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Lecture Notes for the lecture "mobile application developm
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iPhone / iPad -Human Interface Guidelines
Martin Ebner
The presentation bases on http://developer.apple.com/iphone/library/documentation/userexperience/
conceptual/mobilehig/Introduction/Introduction.html(V 2011-10-12)
Do we need Usability?
http://www.flickr.com/photos/rdolishny/2760207306
The future is mobile
http://flickr.com/photos/thomcochrane/416206133/
Future is mobile
http://i.imgur.com/r9Rov.png
iPhone / iPadjust another device?
http://www.flickr.com/photos/kiki99/1031313718
"The iPhone generates 33% of all mobile smartphone traffic worldwide and 50% in the US."
http://www.flickr.com/photos/pleasewait/2272096624
AdMob Mobile Metrics, 2009 http://de.admob.com/s/solutions/metrics?_cd=1
iPhone Human Interface Guidlines - Martin Ebner 2012
http://metrics.admob.com/
„91% of iPhone users and 88% of iPod touch users would recommend their device, compared to 84% of Android users and 69% of webOS users“ (AdMob Mobile Metrics, January. 2009)
iPhone Human Interface Guidlines - Martin Ebner 2012
http://www.appleinsider.com/articles/09/08/14/apples_iphone_3gs_has_99_percent_satisfaction_rate.html
A total of 99 percent of 200 respondents to a RBC/IQ ChangeWave survey in August said they are satisfied with their
iPhone 3GS, with 82 percent of those "Very Satisfied."
iPhone Human Interface Guidlines - Martin Ebner 2012
http://www.appleinsider.com/articles/09/08/14/apples_iphone_3gs_has_99_percent_satisfaction_rate.html
http://www.androidpit.de/de/android/blog/394061/Weltweite-Smartphone-Verkaufszahlen-Android-
Nummer-Eins
iPhone Human Interface Guidlines - Martin Ebner 2012
Apps usable for everyone?
iPhone Human Interface Guidlines - Martin Ebner 2012
Application Definiton Statement
{your differentiator} {your solution} for {your audience}
ADS„ ... pick the few features, most frequently used, by the majority of your users, most appropriated for the mobile ...“
iPhone Human Interface Guidlines - Martin Ebner 2012
{easy to use} {digital photo sharing} for {casual iphone users}
Example:
{easy to use} {digital photo sharing} for {professional iphone users}
Note - this is a new app
ADS„ ... pick the few features, most frequently used, by the majority of your users, most appropriated for the mobile ...“
iPhone Human Interface Guidlines - Martin Ebner 2012
ADS„ ... pick the few features, most frequently used, by the majority of your users, most appropriated for the mobile ...“
• Elegant solution: you must solve a user's problem and solve it eleganty
• Great usability: solide app hierarchy, clean layout
• Gorgeous application icon: hey, the icon is the brand of your product!
iPhone Human Interface Guidlines - Martin Ebner 2012
iPhone - HI Guidelines
Planning your iPhoneSoftware Product
Designing the UserInterface of youriPhone Application
iPhone Human Interface Guidlines - Martin Ebner 2012
iPhone - HI Guidelines
Planning your iPhoneSoftware Product
Designing the UserInterface of youriPhone Application
iPhone Human Interface Guidlines - Martin Ebner 2012
iPhone OS PlatformRich with Possibilites
http://www.flickr.com/photos/shuffle-art/1441940051
iPhone Human Interface Guidlines - Martin Ebner 2012
Platform Differences 1/2„An iPhone OS-based device is not a desktop or laptop computer, and an iPhone application is not the same as a desktop application.“
• The display is paramountCompact Sreen Size - 480*320 pixels (iPhone 3 and lower), 960*640 pixels (since iPhone 4), 1024*768 pixels (iPad)
• Device orientation can change to any time
• Memory is not unlimted
• Apps Respond to gestures, not clicks
• One screen at a time
iPhone Human Interface Guidlines - Martin Ebner 2012
Platform Differences 2/2„An iPhone OS-based device is not a desktop or laptop computer, and an iPhone application is not the same as a desktop application.“
• Preferences are available in settings
• Apps have a more or less just on single window
• Minimal User Help
iPhone Human Interface Guidlines - Martin Ebner 2012
What Are Your Options?„Depending on the implementation details and its intended audience, some types of software may be better suited to your needs than others.“
• An iPhone Application (available in App Store)
• Web-only Content (compare http://itunes.tugraz.at): - Web Application - Optimized webpage - Compatible webpage
• Hybrid Applications (access to web content)
iPhone Human Interface Guidlines - Martin Ebner 2012
3 Application Styles„... applicaton styles, based on visual and behavioral characterstics, data model, and user experience.“
• What do you expect to be the user‘s motivation for using the application?
• What do you itend to be the user‘s experience while using the application?
• What is the goal or focus of the application?
• How does the application organize and display the information people care about?
iPhone Human Interface Guidlines - Martin Ebner 2012
Productivity Applications„ ... enables tasks that are based on the organization and manipulation of detailed information“
• Organizing the list
• Adding and subcontracting
• Drilling down, performing tasks on reached level
iPhone Human Interface Guidlines - Martin Ebner 2012
Utility Applications„ ... perfoms a simply task that requires a minimum of user input.“
• visually attractive
• enhancement of information display
• Organize of information into a flattened list of items; no hierachy
iPhone Human Interface Guidlines - Martin Ebner 2012
Immersive Applications„ ... offers a full-screen, visually rich environment that‘s focused on the content and the user‘s experience with that content“
• tends to hide much of device‘s user interface
• use of nonstandards controls appropriate
• information presentation in the context of game-play, story or experience
iPhone Human Interface Guidlines - Martin Ebner 2012
Choosing an App Style
„When in doubt, keep it simple.“
• Pare the feature list to the minimum
• To bring ideas from you desktop application to an iPhone application, apply the 80-20 rule (the largest percentage of users will use a very limited number of features)
• Find the core tasks
iPhone Human Interface Guidlines - Martin Ebner 2012
Case Study: Mail„ ... when people are mobile, their needs for an email application are simpler, and they want access to core functionality quickly.“
iPhone Human Interface Guidlines - Martin Ebner 2012
Design the App For the Device„... you need to make sure that your app looks and feels like it was designed expressly for an iOS-based device.“
• Embrace iOS UI paradigms (controls should look tappabel, App structure should be clean, ...)
• Ensure that unvirsal apps run well on both(iPhone and iPad)
• Reconsider web-based designs
• Tailor customization to the task
• Prototype and Iterate
iPad Human Interface Guidlines - Martin Ebner 2010http://www.flickr.com/photos/scolirk/4652688063
From iPhone to iPad Application
iPad Human Interface Guidlines - Martin Ebner 2010
Compatibility Mode„Unmodified, iPhone applications are running in a compatibility mode on iPad, but it does not give them the device-specific experience they want.“
• Games and other immersive iPhone applications may not need much change in information architecture, because they are experience driven. In general they need a siginificant revision of artwork and interaction.
• iPhone productivity applications tend to require some rearchitecting of the information hierachy, in addation to an enriched UI and an enhanced user experience.
• Utility applications need be reenvisioned for iPad so that they can take advantage of the larger screen.
iPhone Human Interface Guidlines - Martin Ebner 2012
Human Interface Principles
http://www.flickr.com/photos/wonderlane/4315076635
iPhone Human Interface Guidlines - Martin Ebner 2012
Great User Interface„ ... follows human interface design principles, that are based on the way people think and work, not on the capibilities of the device.“
• Methaphors (playback control, sliding on-off switching, ...)
• Direct Manipulation (with the Multi-Touch Interface)
• Consistency (application has to take the standards)
• Feedback (must be immediate)
• User Control (user, not the application must initiate and control actions)
• Asthetc Integrity (how well the appearance of you application integrates with your functionality)
iPhone Human Interface Guidlines - Martin Ebner 2012
User Experience Guidelines
http://www.flickr.com/photos/rivalee/2939042459
iPhone Human Interface Guidlines - Martin Ebner 2012
Focus on the Primary Task„An iPhone Application that establishes and maintains focus on its primary functionality is satisfying and enjoyable to use“
• What is most important in each context?
• Is the provided information essential, does a user need this information right now?
iPhone Human Interface Guidlines - Martin Ebner 2012
Build in Simplicty/Ease of Use„ ... users are probably doing other things while they simultaneously use your application“
• Elevate the content that people care about
• Think Top Down - High level Information near the top of the screen (independent of how people tap on screen, top is most visible)
• Minimize text input and Keep essential information succinctly
• Give people a logical path to follow
• Provide a fingertip-size target area for all tappable elements (calculator example: 44*44 pixel)
iPhone Human Interface Guidlines - Martin Ebner 2012
Communicate Effectively
„ ... avoid technical jargon in the user interface“
• Feedback is important
• use user-centric terminology
iPhone Human Interface Guidlines - Martin Ebner 2012
Support Gestures Appropriately„To ensure that your application is discoverable and easy to use, therefore, try to limit the gestures you require to the most popular.“
iPhone Human Interface Guidlines - Martin Ebner 2012
Think about each detail
„ ... iOS devices are personal devices, but ...“
• Downplay File-Handling Operations
• Enable Collaboration and Connectedness
• De-emphasize Settings
• Brand appropriately
• Make search quick and rewarding
• Use UI Elements consistently
iPhone Human Interface Guidlines - Martin Ebner 2012
Graphical Interface - don‘t forget about it„ Rich, beautiful, engaging graphics draw people into an application and make the simplest task rewarding....“
• Consider Adding Physicality and Realism
• Delight People with Stunning Graphics
• Use subtle Animation to communicate
• Ask People to save only when necessary
iPhone Human Interface Guidlines - Martin Ebner 2012
For iPad 1/2
• Enhance Interactivity
• Reduce Full-Screen Transitions (update only the areas of the UI that need it)
• Restrain your information hierachy (more information in just one place)
• Migrate Toolbar Content to the Top
iPhone Human Interface Guidlines - Martin Ebner 2012
For iPad 2/2
• Does the task require more than one type of input?
• Does the taks require people to drill down through a hierachy of views?
• Might people want to somethingin the main view before theyfinish the task?
• Is the task fairly in-depth and does it represent one of theapplication‘s main functions?
„Consider Using Popovers for some modal tasks...“
iPhone Human Interface Guidlines - Martin Ebner 2012
iOS Technology Usage Guidlines
http://www.flickr.com/photos/intherough/4263146374
iPhone Human Interface Guidlines - Martin Ebner 2012
iCloud Storage„iCloud storage helps people access the content they care about regardless of which device they are currently using.“
• Respect the user‘s iCloud account
• Determine which types of information to store
• Make sure your app behaves reasonably when iCloud storage is unavailable
• Avoid asking users to choose which documents to store
• Warn users about the consequences of deleting a document
• Be sure to include the user‘s iCloud content in searches
iPhone Human Interface Guidlines - Martin Ebner 2012
Multitasking„ Multitasking allows people to switch quickly among recently used applications, because apps can be suspended in the background when they are quit.“
• Be ready for interruptions, and ready to resume
• Make sure your UI can handle the double-high status bar
• Be ready to pause activities that require people’s attention or active participation
• Ensure that your audio behaves appropriately
iPhone Human Interface Guidlines - Martin Ebner 2012
Multitasking„ Multitasking allows people to switch quickly among recently used applications, because apps can be suspended in the background when they are quit.“
• Use local notifications sparingly
• When appropriate, finish user-initiated tasks in the background.
iPhone Human Interface Guidlines - Martin Ebner 2012
Notification Center 1/2„... gives a user a single, convenient place in which to view notifications from their apps.“
• Keep badge contents up to date
• Don‘t send multiple notifications for the same event
• Provide a custom message that does not include your app name
• Provide a sound that users can choose to hear when a notification arrives
iPhone Human Interface Guidlines - Martin Ebner 2012
Notification Center 2/2„iOS apps that support local or push notifications can use the following notification styles.“
Banner
BadgeAlert
Sound
iPhone Human Interface Guidlines - Martin Ebner 2012
Printing„ ... users can wirelessly print content from your application“
• Use the system-provided Action button
• Display the Print item when printing is a primary function in the current context
• If appropriate, provide additional printing options to users
• Don’t display print-specific UI if users can’t print
iPhone Human Interface Guidlines - Martin Ebner 2012
iAd„ ... you can allow advertisements to display within your application and you can receive revenue when users see or interact with them“
• size 320*50
• Place the banner view at or near the bottom of the screen
• Ensure that banner views appear when it makes sense in your application
• As much as possible, display banner ads in both orientations
iPhone Human Interface Guidlines - Martin Ebner 2012
iAd„ ... you can allow advertisements to display within your application and you can receive revenue when users see or interact with them“
• Don’t allow an ad to scroll off the screen
• While people view or interact with ads, pause activities that require their attention or interaction
• Don’t stop an ad, except in rare circumstances
iPhone Human Interface Guidlines - Martin Ebner 2012
Using Sound„ ... users always expect to hear alarms that they have set.“
• Ring/Silent Switch (avoid sound if it is not explicity set)
• Volume Buttons (the user always decided the loudness)
• Headset and Headphones (plug in headsets means sound has to be set privately)
• Wireless audio (disconnection = pause, connection = no pause)
• Defining the Audio Behavior is essential task
iPhone Human Interface Guidlines - Martin Ebner 2012
Starting„iPhone Application should start instantly so users can begin using them without delay“
• Specify appropriate status bar styles
• Display a launch image
• Avoid displaying an About window, splash screen or another tpye of startup experiences
• Launch in portrait orientation
iPhone Human Interface Guidlines - Martin Ebner 2012
Stopping„iphone Applications should never quit programmatically“
• Be prepared to receive an exit or terminate notification at any time.
• Save the current state when stopping
• Avoid alerts
• User has to decide if continuing you application or pressing the Home Button
iPhone Human Interface Guidlines - Martin Ebner 2012
Settings and Configuration„It‘s best when iPhone application do not aks users to specify any settings at all“
• Focus your solutions on the needs of 80 percent of users
• Get as much information as possible from other sources
• If you must ask for setup-information, prompt users to enter within your application
• Offer configuration options in the main user interface or on the back of a screen
iPhone Human Interface Guidlines - Martin Ebner 2012
....„Don‘t provide a button for a built-in action, because users will wonder why there are two ways to do the same thing in your application“
• Support Copy and Paste
• Support Undo and Redo
• Enabling Push Notifications (delivery is not guaranteed)
• Providing Search and Displaying Search Results
• Using the User‘s Location
iPhone Human Interface Guidlines - Martin Ebner 2012
iPhone - HI Guidelines
Planning your iPhoneSoftware Product
Designing the UserInterface of youriPhone Application
iPhone Human Interface Guidlines - Martin Ebner 2012
Brief Tour of the Application User Interface
http://www.flickr.com/photos/ari/4314027331
iPhone Human Interface Guidlines - Martin Ebner 2012
Main parts of application screen„Every application, regardless of type, has an application window“
• Status Bar
• Navigation Bar
• Tab Bar
• Toolbar
iPhone Human Interface Guidlines - Martin Ebner 2012
Users are accustomed to the look and behavior of standard views and controls
http://www.flickr.com/photos/r_catalano/4180965353
iPhone Human Interface Guidlines - Martin Ebner 2012
Status Bar„People expect to see the current battery charge of their device; hiding this information [...] is not an ideal user experience“
• hiding status bar in case of immersive application (carefully decision)
• important bar (cell signal strength, network, battery)
• three possible colors
iPhone Human Interface Guidlines - Martin Ebner 2012
Navigation Bar„ ... appears at the upper edge of an application screen, just below the status bar.“
• enable navigation among different views in an application
• provide title and controls that manage the items in a view
iPhone Human Interface Guidlines - Martin Ebner 2012
Tool Bar„ ... performs actions related to objects in the current view.“
• constrain the number of items (44*44 pixels)
• use the predefined buttons
• colors blue and black
iPhone Human Interface Guidlines - Martin Ebner 2012
Tab Bars„ If you application provides different perspectives on the same set of data, ... .“
• icons and text, all equal in width and black background
• tab does not change its opacity or height, regardless of orientattion
• more than five tabs, iPhone OS add a „More“ tab
• badging a Tab is possible to communicate in a noninstrutive way
iPhone Human Interface Guidlines - Martin Ebner 2012
Alerts, Action Sheets, Modal Views„ ... appear when something requires the user‘s attention ... “
iPhone Human Interface Guidlines - Martin Ebner 2012
Alerts„ ... give users criticial information in a highly visible way. “
• minize the number of alerts
• ask for confirmation
• single / double button alert
iPhone Human Interface Guidlines - Martin Ebner 2012
Action Sheet
„ ... appears as the result of a user action ... “
• no display of a textual message
• two different backgrounds
• the closer the top, the more visible
• be aware of mistakenly tapping the bottom button instead of Home button
iPhone Human Interface Guidlines - Martin Ebner 2012
Table View„ ... presents data in a single-column list of multiple rows.“
• provide feedback when user select a list item
• display content immediately
• plain / group style
• different table-view elements
iPhone Human Interface Guidlines - Martin Ebner 2012
Text View
„ ... is a region that displays multiple lines of text ....“
iPhone Human Interface Guidlines - Martin Ebner 2012
Different Application Controls„Remember that users expect familiar controls to behave as they to in the built-in applications.“
• Activity Indicators
• Date and Time Pickers
• Disclosure Buttons
• Info Buttons
• Labels
• Page Indicators
• Pickers
• Progress Views
• Rounded Rectangle Buttons
• Search Bars
• Segmented Controls
• Sliders
• Text Fields
iPad Human Interface Guidlines - Martin Ebner 2010
iPad only: Popover (1/2) „... is a transient view that can be revealed when people tap a control or an onscreen area. “
• can contain table, image map, text, web or custom views
• display additional information or list or items
• display contents of left pane of a split view-based application
• display an action sheet
iPad Human Interface Guidlines - Martin Ebner 2010
iPad only: Popover (2/2) „... is a transient view that can be revealed when people tap a control or an onscreen area. “
• save users‘ work when they tap outside a popover‘s border
• ensure that the popover arrow points as directly as possible to the element
• make sure people can use popover without seeing the application content behind it
• only one popover should be visible onscreen at a time
• avoid making it too big
iPad Human Interface Guidlines - Martin Ebner 2010
iPad only: Split View (1/2)„... is a full screen view that consits of two side-by-side panes. “
iPad Human Interface Guidlines - Martin Ebner 2010
iPad only: Split View (1/2)„... is a full screen view that consits of two side-by-side panes. “
• only available in iPad
• use to display persistent information in the left pane and related details in the right pane
• both panes can contain table, image, map, text, web or custom views as well as navigation bars, tool bars or tab bars
• avoid creating a right pane that is narrower than the left pane (left pane is fixed to 320 points in all orientations)
• indicate the current selection in the left pane
iPhone Human Interface Guidlines - Martin Ebner 2012
Sytem Provided Buttons„ ... promote a consistent user experience and make your job easier.“
iPhone Human Interface Guidlines - Martin Ebner 2012
Creating Custom Iconsand Images
http://www.flickr.com/photos/conorpendergrast/2634918994
iPhone Human Interface Guidlines - Martin Ebner 2012
Application Icons„This is a place where branding and strong visual design should come together into a compact, instantly instantly recognizable, attractive package.“
• rounded corners, drop shadow, reflective shine automatically added
• measures 57*57 pixel (114*114 for high resolution)
• small icon for spotlight search (29*29; 58*58 high resolution)
iPhone Human Interface Guidlines - Martin Ebner 2012
Launch Images„To enhance the user‘s experience at application launch ... .“
• should not an about window, branding elements
• measures 320*480 pixel (640*940 high resolution)
• it is solely intended to enhance the user‘s perception, as quick launch, ready for use
iPhone Human Interface Guidlines - Martin Ebner 2012
Icons for ...
„do not redesign standard buttons“
• simple and streamlined
• not easily mistaken
• readily understood and widely acceptable
• Use color and shadow judiciously to help the icon tell its story
• Create an idealized version of the subject rather than using a photo
• Don‘t use replicas of Apple products
iPhone Human Interface Guidlines - Martin Ebner 2012
Tips for Creating Great Artwork „The Retina display allows you to display high-resolution versiony of your art and icons.“
• Richer in texture, more detailed and more realistic
• Scale up your original work up to 200%
• Add detail and depth
iPhone Human Interface Guidlines - Martin Ebner 2012
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jdExukJVUGI
iPad - New Way for Applications
iPhone Human Interface Guidlines - Martin Ebner 2012
http://elearningblog.tugraz.at/archives/2994
What happens when you hand a 3-year-old an iPhone?
Graz University of Technology
SOCIAL LEARNINGComputer and Information Services
Graz University of Technology
Martin Ebner
http://[email protected]
Slides available at: http://elearningblog.tugraz.at
mebner