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Introduction to Organizational behavior Asif JamalVisiting LecturerUniversity of Sindh, Mirpurkhas Campus

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“You can dream, create, design and build the most wonderful place in the world, but it requires people to make the dream a reality..! Walt Disney

+Historical Background

This generated an interest in human behavior at work place.

Professor Elton Mayo started a series of studies & numerous experiments covering redesign of jobs, changes in the length of work day, time, introduction of rest periods and individual vs group pay plans.

Hawthorne studies set the direction OB and management practices!!

+ Today’s managerial worldManager of today has to undertake various

roles & challenges.Different research scientists have given

different roles/skills/activities performed by a manager:

Robert Katz – has identified three essential management skills: Technical Skills – job knowledge Conceptual Skills – ability to analyze and

diagnose complex situations Human Skills – work with people i.e. to be able

to predict, explain & control their behavior

+ Mintzberg ModelInformational Role

Monitor Disseminator Spokesperson

Decisional Role Entrepreneur Disturbance handler Resource allocator Negotiator

Interpersonal Role Figurehead Leader Liaison

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Organizational citizenship

Discretionary behavior Not part of an employee's formal job

requirementsPromotes the effective functioning of

the organization

7+Examples of Organizational Citizenship Helping others on one's work team Volunteering for extra job activities Avoiding unnecessary conflicts Making constructive statements about one's work

group and the overall organization

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Focal Points of OB

JobsWorkAbsenteeismEmployment turnoverProductivityHuman performanceManagement

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Contributing Disciplines to the OB Field

Psychology

Social Psychology

Sociology

Anthropology

Micro:The Individual

Macro:Groups &Organizations

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Challenges and Opportunities for OB

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Typical employee is getting older More women and minorities in the workplace Global competition is requiring employees to become more

flexible Historical loyalty-bonds that held many employees to their

employers are being severed

12+Responding to Globalization

Increased Foreign Assignments Working with People from Different Cultures Coping with Anti-Capitalism Backlash Overseeing Movement of Jobs to Countries with Low-cost

Labor

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Managing Diversity

Workforce diversity -organizations are becoming a more

heterogeneous mix of people in terms of gender, age, race,

ethnicity, and sexual orientation

14+Diversity Implications

Managers have to shift their philosophy from treating everyone alike to recognizing differences and responding to those differences in ways that ensure employee retention and greater productivity.

15+OB Insights

Improving People Skills Improving Customer Service Empowering People Working in Networked Organizations Stimulating Innovation and Change

16+OB Insights

Coping with “Temporariness” Helping Employees Balance Work/Life Conflicts Declining Employee Loyalty Improving Ethical Behavior

+ 1-17Diversity Implications

“Managers have to shift their philosophy from treating everyone alike to recognizing differences and responding to those differences in ways that ensure employee retention and greater productivity while, at the same time, not discriminating.”

+ 1-18OB Offers Insights Into:

Improving quality and productivity Customer service and building a

customer-responsive culture Developing people skills

+ 1-19OB Aids in Dealing With:

Stimulating Innovation and Change Increasing “temporariness” in the

workplace Helping employees balance work-life

conflicts Improving ethical behavior

+ 1-20Thinking Positive

Creating a positive work environment can be a competitive advantage

Positive Organizational Scholarship (Positive OB): Examines how organizations develop human strengths, foster

vitality and resilience, and unlock potential. Focus is on employee strengths, not their weaknesses.

+ 1-21Implications for Managers

OB helps with: Insights to improve people skills Valuing of workforce diversity Empowering people and creating a

positive work environment Dealing with labor shortages Coping in a world of temporariness Creating an ethically healthy work

environment

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Keep in Mind…

OB’s goal is to understand and predict human behavior in organizations.

Fundamental consistencies underlie behavior. It is more important than ever to learn OB concepts. Both managers and employees must learn to cope with

temporariness.

+Responding to Globalization

Working in different country

Working with people from different

countries

+Managing Workforce Diversity

Organizations are getting more heterogeneous: race, gender,

ethnicity etc.

Melting-pot approach (no more)

+Improving Quality & Productivity

Quality Manageme

nt• Focus on customer• Continuous

improvement• Quality of

improvement in everything

• Accurate measurements

• Empowerment of employees

Process Reengineering

+Responding to Labor Shortage

Is there a labor

shortage?

Retaining skilled labors

+Improving Customer Service

Customer responsive Culture

Customer surveysSpecial desksSpecial schemes & packages

+Improving People Skills

Working with people

Organizational structure & cultureInculcating managerial skills

+Empowering PeopleManagers – coaches/advisors Make employees in charge of

what they do

Solutions not problemsDecisions at the operating level

+Coping with temporariness

Temporary/ contractual work force

FlexibilitySpontaneityunpredictability

+Change and Innovation

Change – a frequent happening in modern world

Preparation for changeAdaptabilityCreative/novel solutions

+Work / Life ConflictsBalance between work and

life24x7 concept

Working hours (banks & restaurants)

Dual career familiesFlexi timeResources – work from home

+Improving Ethical BehaviorWork Ethics

Deviant work behaviors

FavoritismRule breakersPlay politics