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Animals are ingestive
heterotrophs
That means they eat
their food
They are multicellular
The Animal Kingdom is
divided into many Phyla
This chart is a phylogenetic tree of the Phyla in the
Animal Kingdom
It shows the evolutionary or DNA relationships
We are only going to look at some of these phyla
The animals in this Phylum all have:
1. A strong exoskeleton made of Chitin
This is an outside hard covering that acts as
protection and is where muscles attach to
cause movementThis crab has a particularly
strong exoskeleton.
The claws are part of the
exoskeleton and have strong
muscles inside them
2. many pairs of jointed legs or
appendages
(These can be modified for other functions)
This Lobster is on its
back: look at the
paired legs which are
made of segments
joined together.
The appendages at
the back are used for
swimming
3 pairs of
jointed legs
Two pairs of
wings
Spiracles for gaseous
exchange
Compound
eyes
Head thorax abdomen
Three body segments
Pair of
segmented
antennae
Can you see the Insect features on these insects?
What features are common to all Arthropods?
Most insects live on land.
They have a water proof
cuticle to prevent them
drying out.
Arachnids have:
Four pairs of
jointed legs
Pedipalps
that are
sensory
organsChelicerae or fangs that contain
poison to kill prey
All arachnids are carnivores
abdomen
Head and
thorax form a
cephalothorax
Spiders also have :
Spinnerets that make
silk for a web
8 eyes on
the head
Can you see the other
features?
Now label the diagram in your notes
Most crustaceans live in an aquatic
environment (in water)
So they have gills for gaseous exchange
and are adapted for swimming
Crustaceans have:
More than 4 pairs of jointed legs
Two pairs of antennae
Note how these have one pair facing forward and
the other backwards
Notice how the appendages are adapted for different functions.
The cephalothorax is covered in a carapace
This group includes centipedes and
millipedes
They all live on land,
usually hiding in dark,
damp places
They all have elongated bodies with many
segments
There is at least one pair of jointed legs on
each segment
And they have a pair of antennae on the
head
Centipedes have one
pair of legs per
segment and
flattened bodies.
They are all
carnivores.
Millipedes are round with 2
pairs of legs on each
segment. They are
herbivores. Most feed on
detritus or dead plant matter
This Phylum is also called the vertebrates
The animals in this group have an internal
skeleton with a backbone (vertebral
column) that protects the spinal chord
There are 5 classes. Can you name
them?
Cartilaginous fish have a skeleton of cartilage.
Their gills are open and the mouth is underneath (ventral)
If you rub a shark’s skin you will find it is made of rough
scales
Sharks are excellent
predators.
Note the teeth and
stream-line body
They also have
excellent “smell”
Bony Fish have a skeleton made of bone
The operculum covers the gills and
helps move water over the gills for
gaseous exchange
They have a lateral line
which detects pressure
changes so is used to
interpret speed and direction
Fins are used to alter
direction
The skin is covered
in scales
Roll is controlled
by the median
fins: dorsal and
pelvic
Yaw is controlled by
the median fins –
dorsal, pelvic and the
caudal fin
Pitch is controlled by the paired fins, particularly the pelvic fins
The caudal fin brings about propulsion when it moves sideways
Amphibians must spend some of their life
cycle in water
Aquatic species have gills but those that
move onto land have to have lungs and a
mucus layer over the skin to prevent drying
The limbs are adapted for walking or
hopping on land or for swimming, and
sometimes for both!
Most reptiles live on land and lay their eggs in dry soil
The eggs have a leathery waterproof shell –remember in amphibians the eggs were in a jelly-like substance in water.
To prevent them drying out Reptiles have scales made of Keratin
They have good hearing and smell. The tongue can also be used to pick up molecules in the air and detect or smell them
Birds are homeothermic which means they
keep their body temperature constant
All the animals we have seen so far are
poikilothermic, this means their body
temperature is the same as the
environment
To insulate the body birds are covered in feathers made of keratin
Some feathers are soft and used for insulation but others are firm and used for flight
The feet have no feathers but have scales like a reptile
You should know
the parts of a
feather
Birds lay their eggs in a
nest and some have
excellent parental care.
Some young hatch with
no feathers and need to
be well looked after,
others are more
developed and can feed
themselves
We are mammals
Mammals give birth to live young
This means fertilisation and implantation
are internal
The placenta is an adaptation for internal
development
Nutrients go through this
The umbilical cord carries
the nutrients
The young suckle – that is they feed on
milk made in the mother’s mammary
glands until they are ready to eat on their
own
Mammals are homoeothermic and are insulated with hair over the body
Hair can form whiskers which are sensory features
Some aquatic mammals have lost their hair, others have extra hair with oil on it to make the water run off
Mammals are the only animals with external ears
They can help determine where sound is coming from
They can also show aggression or submission
In elephants the ears are used to help cool the body