LandWater 

EcosystemsEcosystems

Contributions:Maarten van Ginkel (ICARDA); Keith Shepherd (ICRAF);  Patrick Dugan (WorldFish); Deborah Bossio (IWMI); Nteranya Sanginga,(CIAT‐Nairobi TSBF); Boru Douthwaite (CPWF);TSBF); Boru Douthwaite (CPWF); Tony Simons (ICRAF); Paula Bramel(IITA); Alain Vidal (CPWF) 

Drivers ofDrivers of Land &WaterLand &Water UseUseOther Water Pressures

Drivers of Drivers of Land & Water Land & Water UseUse

UrbanizationUrbanization ‐‐ Cities are projected to use 150% Cities are projected to use 150% more water in 2025, encroach on more water in 2025, encroach on agag landland

A i lA i l I d d l dI d d l dAgricultureAgriculture –– Increased water use and land Increased water use and land expansion behind production increasesexpansion behind production increases

Population & DietPopulation & Diet food grain productionfood grain productionPopulation & DietPopulation & Diet –– food grain production food grain production projected to increase by 100% by 2050projected to increase by 100% by 2050

EnergyEnergy –– Hydropower andHydropower and biofuelsbiofuels compete forcompete forEnergyEnergy –– Hydropower and Hydropower and biofuelsbiofuels compete for compete for water and landwater and land

Climate ChangeClimate Change –– Shifting patterns of waterShifting patterns of waterClimate Change Climate Change  Shifting patterns of water Shifting patterns of water availability availability –– potential yields decline in Africapotential yields decline in Africa

L d d d ti li it d ti it

Limits – Reached or Breached

Land degradation – limits productivityRiver basins closed – Colorado, Murray Darling, Yellow, I d A D dditi l t l ftIndus, Amu Darya ……… no additional water left

Groundwater overdraft – in agricultural breadbaskets

Fisheries – ocean and freshwater at a limit, aquaculture will become more prevalentwill become more prevalent

Livestock – limit on extent of grazing land, more will f d d d l d dcome from mixed and industrialized production

Water Scarcity 2000

1/3 of the world’s population live in basins that have to deal with water scarcity

Land Health

Widespread degradation is reducing productivity, impeding development, damaging the environment

The capacity of land to sustain delivery of essentialThe capacity of land to sustain delivery of essential ecosystem services (the benefits people obtain from ecosystems)ecosystems)

Land degradation & Soil nutrient depletionLi i l d d d i iLimit land and water productivity

Soils from northern Tanzania

MP Addresses Interrelated Global h llChallenges

• Water ScarcityWater Scarcity

• Land Degradation 

Agricultural research

has a central role in 

delivering solutionsdelivering solutions

Global initiatives and accompanying investments are urgently needed for nine billion to be

Soil and Water

are urgently needed for nine billion to be adequately nourished by 2050:

Soil and Water: Restore and enhance soil fertility with organic compost and manure fertilizers; nitrogen fixing crop rotations; and reduced tillage practices; rainwater retention, groundwater

h t d t tili ti th h l i lrecharge rates and water utilization through agro-ecological farming practices and improved land rights for farmers.

Biodiversity and ecosystem services: Promote the y ydiversification and integration of crops and livestock under a Multi-Functional Agricultural System.

Energy and people: Invest public funds in participatoryEnergy and people: Invest public funds in participatory agro-ecological research and extension to build scientific and traditional knowledge.

IPCC 2008IPCC 2008• "the relationship between climate change and freshwater resources is of primary concern and p yinterest"; so far, "water resource issues have not been adequately addressed in climate change analyses and climate policy formulations"; and, according to many p y ; , g yexperts, "water and its availability and quality will be the main pressures, and issues, on societies and the environment under climate change". g

• CC Adaptation is about water

From GCARD 2010 White Paperp“… regions could either become self –sufficient and meet their nutrition, health and food needs, or , ,become a potential hot spot for poverty because of: 

(i) shortage of irrigated land, ( ) g g ,

(ii) shortage of water, 

(iii) adverse effects of agro‐chemicals used on their land ( ) gand the proportionate increased need of water each year and contaminating of subsoil water, ……”

MP5 Objectives• Increasing and safeguarding access to water and land resources for smallholder women and men producersand men producers

• Increased land and water productivity of crops/livestock/fish/agro forestrycrops/livestock/fish/agro forestry

• Reverse trends of land and water degradation to support poverty reduction g pp p yand productivity gains

• Do above in a way that contributes to ecosystem resilience and ecosystem services

What’s new?What s new?

• Integration to find new ways of producingIntegration to find new ways of producing more from less water and land resources

• Integration across scales• Integration across scales

• Beyond crops – fish, livestock, agro‐forestry, iecosystem services

Livestock water productivity (Uganda “Cattle Corridor”)

Community corralling of cattle for 2 weeks permits pasture establishment

Local organizations invest in up‐scaling of pasture regeneration 

Termites destroy any attempt to reseed  degraded pasture  

Land Health Surveillance

A science‐based approach 

•Identify and locate land health blproblems

f k l d h l h•Quantify major risks to land health

••Target land management interventions

•Evaluate outcomes on ecosystem services

Research Highlights: SLM ProgramResearch Highlights: SLM Program

African Digital Soil Map: AFSISAfrican Digital Soil Map: AFSIS

~18.1 million km2 of continental SSAcontinental SSA 

Spatially stratified random sampling approach 

Soil fertility d ti t i l

consisting of 60 sites 

recommendation trials installed in 5 countries

Eco‐Efficient Agriculture for the Poor

New capability for digital soil mapping

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What’s new?What s new?

• Underexplored water and land pgovernance opportunities – iemanaging groundwater, and revitalizing irrigationg g

• Basin and landscape implications of actions taken at farm scale.

• Policies outside of agriculture and water – implications and opportunities 

MP ComponentsMP Components1.1. Delivering greater water productivity

h d f d f1.2. Enhancing and safeguarding water access for the poor

2.1. Improving Land Health, water quality and ecosystem services

2.2. Improved Soil management

3 Water and Land management for ecosystem3. Water and Land management for ecosystem services

Integrative Land, Water, Ecosystem Topics

• Tradeoff analysisP f i l i• Payment for environmental services (PES)E i d ili• Ecosystem services and resilience

• Drivers of change• Scaling out interventions• Multi‐functional and multiple use systems

• Political ecology and economy

SURFACE FLOODEDSURFACE FLOODED

Tradeoffs: Water for crops or water for fish or both?

10

12

14

16

EVEL

FLOODED

10

12

14

16

EVEL

FLOODED

Reduced numbers of fish produced

0

2

4

6

8

WA

TER

LE

0

2

4

6

8

WA

TER

LE

Reduced  growth period for fish that remain

20

Opportunities

An Opportunity – Upgrade Rainfed Lands• Largest opportunities to reduce poverty and improve land and water productivity  are in rainfed landscapes (from the Comprehensive Assessment)Wh t? A f ti• What?  A range of practices– Water harvesting, supplemental irrigation, water lifting deviceslifting devices

– Soil and water conservation– Improved soil nutrition 

• How?  The research question

Impact ‐200 million livelihoods improved in 20 years

Ag Water&Land Management SolutionsThe Target

200M farmers livelihoods improved across Africa and S. Asia from water harvesting, soil & water 

The Target

conservation, water lifting, watershed management, storage, water productivity

The OutputSuitable AWM solutions identified tailored forParticular situation, women and men, communities

The Output

Investments in AWM, policy interventions, improved business models and supply chains, 

The Outcome

community empowerment

PartnershipsProducers development communityProducers, development community, researchers, policy makers, investors

Women, Water and LandWomen, Water and Land

• Women and men haveWomen and men have different priorities about water and landwater and land

• Need to involve women in the planning researchthe planning, research, implementation cycle

PartnershipsPartnerships• Must cross several scales: local, national, regional, global changes at one system level are the keyglobal ‐ changes at one system level are the key that unlocks the other levels

• Boundary spanning role goes well beyond agriculture – broader water, climate change, energy, trade and environment sectors

• New capacity needed, new way of thinking and doing, a new cadre of land and water specialistsg, p