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Cell’s Nucleus
Ribosomes
Cell’s Nucleus
Ribosomes
T A C G GT AAG C TC
Start Codon Codon Stop Codon
C G T
AAAA T T TG C C G GC C G
Codon Codon
Codon Codon Codon Codon Codon
T A C G GT AAG C TC
Start Codon Codon Stop Codon
C G T
AAAA T T TG C C G GC C G
Codon Codon
Codon Codon Codon Codon Codon
T A C G GT AAG C TC
Start Codon Codon Stop Codon
C G T
AAAA T T TG C C G GC C G
Codon Codon
Codon Codon Codon Codon Codon
T A C G GT AAG C TC
Start Codon Codon Stop Codon
C G T
AAAA T T TG C C G GC C G
Codon Codon
Codon Codon Codon Codon Codon
T A C G GT AAG C TC
Start Codon Codon Stop Codon
C G T
AAAA T T TG C C G GC C G
Codon Codon
Codon Codon Codon Codon Codon
T A C G GT AAG C TC
Start Codon Codon Stop Codon
C G T
AAAA T T TG C C G GC C G
Codon Codon
Codon Codon Codon Codon Codon
T A C G GT AAG C TC
Start Codon Codon Stop Codon
C G T
AAAA T T TG C C G GC C G
Codon Codon
Codon Codon Codon Codon Codon
T A C G GT AAG C TC
Start Codon Codon Stop Codon
C G T
AAAA T T TG C C G GC C G
Codon Codon
Codon Codon Codon Codon Codon
T A C G GT AAG C TC
Start Codon Codon Stop Codon
C G T
AAAA T T TG C C G GC C G
Codon Codon
Codon Codon Codon Codon Codon
Cell’s Nucleus
Ribosomes
Nuclear Pore
mRNA
Cell’s Nucleus
Ribosomes
mRNA
mRNA
mRNA
AAAA U U UG C C G GC C G
T A C
AAAA U U UG C C G GC C G
T A C
AAAA U U UG C C G GC C G
T A C G T G C CG
Amino Acids
AAAA U U UG C C G GC C G
T A C G T G C CG
AAAA U U UG C C G GC C G
C CG
AAAA U U UG C C G GC C G
C CG A G T
AAAA U U UG C C G GC C G
A G TA C T
AAAA U U UG C C G GC C G
T
Peptide bond
AAAA U U UG C C G GC C G
AAAA U U UG C C G GC C G
T
AAAA U U UG C C G GC C G
T
Cell’s Nucleus
Ribosomes
Cell’s Nucleus
Ribosomes
Cell’s Nucleus
Ribosomes
TertiaryStructure
RNA polymerase breaks the hydrogen bonds (temporarily) of a DNA molecule at the TATAbox, which is a chain of TA bonds in DNA. From there, the RNA polymerase begins readingand synthesizing nucleotides complementary to the template strand of DNA. Once RNA polymerase finishes, the nucleotides that were synthesized become mRNA (messenger RNA). This mRNA travels out of the nucleus of the cell into the ribosomes, where tRNAmatches the anti-codon (complementary nucleotides to the codons) and releases an amino acid when joined. Whenever an amino acid is released, it forms a peptide bondwith the next amino acid, and so on. Whenever the ribosome reaches the stop codon onthe mRNA, the polypeptide chain releases, and folds in on itself. This folding results in thetertiary structure of proteins, which gives the protein its function.