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JPiaget’s Theory of
Cognitive Development
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Jean Piaget• Proposed the four stages of cognitive development. •Believed that children are like "little scientists”
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SchemaCognitive structures by which individuals intellectually adapt toand organize their environment
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AssimilationThe process of fittinga new experienceinto an existing orpreviously createdcognitive structureor schema.
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AccommodationThe process
of creating a new schema
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StagesOf
Cognitive Developme
nt
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Sensorimotor StageDuring this stage, infants and toddlers acquire knowledge through sensory experiences and manipulating objects. (Birth to 2 years old)
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Object PermanenceObject permanence is a child's understanding that objects continue to exist even though they cannot be seen or heard.
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SubstagesOf
Sensorimotor
Stage
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ReflexesReflexes are involuntary actions the baby makes, which in time (about 3 months later), will be replaced by conscious movements.
REFLEX STIMULATION & RESPONSE
DEVELOPMENTAL COURSE
Babinski Stroke infant’s foot from toe to heel: toss fan out and foot twists in.
Disappears by about 1 year
Startle Newborn abducts and flexes all extremities and may begin to cry when exposed to sudden movement or loud noise.
Disappears by 3 to 6 months
Palmar Grasp
Press a finger against the infant’s palm; infant grasps tightly.
Weakens after a few hours and fades completely after 3 to 4 months.
REFLEX STIMULATION & RESPONSE
DEVELOPMENTAL COURSE
Rooting Newborns turns head in direction of stimulus, opens mouth, and begins to suck when cheek, lip, or corner of mouth is touched with finger or nipple (breast feed).
Usually disappears by 3 to 4 months.
Stepping Hold infant upright and place bare feet on a surface: infant lifts one foot, then the other.
Seems to disappear at 1 to 3 months, when body weight begins to exceed strength, then reappears between 11 and 16 months.
REFLEX STIMULATION & RESPONSE
DEVELOPMENTAL COURSE
Sucking Put finger in infant’s mouth; infant sucks
Strongest in the first 3 to 5 months but continues throughout infancy.
Tonic Neck
Put infant on back; infant assumes “fencing” pose with fists, one arm extended, and head turned to one side.
Disappear at 4 months
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Primary CircularReactions
(1 – 4 months) This substage involves coordinating sensation and new schemas.
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Secondary CircularReactions
(4 – 8 months) During this substage, the child becomes more focused on the world and begins to intentionally repeat an action in order to trigger a response in the environment.
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Coordination of Reactions
Children begin exploring the environment around them and will often imitate the observed behavior of others.
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Tertiary CircularReactions
(12 – 18 months) Children begin a period of trial-and-error experimentation during the fifth substage.
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Early Representational Thought
Children begin to develop symbols to represent events or objects in the world.
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Pre-operational Stage
At this stage, the child can now make mentalrepresentations and is able to pretend. The child is now even closer to use symbols. Lasts approximately 2 to 7 years old.
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Pre-operational Stage
Symbolic Function
Ability to represent objects and events.
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Pre-operational Stage
Egocentrism
This is the tendency of the child to only see his
point of view.
I am always right! I don’t need your
opinion!
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Pre-operational Stage
Centration
Tendency of the child to only focus on one aspect
of a thing or an event and exclude other aspects.
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Pre-operational Stage
Reversibility
Children in this stage has the inability to reverse
their thinking.2 + 3 = 55 – 3 = 2
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Pre-operational Stage
Animism
Tendency of children to attribute human like
traits or characteristics to inanimate objects.
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Concrete Operational Stage
Ability of the child to think logically but only
in terms of concrete objects.
(Ages 8-11)
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Concrete Operational Stage
Decentering
Ability of the child to perceive the different
features of objects and situations.
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Concrete Operational Stage
Reversibility
During this stage, the child can now follow
that certain operations can be done in reverse.
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Concrete Operational Stage
Conservation
Ability to know that certain properties do not change even if there is a change in appearance.
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Concrete Operational Stage
Seriation
Ability to order or arrange things in a series based on
one dimension such as weight, volume or size.
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Formal Operational Stage
(Ages 12-15 years old) Thinking becomes more
logical. They can now solve abstract problems
and can hypothesize.
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Formal Operational Stage
Hypothetical Reasoning
Ability to come up with different hypothesis about a problem and to gather and
weigh data in order to make a final decision or judgment.
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Formal Operational Stage
Analogical Reasoning
Ability to perceive the relationship in one instance
and then use that relationship to narrow down possible
answers.
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Formal Operational Stage
Deductive Reasoning
Ability to think logically by applying a general rule to a
particular instance or situation.
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