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Plant Health CarePlant Health Care
Chapter 11Chapter 11
Ben GrossmanBen Grossman
ObjectivesObjectives
Plant Health Care (PHC) vs. Plant Health Care (PHC) vs. Integrated Pest Management (IPM)Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
Appropriate Response Process (ARP)Appropriate Response Process (ARP) Plant resource allocationPlant resource allocation Pest control or treatment optionsPest control or treatment options
America’s Love of America’s Love of ChemicalsChemicals
BiomagnificationBiomagnification
America’s Love of America’s Love of ChemicalsChemicals
Roundup Resistant VarietiesRoundup Resistant Varieties
America’s Love of America’s Love of ChemicalsChemicals
Algal BloomsAlgal Blooms
Plant Health CarePlant Health Care
Golf Course ExampleGolf Course Example
Augusta NationalAugusta National
Proactive approachProactive approach
The Alternative?The Alternative?
+ =
Vitality and VigorVitality and Vigor
Vitality – plants ability to deal with Vitality – plants ability to deal with stressstress
Vigor – plants inherent genetic Vigor – plants inherent genetic capacity to resist stress (adaptability capacity to resist stress (adaptability to environmental conditions defines to environmental conditions defines plant’s vigor)plant’s vigor)
VigorVigor Plants adaptability to various Plants adaptability to various
environmental conditionsenvironmental conditions Soil typesSoil types Moisture conditionsMoisture conditions Cold or heatCold or heat
To take advantage of a plants To take advantage of a plants vigorvigor, we , we need to select species well matched to the need to select species well matched to the environment and resistant to pests.environment and resistant to pests. Hardiness zoneHardiness zone Site characteristicsSite characteristics Varieties and cultivarsVarieties and cultivars Etc,…Etc,…
VigorVigor
Vigor or VitalityVigor or Vitality
VigorVigor
VitalityVitality Vitality – plants ability to effectively deal Vitality – plants ability to effectively deal
with stresswith stress
Vitality or VigorVitality or Vigor
Vitality – Parking lot TreesVitality – Parking lot Trees
Reduced growthReduced growth Close stomata more Close stomata more
frequentlyfrequently Shed leaves earlyShed leaves early
Household Ficus TreeHousehold Ficus Tree
Measure of Plant VitalityMeasure of Plant Vitality
Some only measure Some only measure success of success of treatments and treatments and practices by practices by increased growth increased growth in :in : HeightHeight Trunk diameterTrunk diameter Root massRoot mass Total leaf areaTotal leaf area
Resource AllocationResource Allocation
4 Primary 4 Primary FunctionsFunctions::
MaintenanceMaintenance ReproductionReproduction
GrowthGrowth StorageStorage DefenseDefense
Limited Resources = StressLimited Resources = Stress
Many related to Many related to soil and soil and environmental environmental conditionsconditions pH, drought, pH, drought,
excessive waterexcessive water
Excessive WaterExcessive Water
Limited Resources = StressLimited Resources = Stress
Many related to Many related to soil and soil and environmental environmental conditionsconditions pH, drought, pH, drought,
excessive waterexcessive water
DroughtDrought
Mild StressMild Stress
Mild Stress can redirect resource allocation Mild Stress can redirect resource allocation and increase drought or pest resistanceand increase drought or pest resistance
Drought Conditioning Jack Pine Seedlings
Plant Defense MechanismsPlant Defense Mechanisms
Physical Deterrents:Physical Deterrents:Thorns, Spikes and HairsThorns, Spikes and Hairs
Physical Deterrents:Physical Deterrents:Cellulose and LigninsCellulose and Lignins
Chemical Deterrents:Chemical Deterrents:AllelochemicalsAllelochemicals
Juglone
Sunflowers
Tannis and Phenols
Allelochemicals as Allelochemicals as PesticidesPesticides
Pyrethrins - Chrysanthemum
Nicotine Insecticide
Rotenone – Derris Plant
Stress and AllelochemicalsStress and Allelochemicals
Moderate drought stress can Moderate drought stress can increase allelochemical levelsincrease allelochemical levels
Sun adapted trees grown in shade Sun adapted trees grown in shade have reduced levels of have reduced levels of allelochemicalsallelochemicals
Rapidly growing trees can be less Rapidly growing trees can be less resistant to some insects and diseaseresistant to some insects and disease
Moderate Stress and Growth Moderate Stress and Growth Response/Resource AllocationResponse/Resource Allocation
Water is limited, stomata ___________?Water is limited, stomata ___________? Prolonged drought, leaves __________?Prolonged drought, leaves __________? Low light levels cause shoots to ______ and Low light levels cause shoots to ______ and
leaf adjustment by _____________?leaf adjustment by _____________? If nitrogen is deficient, trees _________?If nitrogen is deficient, trees _________?
What if stress is excessive, beyond a trees What if stress is excessive, beyond a trees ability to adapt (beyond vigor and vitality)?ability to adapt (beyond vigor and vitality)?
Mortality SpiralMortality Spiral
Mature TreeMature Tree
PredisposedPredisposed
InjuredInjured
DecliningDeclining
DeadDead
The Process of Plant Health The Process of Plant Health CareCare
MonitoringMonitoring Early detection is Early detection is
the keythe key Gather information Gather information
from the site prior from the site prior to determining a to determining a responseresponse
Appropriate Response Appropriate Response ProcessProcess
Gather InfoGather Info Access severity Access severity
and implicationsand implications Determine client Determine client
expectationsexpectations Determine course Determine course
of actionof action
Was there any construction Was there any construction near your tree?near your tree?
Anything that might cause soil Anything that might cause soil compaction?compaction?
Any underground utilities Any underground utilities installed?installed?
Severity and ImplicationsSeverity and Implications
Client ExpectationsClient Expectations
Determine a Course of Determine a Course of ActionAction
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) – cost Integrated Pest Management (IPM) – cost benefit analysis, adapted from benefit analysis, adapted from agricultural cropsagricultural crops
Cost-Benefit Analysis
0
20
40
60
80
100
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Herbicide Input
Pe
st
Co
ntr
ol
Point of Diminishing
Returns
Integrated Pest Integrated Pest ManagementManagement
Integrated Pest Integrated Pest ManagementManagement
Integrated Pest Integrated Pest ManagementManagement
Integrated Pest Integrated Pest ManagementManagement
Treatment OptionsTreatment Options
Pest Resurgence & Pest Resurgence & Secondary Pest OutbreakSecondary Pest Outbreak
Results of broad spectrum control of insect Results of broad spectrum control of insect pests as well a beneficial speciespests as well a beneficial species
Pest ResurgencePest Resurgence
Pest (8)
Natural EnemyUniversity of Kentucky
Pest ResurgencePest Resurgence
Pest
Natural Enemy University of Kentucky
Pest ResurgencePest Resurgence
pest
pest
University of Kentucky
Pest ResurgencePest ResurgenceNote: 14 pests/leaf
University of Kentucky
Secondary Pest OutbreakSecondary Pest Outbreak
Resistant Varieties and Resistant Varieties and Cultural ControlCultural Control
Selecting trees or varieties that are Selecting trees or varieties that are resistant to or tolerant of known resistant to or tolerant of known insects and diseases.insects and diseases.
Avoid planting trees in sites in which Avoid planting trees in sites in which they are ill suited.they are ill suited.
Resistant VarietiesResistant Varieties
Crabapple resistant to apple scab and rustCrabapple resistant to apple scab and rust Elm varieties resistant to Dutch Elm DiseaseElm varieties resistant to Dutch Elm Disease
Cultural ControlsCultural Controls10 % bleach
• Clean tools prior to and immediately after pruning• Clean tool between each cut on infected tissue and some highly susceptible plants
Cultural ControlsCultural Controls
Prune during the dormant season when Prune during the dormant season when possiblepossible
Identify infected plant material and take Identify infected plant material and take necessary precautions to limit its spreadnecessary precautions to limit its spread
Use of “wound sealer” not recommended Use of “wound sealer” not recommended unless oak wilt has been identified in the unless oak wilt has been identified in the area and growing season pruning is the area and growing season pruning is the only optiononly option
Cultural ControlCultural Control
Right Tree Right Place and Keep Right Tree Right Place and Keep Plants HealthyPlants Healthy
Chemical ControlsChemical Controls
Pesticides: Pesticides: Fungicides – typically applied as Fungicides – typically applied as
protectant to prevent infectionsprotectant to prevent infections Insecticides – kill pestsInsecticides – kill pests
Contact vs. SystemicContact vs. Systemic Commercial Applicators LicenseCommercial Applicators License
FungicidesFungicides
Fungicides primarily act as a Fungicides primarily act as a protectant.protectant.
Apple Scab and Cedar Apple RustApple Scab and Cedar Apple Rust AnthracnoseAnthracnose Leaf spot and blightLeaf spot and blight
Insecticides - ContactInsecticides - Contact
Insecticides - SystemicInsecticides - Systemic
Alternative PesticidesAlternative Pesticides
Insecticidal SoapsInsecticidal Soaps Horticultural oilsHorticultural oils BotanicalsBotanicals Insect Growth Regulators Insect Growth Regulators Microbial Extracts Microbial Extracts
Insecticidal SoapsInsecticidal Soaps Disrupt cell membranes of soft Disrupt cell membranes of soft
bodied insects and mitesbodied insects and mites Effective on:Effective on:
Scale Crawlers
Aphids
Mealybugs
Spider Mites
Horticultural OilsHorticultural Oils Suffocate or disrupt membranesSuffocate or disrupt membranes Dormant and summer oil applicationsDormant and summer oil applications Effective on scale crawlers, aphids, spider mites as well as:Effective on scale crawlers, aphids, spider mites as well as:
Adelgids LeafhoppersPowdery Mildew
Botanical PesticidesBotanical Pesticides Plant extracts used for insecticidal purposesPlant extracts used for insecticidal purposes Can be toxic to humans, animals and plantsCan be toxic to humans, animals and plants Examples include:Examples include:
Pyrethrins Capsaicin Neem oil
Insect Growth RegulatorsInsect Growth Regulators
IGR’s interrupt or inhibit the life cycle of a IGR’s interrupt or inhibit the life cycle of a pestpest
Synthetic compounds that act like hormonesSynthetic compounds that act like hormones Used for trapping, monitoring and controlUsed for trapping, monitoring and control
Gypsy Moth Japanese Beetle
La Cucaracha
Microbial PesticidesMicrobial Pesticides
Contain insect pathogens derived Contain insect pathogens derived from extracts of bacterial pathogens from extracts of bacterial pathogens of insectsof insects
Most common is Most common is Bt – Bacillus Bt – Bacillus thuringiensisthuringiensis
Leaf feeding beetles
Capterpillars Mosquito
Biological ControlsBiological Controls
Natural predators vs. introducedNatural predators vs. introduced
Beneficial InsectsBeneficial Insects
Mechanical ManagementMechanical Management
Pruning infected material
Physical barriers
Fall WebwormsFall Webworms
Bag WormsBag Worms
Fire BlightFire Blight
Challenge QuestionsChallenge Questions
1.1. Select two species of trees in our area Select two species of trees in our area that have different genetic strategies for that have different genetic strategies for resource allocation. Compare and resource allocation. Compare and contrast.contrast.
2.2. Describe some defense mechanisms Describe some defense mechanisms found in trees.found in trees.
3.3. Explain how different treatment and Explain how different treatment and control strategies can be implemented to control strategies can be implemented to control pest problems on plants.control pest problems on plants.