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KINGDOM KINGDOM FUNGIFUNGI
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Fungi are NOT plants
Nonphotosynthetic Eukaryotes Nonmotile Most are saprobes
(live on dead organisms)
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Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food first & then absorb it into their bodies
Release digestive enzymes to break down organic material or their host
Store food energy as glycogen
BREAD BREAD MOLDMOLD 33
Important decomposers & recyclers of nutrients in the environment
Most are multicellular, except unicellular yeast
Lack true roots, stems or leaves
MULTICELLULAMULTICELLULAR MUSHROOMR MUSHROOM
UNICELLULAR UNICELLULAR YEASTYEAST
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Cell walls are made of chitin (complex polysaccharide)
Body is called the Thallus Grow as microscopic
tubes or filaments called hyphae
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Some fungi are internal or external parasites
A few fungi act like predators & capture prey like roundworms
Predaceous Predaceous Fungi feeding Fungi feeding
on a on a NematodeNematode
(roundworm)(roundworm)66
Some are edible, while others are poisonous
EDIBLEEDIBLE POISONOUSPOISONOUS 77
Produce both sexual and asexual spores
Classified by their sexual reproductive structures
Spores come Spores come in various in various
shapesshapes88
Grow best in warm, moist environments
Mycology is the study of fungi
Mycologists study fungi A fungicide is a chemical
used to kill fungiFungicide Fungicide kills leaf kills leaf fungusfungus
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Fungi include puffballs, yeasts, mushrooms, toadstools, rusts, smuts, ringworm, and molds
The antibiotic penicillin is made by the Penicillium mold
Penicillium moldPenicillium mold
PuffballPuffball 1010
Vegetative StructuresVegetative Structures
1111
TubularTubular shape ONEONE continuous
cell Filled with
cytoplasm & nucleicytoplasm & nuclei MultinucleateMultinucleate Hard cell wall of
chitinchitin also in insect exoskeletons
1212
StolonsStolons – horizontal hyphae that connect groups of hyphae to each other
RhizoidsRhizoids – rootlike parts of hyphae that anchor the fungus
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STOLOSTOLONN
RHIZOIDSRHIZOIDS
ABSORPTIVE ABSORPTIVE HETEROTROPHHETEROTROPH
Fungi get carbon from organic sources Tips of Hyphae release enzymes Enzymatic breakdown of substrate Products diffuse back into hyphae
Digested material is then used by the hypha
Nucleus “directs” the digestive process
REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURESREPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURESSEXUAL & ASEXUAL SPORESSEXUAL & ASEXUAL SPORES
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REPRODUCTIONREPRODUCTION
Most fungi reproduce AsexuallyAsexually and SexuallySexually by spores
ASEXUAL reproduction is most most common common method & produces genetically identical genetically identical organisms
Fungi reproduce SEXUALLY when conditions are poor & nutrients conditions are poor & nutrients scarcescarce
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SPORESSPORES Spores are an adaptationadaptation to life on
land Ensure that the species will species will
disperse to new locationsdisperse to new locations Each spore contains a reproductive reproductive
cellcell that forms a new organism NonmotileNonmotile Dispersed by windwind
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SEXUAL REPRODUCTIONSEXUAL REPRODUCTION Used when Used when
environmental environmental conditions are poor conditions are poor (lack of nutrients, (lack of nutrients, space, moisture…)space, moisture…)
No male or female fungiNo male or female fungi Some fungi show Some fungi show
dimorphismdimorphism May grow as May grow as MYCELIA MYCELIA
or aor a YEAST –LIKE YEAST –LIKE state (Filament at state (Filament at 2525ooC & Round at 37C & Round at 37ooC)C)
1818Dimorphic FungiDimorphic Fungi
SEXUAL REPRODUCTIONSEXUAL REPRODUCTION Haploid 1n hyphae 1n hyphae from 2 mating 2 mating
types (+ and -) FUSE types (+ and -) FUSE (Fertilization)(Fertilization) Forms aForms a hyphae with hyphae with 2 nuclei that 2 nuclei that
becomes a ZYGOTEbecomes a ZYGOTE The zygote divides to make a The zygote divides to make a
SPORESPORE
1919
++ --
SPORE SPORE FORMSFORMS
THREE TYPES OF ASEXUAL THREE TYPES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTIONREPRODUCTION
FragmentationFragmentation – part of the mycelium becomes separated & begins a life of its own
BuddingBudding – a small cell forms & gets pinched off as it grows to full size Used by yeasts Used by yeasts
Asexual spores Asexual spores – production of spores – production of spores by a single myceliumby a single mycelium
2020
Spores may be Formed: Directly on hyphae Inside sporangia On Fruiting bodies
Amanita fruiting body Pilobolus sporangia
Penicillium hyphae
Fruiting Bodies Fruiting Bodies are modified hyphae that make asexualasexual spores
An upright stalk called the SporangiosphoreSporangiosphore supports the spore case or SporangiumSporangium
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Types of Types of Fruiting Fruiting Bodies:Bodies: BasidiaBasidia SporangiaSporangia AscusAscus
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BasidiaBasidia
SporangiaSporangia
Mycelia have a huge surface area More surface area aids digestion & absorption of food
mycelium
Germinating spore
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Fungi are classified by their REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES andand SPORESSPORES
The reproductive structures are: BASIDIA - BASIDIA - BASIDIOMYCOTABASIDIOMYCOTA SPORANGIA - SPORANGIA - ZYGOSPORANGIAZYGOSPORANGIA ASCUS - ASCUS - ASCOMYCOTAASCOMYCOTA
2525
SaprobesSaprobes Decomposers Molds, mushrooms, etc.
ParasitesParasites Harm host Rusts and smuts (attack plants)
MutualistsMutualists Both benefit Lichens Mycorrhizas
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MAJOR GROUPS OF FUNGIMAJOR GROUPS OF FUNGI
Basidiomycota Basidiomycota – – Club Fungi ZygomycotaZygomycota – – Bread Molds Chytridiomycota Chytridiomycota – – Chytrids AM Fungi AM Fungi - - Mycorrhizas Ascomycota Ascomycota – – Sac Fungi Lichens Lichens – – Symbiosis (algae &
Fungi)
Called Club fungi Includes:
MushroomsMushrooms ToadstoolsToadstools Bracket & Shelf fungiBracket & Shelf fungi PuffballsPuffballs StinkhornsStinkhorns Rusts and smutsRusts and smuts
Some are used as food (mushrooms)(mushrooms)
Others damage crops (rusts & (rusts & smuts) smuts)
Corn Corn SmutSmut
Soybean Soybean RustRust
Portobello Portobello MushroomsMushrooms
Called the sporangiumfungi
Commonly called molds Also includes blights Hyphae have no cross
walls (aseptate) Grow rapidly Includes bread mold
Rhizopus stolonifer
Rhizopus on strawberries
Tomato BlightTomato Blight
Called chytridschytrids Produce motile motile
sporesspores Mostly saprobessaprobes
and parasitesparasites in aquatic habitats
Biodegrade and Biodegrade and recycle recycle nutrients
Chytrid that attacks Chytrid that attacks PotatoesPotatoes
MYCORRHIZASMYCORRHIZAS Fungus associated with plant rootsassociated with plant roots MutualismMutualism between:
FungusFungus (nutrient & water uptake for plant)
PlantPlant (carbohydrate for fungus) Several kindskinds:
Zygomycota – hyphae invade root cells
Ascomycota & Basidiomycota – hyphae invade root but don’t penetrate cells
Extremely important ecologicallyExtremely important ecologically
3232
Called Sac fungiSac fungi Includes Cup fungi, morels, Cup fungi, morels,
truffles, yeasts, truffles, yeasts, and mildew mildew May be plant parasites (Dutch (Dutch
elm disease and Chestnut blight)elm disease and Chestnut blight) Reproduce sexually & asexually Ascus Ascus - sac that makes
ascosporesascospores in sexual reproduction
Specialized hyphae known as Ascocarps Ascocarps contain the asci
TrufflesTruffles and morelsmorels are good examples of edible ascomycetes
Penicillium mold Penicillium mold makes the antibiotic penicillin.
Some ascomycetes also gives flavor to flavor to certain cheeses.cheeses.
Saccharomyces Saccharomyces cerevesiae cerevesiae (yeast) is used to make bread rise and to ferment beer & wine.
LICHENSLICHENS Mutualism
between: FungusFungus (structure) Algae or Algae or
cyanobacteria cyanobacteria (provides food)
Form a thallus (body) FolioseFoliose FruticoseFruticose CrustoseCrustose
LICHEN STRUCTURELICHEN STRUCTURE
3636
LICHENS AS BIOMONITORSLICHENS AS BIOMONITORS Thalli act like spongesact like sponges Some species more sensitivesensitive
than others to pollutantsto pollutants Which species are present can
indicate air qualityair quality Most resistant species can also
be analyzed for pollutantspollutants
3737
Ecosystems depend on fungi as decomposers and symbionts: decompose food, wood and even plastics!
Some fungi are pathogens e.g. athlete’s foot, ringworm etc.: Plants particularly susceptible (e.g. Dutch elm disease) Ergot - affects cereal crops: causes gangrene,
hallucinations and “St. Anthony’s fire” Many animals, including humans, eat fungi:
In US, mushroom consumption restricted to Agaricus We eat a range of cultivated and wild mushrooms Truffles are underground ascocarps of mycelia that are
mycorrhizal on tree roots
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