land Concessions
Cambodia
• Economic Land Concession on Private State Land
• Land Law (2001) & Law on Forestry (2002) > MAFF
• Law on Protected Area (2008) > MoE
• Ceiling: 10,000 ha
Mechanisms of Land Acquisition
Mechanisms of Land Acquisition
Myanmar
• Concession on ‘Wasteland’ (1991)
• VFV Law (2012) > VFV Central Committee
• Forest Law (1992) > MoECAF
• Foreign Investment Law (2012)> DICA
• Armed Groups
Laos
• Lease – Concession on State Land (Degraded forest and barren land)
• Land Law (2003) and Forestry Law (2007) > MoNRE
• Law on Investment Promotion (2009) > MPI
• Multiple levels of authorities based on concession size
Mechanisms of Land Acquisition
Viet-Nam
• State Land
• Land Law (2013) and Investment Law (2014)
• Lease (50 years)• Sub-Lease (not from
smallholders)• Contract farming
Mechanisms of Land Acquisition
Mechanisms of Land Acquisition
• Several jurisdiction sometime overlapping, weak coordination
• Rules are often overridden by local politics & power relations
Laos (in 2012)
# Deals: 726Average: 612 ha
Characteristics of deals (agriculture & forestry)
Cambodia (in 2012)
# Deals: 271Average: 9,401 ha
Viet-Nam (in 2013)
# Deals: 9Average: 34,300 ha
Myanmar (in 2011)
# Deals: 225Average: 3,368 ha
© ODM & Diepart 2015 © Schonweger et al., 2012
© Land matrix© MoAI, MoECaF
Main productions (% total area size)
© ODM, 2016 & Diepart, 2015 © Schonweger et al., 2012
© Land matrix© MoAI, MoECaF
Origin of investors (% total area size)
© Schonweger et al., 2012
© Land matrix
© ODM, 2016 & Diepart, 2015
Regional investment flows (# Deals)
Clusters of Concessions
Clusters of Concessions
Impacts
C M L VDeforestation +++ +++++
Deforestation
Impacts
C M L VLand speculation(under investment)
+++ +++
Low return tonational economy
23% of concession planted (Woods, 2015)
6% of concession planted (Sperfeld etal., 2012)
- - -
5 M. USD in 2015 (PPP, 2016)
Impacts
C M L VLand Tenure Insecurity(alienation CPR)
Conflicts/evictions
Poverty Reduction
LaborEmployment
+++ +++ +++
? ?
+ / - + / -
+++ +++ +++ +++
+++
Contract Farming + / - + / -
Counter-movements and regulations• Popular mobilization and demonstration• Disciplining measures: corporate accountability
(CSR)• Innovative mechanisms ‘Follow-the-Money’• Sub-national tailor-made solutions• Regulations by Governments
Cambodia: Order 01 for more effective management of concessions
Counter-movements and regulationsMyanmar• Parliamentary Land
Confiscation Commission (2012)
• 115,000 Hectares land• Centered on Urban
Areas and Urban Development Projects
• Status of re-distribution unclear
Distribution of land area size (115,000 ha)
Counter-movements and regulationsLaos • Moratorium (2012)• Re-inventory of land concessions and lease• Revision of contract
Viet-Nam• Redistribution of land from State Forest Enterprises to
smallholders• Policy discussion on how to make contract farming
scheme work for companies and smallholders
Thank you !
