KYOTO PROTOCOL

Presented ByJibin M Varghese(PR10EE1002)Justin Baby(PR10EE1007)Shanthibhushan B(PR10EE1025)Manu N Govind(PR10EE1028)Ajeesh G(PR10EE1034)

Kyoto protocol (Introduction)

o The United Nations organized a conference in Kyoto, Japan to draft an agreement to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions.

o The protocol commits that “Annex 1 countries” (developed countries) reduce their emissions to ten percent below 1990 levels.

o Each country has a prescribed number of 'emission units' which make up the target emissiono The Kyoto Protocol provides mechanisms

for countries to meet their emission targets

Greenhouse gases

Carbon dioxide (CO2)Methane (CH4)Nitrous oxide (N2O)

Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)

Source: Kyoto Protocol- Annexure A

Natural

Manmade

Per Capita CO2 Emitters

Kyoto Problems

Currently, 166 countries have ratified the protocol but:

United States, the number 1 emitter of CO2 gases has not joined.

Developing nations, such as China and India are not required to reduce or limit their emissions under the Kyoto Protocol.

Kyoto Protocol participation map

Green = Countries that have signed and ratified the treatyGrey = Countries that have not yet decidedRed = No intention to ratify at this stage.

Kyoto Protocol Mechanism

UNFCCC Kyoto protocol

Allowance Based Project Based

InternationalEmission Trading

(Between developedcountries)

Clean DevelopmentMechanism

(Developing &developed countries)

Joint Implementation(Between developed

countries)

Assigned AmountUnits (AAU)

Carbon Reduction Units (CRU)

Emission Reduction Units (ERU)

UNFCCC:- United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

International Emission Trading (IET)

• Emissions trading (ET) is a mechanism thatenables countries with legally binding emissiontargets to buy and sell emissions allowancesamong themselves• Each country has a certain number of

emissionallowances (amount of carbon dioxide it canemit) in line with its Kyoto reduction targets• The IET allows industrialized countries to

tradetheir surplus credits on the international carboncredit market

Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)

CDM is the only Flexibility Mechanism that involves developing countries.

Designed to provide developed countries with flexibility to meet GHG emission reduction targets that they agreed to achieve under the Protocol.

Developed countries may finance GHG emission reducing (avoiding) projects undertaken in

developing countries and receive credits to help them to meet their mandatory limits.

Assist developing countries who host CDM projects to achieve sustainable development.

Ref:-1st Arab CP Workshop, Amman - Jordan 4-6 / 4 / 2006

Joint Implementing

• Allows an Annex I country to claim credits for emissions reductions that arise from investment in another Annex I country.

• Joint implementation offers Parties a flexible and cost-efficient means of fulfilling a part of their Kyoto commitments, while the host Party benefits from foreign investment and technology transfer.

Climate Change Impact in India

Rajasthan- Drought

Rann of Kutch – sea level rise

Mumbai-Salt water intrusion

Kerala –Productivity of Forest

Tamil Nadu-Coral bleaching

Ganges – Sedimentation problem

Sunderbans-Sea level raise

Northwest India-reduction In rice yield

India’s potential

• India – Non Annexure I country, has a large scope inemissions trading• India and china together contribute to $5 billion of theglobal carbon trade estimated at $30billion• It is one of the leading generators of CERs through CDM• Analysts forecast that its trading in carbon credits wouldtouch US$ 100 billion by 2015• Currently, the total registered CDM projects are more than300, almost 1/3rd of the total CDM projects registered withthe UNFCCC• The total issued CERs with India as a host country till nowstand at around 34 million, again around 1/3rd of the totalCERs issued by the UNFCCC

India’s Initiatives

Signed UNFCC on 10th June 1992

India ratified the Kyoto protocol

India has a National Action Plan on Climate Change

National Solar Mission

National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency

National Mission on Sustainable Habitat

National Water Mission

National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem

National Mission for a “ Green India”

National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture

National Mission on Strategic Mission on Climate Change

Conclusion

The impacts of climate change are not evenly distributed – the poorest countries and people will suffer earliest and most. And if and when the damages appear it will be too late to reverse the process. Thus we are forced to look a long way ahead.

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