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IP Addressing
What is an IP Address?
An Internet Protocol (IP) address is a number
that identifies a device on a computer network.
IP HISTORY AND MANAGEMENT
User
Assignment
ISP
Allocation
RIR*Allocation
IANAIP
Address Management Today
IETF
RIR : Representative of ISP
In 1992 – 2001
Recent years: 2002 – 2009
2004:
Establishment of the Number Resource Organisation
RIR (Regional Internet Registries A regional Internet registry (RIR) is an organization
overseeing the allocation and registration of Internet Number resources within a particular region of the world. Resources include IP addresses.
There are currently five RIRs in operation:
American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN) for North America and parts of the Caribbean
RIPE Network Coordination Centre (RIPE NCC) for Europe, the Middle East and Central Asia
Asia-Pacific Network Information Centre (APNIC) for Asia and the Pacific region
Latin American and Caribbean Internet Addresses Registry (LACNIC) for Latin America and parts of the Caribbean region
African Network Information Centre (AfriNIC) for Africa
Address consists of 32 Bits Represented in A.B.C.D where A represent
Decimal Value of 8 Bits or 1 Byte A range from 0-255.
IPv4
Few Examples of Binary conversions Binary to Decimal Decimal to Binary
Binary Understanding
Unicast◦ One to One Communication
Multicast◦ One to Many Communication
Broadcast◦ One to All Communication
Ways of Communication
Type of Communication (Contd)
A Class B Class C Class D Class (Reserve for Multicasting) E Class (Reserve for Scientific Research)
IP Address Classes
IP Classes
IP Address◦ Network Bits
Common among all the users on same Network◦ Host Bits
Unique Bits to Identify the Host on the LAN segment
Understanding IP Address
Network – ID ◦ Represent all the Host on the Network◦ Cannot be assigned to Users◦ When all the HOSTID portion bits of an IP address are zero’s then it is
called Network Address.
class A 10.0.0.0 class B 172.16.0.0 class C 192.168.10.0
Broadcast – ID◦ Address to send Packet to all the Host on the Network◦ Cannot be assigned to the Users◦ When all the HOSTID portion bits of an IP address are one’s then it is
called Broadcast Address.
class A 10.255.255.255 class B 172.16.255.255 class C 192.168.10.255
Addresses
Host – ID ◦ Address assigned to Host on the Network◦ All Host must have the Unique Host-ID
Default Address◦ When all the NETID as well as HOSTID portion bits of an IP address are 0’s
then it is used for Default Routing (CISCO Routers) Address 0.0.0.0
Loopback Addresses (Self Testing)
Address 127.0.0.0
APIPA Address(Automatic Private IP Address) Address 169.254.0.0
Subnet Mask:- It is used to represent the Network bits in the IP address.◦ 1 represent the corresponding bit in IP address is
Network Bit◦ 0 represent the corresponding bit in IP address is
Host BitSubnet Mask Helps to identify the Host in the Given
Network-IdEx.192.168.0.0 255.255.255.0
Subnet Mask
Class Less Inter domain Range◦ It is the Decimal representation of the no. of
Network bits in the IP Address
For Example◦ 192.168.0.0 /24◦ 172.16.0.0 /16◦ 10.0.0.0 /8
CIDR
Subnetting:- Is concept to break down the bigger Network into two or more than two smaller Network.
Subnetting
To identify subnets, you will “borrow” bits from the host ID portion of the IP address:
The number of subnets available depends on the number of bits borrowed. The available number of subnets = 2s, I which s is the
number of bits borrowed.The number of hosts per subnet available depends
upon the number of host ID bits not borrowed. The available number of hosts per subnet = 2h -2, in
which h is the number of host bits not borrowed. One address is reserved as the network address. One address is reserved as the broadcast address.
Subnetting Review
Possible Subnets and Hosts for a Class C Network
Possible Subnets and Hosts for a Class B Network
Possible Subnets and Hosts for a Class A Network
IP-SUBNET ZERO OR FLSM Subnetting is based up on NETID portion bits. In this case we need to borrow some bits from Host ID portion that
depends up on the number of subnets For e.g 192.168.10.0/26
Step 1: Identify the total number of subnets (how many)? 2n = number of subnets 22 = 4Where n are the number of borrowed bits from hostId portion. Step 2: Identify the the total number of hosts for each subnets (how many)? 2m - 2 = number of valid hosts 26 – 2 = 62Where m are remaining number of bits in hostid portion.
Step 3: Calculate Subnet Mask and Range. 11111111 11111111 11111111 11000000 255 .255 .255 .192 Range:256 - 192 = 64
Step 4: Identify the total number of subnets (Which one)? (i) 192.168.10.0 (ii) 192.168.10.64 (iii) 192.168.10.128 (iv) 192.168.10.192Step 5: Identify the valid number of host for each subnet (which one)? (i) 192.168.10.1 -- 192.168.10.62 (ii) 192.168.10.65 -- 192.168.10.126 (iii)192.168.10.129 -- 192.168.10.190 (iv) 192.168.10.193 -- 192.168.10.254 Step 6:Identify the broadcast address for each subnet? (i) 192.168.10.63 (ii) 192.168.10.127 (iii)192.168.10.191 (iv)192.168.10.255
Subnet a network with a private network address of 172.16.0.0./16 so that it provides 100 subnets and maximizes the number of host addresses for each subnet.
◦ How many bits will need to be borrowed?◦ What is the new subnet mask?◦ What are the first four subnets?◦ What are the range of host addresses for the four
subnets?
Subnetting Review Exercise
Subnetting has limitation of only Splitting the network into smaller symmetrical networks.
Variable Length Subnet Mask (VLSM)◦ VLSM Provides the use of Subnetting in more
effective way.◦ Allow to splitting the network into smaller
asymmetrical networks.Ex :- 192.168.1.0/25, 192.168.1.128/26,
192.168.1.192/27, 192.168.1.224/28, 192.168.1.240/29
VLSM
What Is a Variable-Length Subnet Mask?
Subnet 172.16.14.0/24 is divided into smaller subnets.
– Subnet with one mask (/27).
– Then further subnet one of the unused /27 subnets into multiple /30 subnets.
A Working VLSM Example
A Working VLSM Example (Cont.)
A Working VLSM Example (Cont.)
A Working VLSM Example (Cont.)
Understanding Route Summarization
Routing protocols can summarize addresses of several networks into one address.
◦ Classful routing protocols do not include the subnet mask with the network in the routing advertisement.
◦ Within the same network, consistency of the subnet masks is assumed, one subnet mask for the entire network.
◦ Summary routes are exchanged between foreign networks.◦ Examples of classful routing protocols include:
RIPv1 IGRP
Note: Classful routing protocols are legacy routing protocols typically used to address compatibility issues. RIP version 1 and Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) are introduced to provide examples.
Classful Routing Overview
Classless routing protocols include the subnet mask with the network in the advertisement.
Classless routing protocols support VLSM; one network can have multiple masks.
Summary routes must be manually controlled within the network.Examples of classless routing protocols include: RIPv2, EIGRP, OSPF
RIPv2 and EIGRP act classful by default, and summary routes are exchanged between foreign networks. The no auto-summary command forces these
protocols to behave as if they are classless.
Classless Routing Overview
Summarizing Within an Octet
Summarizing Addresses in a VLSM-Designed Network
Route Summarization Operation in Cisco Routers
192.16.5.33 /32 Host192.16.5.32 /27 Subnet192.16.5.0 /24 Network192.16.0.0 /16 Block of Networks0.0.0.0 /0 Default
Supports host-specific routes, blocks of networks, and default routes
Routers use longest prefix match
Summarizing Routes in a Discontiguous Network
Classful RIPv1 and IGRP do not advertise subnets, and therefore cannot support discontiguous subnets.
Classless OSPF, EIGRP, and RIPv2 can advertise subnets, and therefore can support discontiguous subnets.
◦ Subnetting lets you efficiently allocate addresses by taking one large broadcast domain and breaking it up into smaller more manageable broadcast domains.
◦ VLSMs let you more efficiently allocate IP addresses by adding multiple layers of the addressing hierarchy.
◦ The benefits of route summarization include smaller routing tables and the ability to isolate topology changes.
Summary
1. 255.0.0.0:/82. 255.128.0.0:/93. 255.192.0.0:/10 4. 255.224.0.0:/11 5. 255.240.0.0:/12 6. 255.248.0.0:/13 7. 255.252.0.0:/14 8. 255.254.0.0:/15 9. 255.255.0.0:/1610.255.255.128.0:/17 11.255.255.192.0:/18 12.255.255.224.0:/19 13.255.255.240.0:/2014.255.255.248.0:/21 15.255.255.252.0:/2216.255.255.254.0:/23
A:
17. 255.255.255.0:/24
18. 255.255.255.128:/25
19. 255.255.255.192:/26
20. 255.255.255.224:/27
21. 255.255.255.240:/28
22. 255.255.255.248:/29
23. 255.255.255.252:/30
Addressing Summary ExampleAddressing Summary Example
10101100
11111111
10101100
00010000
11111111
00010000
11111111
00000010
10100000
11000000
10000000
00000010
10101100 00010000 00000010 10111111
10101100 00010000 00000010 10000001
10101100 00010000 00000010 10111110
Host
Mask
Subnet
Broadcast
Last
First
172.16.2.160
255.255.255.192
172.16.2.128
172.16.2.191
172.16.2.129
172.16.2.190
1
2
3
4
56
7
89
16172 2 160
B: