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talian Unification

Italian Unification

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Page 1: Italian Unification

Italian Unification

Page 2: Italian Unification

Machiavelli was the first

one to discuss Italian

unification, written in his

book The Prince.

Page 3: Italian Unification

Italian City-States The Italian

Peninsula was a series of competing city-states since the fall of the Roman Empire

The Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia emerged as the leading city-state at the time of unification

Page 4: Italian Unification

Italian Unification LeadersCount

Cavour

Giuseppe

Mazzini

Giuseppe

Garibaldi

King Victor

Emmanuel II

Page 5: Italian Unification

Count Cavour He is “the head”

of Italian unification

Prime minister of Piedmont-Sardinia

Originally never wanted unification

“Realpolitik” – put the people’s needs ahead of his wants

Page 6: Italian Unification

Giuseppe Mazzini Was considered

“the heart” of unification

Wanted to create a unified, independent, Italian republic

Believed that revolts would result in a unified Italy

Page 7: Italian Unification

Giuseppe Garibaldi He is “the

sword” of Italian unification

He was obsessed with fighting and helped unite Southern Italy

United Sicily and gave it to Piedmont-Sardinia

Page 8: Italian Unification

King Victor Emmanuel II

He is the ruler of Piedmont-Sardinia

He helps Cavour unify Italy

He is unsatisfied with being the ruler of Piedmont-Sardinia and wishes to rule all of Italy

Page 9: Italian Unification

BASED ON THE FOLLOWING SLIDES:

WHAT OBSTACLES DID THE LEADERS OF

UNIFICATION RUN INTO?

Page 10: Italian Unification

Italian Unification - Obstacles

“’Italy’ is nothing more than a mere geographical expression.”

Prince Klemmens von Metternich “Italian unification is impossible as long as

Austria dominates much of central and northern Italy. Italian unification is impossible without the blessings of either France or Great Britain or both. Piedmont-Sardinia is too weak to defeat Habsburg Austria alone.”

From Camilio di Cavour to King Victor Emmanuel

Page 11: Italian Unification

Italian Unification - Obstacles

“The nationalists in our army do nothing but shower each other with flowers, drink red wine, dance, sing and shout slogans of the Carbonari. There is only naïve enthusiasm, no organization, few supplies, and little military training. They recite slogans of Mazzini, yet they know nothing of war.”

Anonymous Piedmontese Commander “The patriotism of the Italians is like that of the

Ancient Greeks, and is love of a single town, not of a country; it is the feeling of a tribe, not of the nation. Only by foreign conquest have the Italians ever been united.”

Marshal Count Joseph Radetzky, Austrian General

Page 12: Italian Unification

STILL, PIEDMONT-SARDINIA WANTED TO UNITE ALL THE CITY-STATES UNDER ONE

FLAG

HOW DID THEY ACCOMPLISH THAT WITH

SUCH A SMALL ARMY?

Page 13: Italian Unification

They entered the Crimean War

Page 14: Italian Unification

The Crimean War (1854-1856)

Russia vs. Ottoman Empire, Great Britain, France and Piedmont-Sardinia

Russia wanted control of the aging Ottoman Empire

Would disrupt balance of power and Russia went to war against the English, Ottomans, and French

Piedmont-Sardinia joined to gain allies to help with unification

Page 15: Italian Unification

Cavour and Napoleon III Meet at Plombieres

Napoleon III agreed to help Cavour if France was granted the territories of Nice and Savoy

Page 16: Italian Unification

Austro-Sardinian War, 1859 Nicknamed the

Second Italian Independence War

The Austrian army had 140,000 men and Sardinia only had 70,000

Napoleon III aided the Sardinians

Piedmont-Sardinia gained Lombardy from Austria

Page 17: Italian Unification

Austro-Prussian War, 1866

Austria is not able to keep Venetia Italy gains the city-state of Venetia

Page 18: Italian Unification

The Red Shirts Red Shirts are

the followers of Garibaldi

In July 1860, they gained control of Sicily

In September, they had Naples

Page 19: Italian Unification

The Final Step to Unification In 1870, Garibaldi’s Red Shirts and

Cavour’s troops surround the French occupied Rome

Napoleon III withdraws from Rome, unifying the final Italian city-state

The Papal States is reduced to Vatican City within Rome

Page 20: Italian Unification

Kingdom of Italy is Founded The Kingdom of Italy

is founded in 1871 The capital of Italy is

Rome King Victor

Emmanuel of Piedmont-Sardinia becomes the constitutional monarch of Italy

Page 21: Italian Unification

WHAT ARE THE PROBLEMS

WITH A UNITED ITALY?

Page 22: Italian Unification

Italian Unification - Government

“Your Highness! Congratularions on crushing the followers of Mazzini in Lombardy and for your intense efforts to root out the viper of republicanism where ever it may lay.”

Note from King Victor Emmanuel to Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria

“We will fight forever for a democratic republic, based on universal male suffrage. Italy in revolution would be strong enough to defeat three Austria’s!

Giuseppe Mazzini