1. Maria G. Mandourari

2. The spread of knowledge, its global ubiquity and circulation, in the history of science: Positivists* : this was the one issue they had cracked. Scientic knowledge spread because it was true *Positivism is a philosophy of science based on the view that information derived from logical and mathematical treatments and reports of sensory experience is the exclusive source of all authoritative knowledge, and that there is valid knowledge (truth) only in scientific knowledge. Verified data received from the senses are known as empirical evidence. This view holds that society, like the physical world, operates according to general laws. 3. Failure of diffusion: resistance due to false beliefs and irrational commitments Historians have yet to take on board the full consequences of abandoning it The centrality of knowledge in circulation gradually and from diverse perspectives 4. Scientic Revolution: Criticised for: positing a onetime shift toward modernity Natural history & alchemy The problems posed by: the continued use of the concept of the Scientic Revolution 5. Revisionist*: continued dominance of older frameworks. Historians offer critiques rather than explanations or competing alternatives Unifying narratives and a sense of large connections *In historiography, historical revisionism is the reinterpretation of orthodox views on evidence, motivations, and decision-making processes surrounding a historical event. Though the word revisionism is sometimes used in a negative way, constant revision of history is part of the normal scholarly process of writing history. 6. Historians should think much more consistently about the problem: the kinds of analytical resources, the specic kinds of narratives Current work: limited by unconceptualised geographical and disciplinary boundaries Variety of approaches 7. Standard model for historicising science is to locate specic pieces of work in a tight a context as possible These trends joined up with those within the developing eld of sociology of knowledge, the case studies Mid 1980s: science= a practical activity, located in the routines of everyday life. Knowledge= a form of practice. 8. The move to study practice: the most signicant transformation It broke old boundaries between internal and external Opened up a view of science as a process It broke down old distinctions 9. Knowledge as communicative practice in a range of well-integrated and closely understood settings Appreciative audience among general historians, historians of art and literature and the public at large Historians of science: new topics have attracted interest throughout the humanities 10. Deal the circulation of knowledge at the right scale Constrained frameworks for understanding the larger narratives of science Comparative studies Find people willing to study different kinds of interactions Perspective beyond that of the inherited stories