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Key messages from Revitalizing Asia’s Irrigation, Aditi Mukherji, International Water Management Instittute (IWMI), Presented at 60th IEC Meeting and 5th Asian Regional Conference of the ICID 9th December, 2009 New Delhi
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Aditi Mukherji (IWMI)
Key messages fromRevitalizing Asia’s Irrigation
Presented at 60th IEC Meeting and 5th Asian Regional Conference of the ICID
9th December, 2009
New Delhi
Revitalizing Asia’s Irrigation
• A collaborative exercise with
IWMI and FAO as lead partners• 12 consultative partners
including ICID*• Funded by ADB• Book released during
Stockholm Water WeekSource:<http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/Other/PDF/Revitalizing%20Asia%27s%20Irrigation.pdf>
*ICID- International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage
Main message 1
• Irrigation is important in Asia– Asia contains 70% of world’s irrigated area– Irrigation was key to the success of Green
Revolution– This helped alleviate poverty and boost rural
growth– South Asia has the world’s largest irrigated
lands, but Central Asia is most intensely irrigated
Water use, poverty and irrigation in Asia
Source: Mukherji, A et al. Revitalizing Asia’s irrigation: to sustainably meet tomorrow’s food needs. 2009
Main message 2
• Asia still needs to invest in irrigation– To make irrigation perform better through
raising land and water productivity– To feed a growing population– Secure livelihoods and alleviate poverty– But within the limits posed by natural resource
base
Rising irrigation, falling food prices & poverty
But is irrigation expansion like1960s & 1970s possible, or even
desirable?
Population will increase,Climate change is
imminentDo we have enough
water?
Main message 3
• Irrigation schemes built in the past will have to be adapted for the future– Changing demography and dietary needs– But the old systems do not cater to these
demands– State built irrigation are under performing – Forcing farmers to invest on their own– Groundwater now provides the bulk of
irrigation in Asia
Source: Mukherji, A et al. Revitalizing Asia’s irrigation: to sustainably meet tomorrow’s food needs. 2009
How will Asia meet its future food demand?
• Invest in rainfed agriculture• Invest in irrigation
Improve productivity of existing systems (How?)Expand irrigation (Where and of what type?)
• Promote trade from water rich highly productive areas
• Reform irrigation and unlock value
Scenarios
1.Focus on Rainfed Irrigation
2.Focus on Irrigated Expansion
3.Trade
4.CA* Scenario (Optimistic)
*CA: Comprehensive Assessment
Scenarios in South Asia
Crop evapotranspiration and irrigation withdrawals
Cubic kilometers
Harvested area
Millions of hectares
Source: de Fraiture, C. Scenarios on Water and Food in Asia. 2009. Forthcoming
Scenarios in East AsiaCrop evapotranspiration and irrigation withdrawals
Cubic kilometers
Harvested area
Millions of hectares
Source: de Fraiture, C. Scenarios on Water and Food in Asia. 2009. Forthcoming
Reflections on scenarios
All scenarios point to more irrigation – but this could be many types
Where should these investments be made?
Water storage becomes an important investment with climate change, but there are many types of storage – large, small, GW, etc.
Water and land productivity gains are a key – but will require actions outside of water management
Highly productive, flexible, diverse systems will require better water management, but the water investments may have to follow other changes.
Reflections on scenarios
Rise of the atomistic irrigation in South Asia..
Net irrigated area under surface irrigation (000’ha)
Net irrigated area served by groundwater (000’ ha)
1993-4 2000-1
% change 1993-4 2000-1
% change
Andhra Pradesh 2523 2269 -10.1 1678 1829 +9
Bihar & Jharkhand 1762 986.8
-44.02029 2111.5
+40.7
MP & Chattisgarh 2140 1279.1 -40.2 1535 2300.9 +49.9
Punjab 1283.4 1168.7 -8.9 2622 2438 -7.1
Rajasthan 1815 1439 -20.7 2702 3450 +27.7
UP & Uttaranchal 3837 2106.6 -45.1 5630 8493 + 50.8
Pakistan Punjab 4240 3740 -11.8 8760 10340 +18
Sind 2300 1960 -14.8 140 200 +42.9
Bangladesh 537 480 -10.7 2124 3462 +63
All areas 22709 17215 -24.2 28437 35762 +25.8
This calls for entirely different
paradigm of water management
Contours of irrigation is fast
changing
Source: Shah, Tushaar. Taming the anarchy: groundwater governance in South Asia.2009
Socio-technical Preconditions that support Surface Irrigation
1. Nature of the state1.1 Local authority structures :1.2 State interest in irrigation: 1.3 Ease of Forced Labor:
2. Nature of Agrarian society2.1 Irrigated cropping pattern2.2 Ease of exit from farming2.3 Agrarian institutions
3. Demographics3.1 Population pressure on farm land
4.State of irrigation technology4.1 Availability and Affordability of water lifting and transport
Future of surface irrigation?
FAVORABLECONTINGENCIES
STRONGREVENUE/LEVYHIGH
HOMOGENEOUSLOWFEUDAL/STATIST
LOW
LOW
BRIGHT
South Asia
WeakWelfareImpossible
Diverse;HighEgalitarian
Very high; intensification and diversification.
High
BLEAK
PIM/IMT will be difficult to sustain becausesurface irrigation as a technology of water
mobilization andapplication is being crowded out by
atomistic irrigation.Strategy? Reinvent surface systems to support
atomistic irrigation
Source: Shah, Tushaar. Taming the anarchy: groundwater governance in South Asia .2009
Some of the arguments in this section are developed in
this book..
Source: Shah, Tushaar. 2009. Taming the anarchy: groundwater governance in South Asia. Washington, DC, USA: Resources for the Future; Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI) 310p.
Main message 4
• 5 strategies to unlock value from Asia’s irrigation infrastructure– Modernize for tomorrow’s needs– Go with the flow– Look beyond conventional PIM* recipes– Expand capacity and knowledge– Invest outside the water sector
*PIM- Participatory Irrigation Management
Thank you
Publication available at:
http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/Other/PDF/Revitalizing%20Asia%27s%20Irrigation.pdf
Related Publication: Mukherji, Aditi; Facon, T.; Burke, J.; de Fraiture, Charlotte; Faures, J. M.; Fuleki, Blanka; Giordano, Mark; Molden, David; Shah, Tushaar. 2009. Revitalizing Asia's irrigation: to sustainably meet tomorrow's food needs. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI); Rome, Italy: FAO. 39p.