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International Journal of

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Jan – Jun 2016 IJNCC

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Nursing Critical Care

International Journal of Nursing Critical Care aims to improve the care of critically ill patients by

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! Anatomy and physiology of the respiratory, cardiovascular, renal, gastrointestinal and integumentary

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! Critical care environmental issues.

! Critical Care Networks.

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! Ethical and legal issues in critical care

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! Safety Culture Replacement therapies

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ChairmanMr. Puneet Mehrotra

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Hidam Renubala

Ankita Singh

Akanksha Marwah

Deepika Bhadauria

Commissioning Editors

Priyanka Garg

Chhavi Goel

Shrawani Verma

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS

Dr. Mala-ThayumanavanBGS Global Hospital, Bangalore,

India.

Dr. Pratibha SwamyCollege of Nursing, NIMHANS, Bangalore,

India.

Dr. Sukhwinder KaurNational Institute of Nursing Education,

PGIMER, India.

Dr. Usha UkandeChoithram College of Nursing, CH&RC Indore

(M.P.), India.

Dr. C. Kanniammal Meenakshi College of Nursing, Chennai,

India.

Dr. Arnel Banaga SalgadoRAK Medical and Health Sciences University,

United Arab Emirates

Kawaljit KaurMedical surgical Nursing, Mai Bhago College of

Nursing, Tarn Taran (Punjab), India.

Regina D SatvekarBharati Vidyapeeth College of Nursing, Sangli

(Maharashtra), India.

Mr. N.J. Vasudevan Chitra College of Nursing, Kerala,

India.

K. PriscillaMatha College of Nursing, Tamil Nadu,

India.

A Arvin BabuSree Abirami Hospital and College of Nursing,

Coimbatore, India

Mr. Sembian. N.Government Nursing College, U.P. Rural Institute of Medical Sciences & Research,

Saifai, Etawah

From the Editor's Desk

Dear Readers,

We would like to present, with great pleasure, the Second Volume of a new scholarly

journal, International Journal of Nursing Critical Care. This journal is part of the

Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present nursing issues, from theoretical

aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies.

This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of

Nursing Critical Care as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part

of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Nursing Science community,

addressing researchers and practitioners in this area.

The core vision of International journal of Nursing Critical Care in JournalsPub is to propagate novel

awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research

societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Plant Nursing in general. JournalsPub acts as a

pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, well-time & successfully.

International Journal of Nursing Critical Care focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of

Intensive care, Assessment of critical care patients, Anatomy and physiology of the respiratory,

cardiovascular, renal, gastrointestinal and integumentary systems, Critical care environmental issues,

Critical Care Networks, End of life care, Ethical and legal issues in critical care, Patient centered care,

Inotropic therapy, invasive and non-invasive cardiac output monitoring, Safety Culture Replacement

therapies.

The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Nursing and

solutions in the area.

Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Nursing community.

We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative

platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the

field of Nursing.

This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we

would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the

editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project.

It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Nursing readers and will

stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Nursing.

Puneet Mehrotra

Managing Director

1. Prevalence of Common Problems Among Elderly Residing at Selected Urban and Rural Community of Kottayam District, Kerala, India

J.V. Sindhu, S.K. Saini 1

2. A Study to Assess the Warning Signs During Pregnancy Among Primigravida Women in Selected Hospital, Jalandhar, Punjab Jyoti Arora, Bimla Rani, Ashu kesar, Harleen Kaur 7

3. A Quasi-Experimental Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Self-Informational Module Regarding Knowledge and Attitude of Child Adoption Among Infertile Couple in Selected Infertility Clinics in PunjabLaxami Thakur, Ashu Kesar, Bimla Rani 28

4. Short Communication: Risks Associated With Pregnancy in Primigravida WomenJyoti Arora 61

5. A Short Review Article on Knowledge and Attitude of Child Adoption among Infertile CoupleLaxami Thakur 64

Contents

IJNCC (2016) 1–6 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1

International Journal of Nursing Critical Care Vol. 2: Issue 1

www.journalspub.com

Prevalence of Common Problems Among Elderly Residing at

Selected Urban and Rural Community of Kottayam District,

Kerala, India

J.V. Sindhu1*

, S.K. Saini2

1Mercy College of Nursing, Thalayolaparambu, Kottayam, Kerala , India 2National Institute of Nursing Education, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India

Abstract

Constipation, insomnia, immobility and urinary incontinence are common problems among

elderly. With a view to assess these problems descriptive study was done among 200 elderly

between the age group of 65 and 80 years old. The study was done in selected urban and

rural community of Kottayam district using Pittsburgh sleep quality index scale, Victoria

bowel performance scale, Tinetti Assessment Tool and revised urinary incontinence scale

using interview technique. The result revealed that all these problems are of high prevalence.

The highest prevalence was observed for constipation (54.5%). This was followed by

insomnia (52.5%), urinary incontinence (42.1%) and immobility (37.1%). All these problems

are preventable and manageable with simple nursing measures. Nurses working in the

community should be able to identify these problems and manage so that their quality of life

is improved.

Keywords: common problems, elderly

BACKGROUND

Population ageing is the most significant

result of the process known as

demographic transition. Reduction of

fertility leads to a decline in the proportion

of the young in the population. Decrease in

mortality rate would lead to a longer life

span for individuals. Population ageing

includes a change from high fertility/high

mortality to low fertility/low mortality and

subsequently an increase in the ratio of

older people in the total population. India

is undergoing such a demographic

transition.

There would be an increase in the

proportion of older people, in the world,

who would be in need of assistance from

adults of working age, from 10.5% in 1955

and 12.3% in 1995 to 17.2% in 2025.[1]

The size of India’s elderly population aged

60 and above is expected to increase from

77 million in 2001 to 179 million in 2031

and further to 301 million in 2051. The

proportion is likely to reach 12% in 2031

and 17% in 2051.[1]

In a study done to

identify the incidence, and potential risk

factors for, constipation in a representative

elderly community, using symptom-based

diagnostic criteria, a random sample of

1833 eligible residents of Olmsted

Country, above 65 years were mailed

questionnaire. The overall prevalence of

constipation was 40.1%.[2]

As the age

progress all the systems get weak and

some of the symptoms are common which

can create lot of stress and lower the

quality of life. These problems are easily

preventable and manageable with simple

nursing measures.

IJNCC (2016) 7-27 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 7


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A Study to Assess the Warning Signs During Pregnancy Among

Primigravida Women in Selected Hospital, Jalandhar, Punjab

Jyoti Arora, Bimla Rani*, Ashu kesar, Harleen Kaur Bharat College of Nursing, Baba Farid University of Health Sciences, Jalandhar, Punjab, India

Abstract

Pregnancy is a joyous occasion for a woman and her family. But, sometimes, certain risks

are associated that can prove to be harmful for the mother and her child. This study has been

done to analyze the knowledge of warning signs during pregnancy among primigravida

women. A total of 100 participants were selected for the study and the study concluded that

10% of women had good knowledge, while 2% had very good knowledge; 26% had average

knowledge, more than 51% of women had poor knowledge, followed by 11% who had very

poor knowledge regarding the warning signs during pregnancy.

Keywords: pregnancy, primigravida women, pregnancy risks, warning signs

INTRODUCTION “Maternal health is Nation’s wealth.

There is chance for the welfare of the

world only when the condition of the

women improves. It is not possible for a

bird to fly on only one wing.”

Swami Vivekananda

Pregnancy and childbirth are special

events in a woman’s life and indeed in the

lives of their families. This can be a time

of great hope and joyful anticipation. It

can also be a time of fear, suffering and

even death. Pregnancy is a normal

physiological process and not a disease,

however, sometimes; it is associated with

certain risks to health and survival both for

the woman and for her infant. These risks

are prevalent in every society and in every

setting. In developed countries they have

largely been overcome because every

pregnant woman has to take special care

during pregnancy and childbirth. In

developing countries where each

pregnancy represents a journey into the

unknown from which all too many woman

never return, due to lack of care

provision.[1]

Women have been given the ability to

produce children. However, this can also

sometimes lead to death of the woman. At

least 40% of all pregnant women suffer

from certain types of complications during

their pregnancy. For about 15%, these

complications will be potentially life

threatening, and requires instant obstetric

care. Maternal death also compromises the

health and survival of infants and children

they have behind. The death of a woman

during pregnancy and childbirth is not

only a health issue but also a matter of

social injustice.[2]

There are 430 maternal deaths for every

100,000 live births. In developing

countries, the Figure 1 is 480 maternal

deaths for every 100,000 live births. In

developed countries, there are 27 maternal

deaths for every 100,000 live births.[3]

In

India, most of the mothers are deprived of

the knowledge concerning antenatal,



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A Quasi-Experimental Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Self-

Informational Module Regarding Knowledge and Attitude of

Child Adoption among Infertile Couple in Selected Infertility

Clinics in Punjab

Laxami Thakur, Ashu Kesar, Bimla Rani*

Bharat College of Nursing, Jalandhar, Punjab, India

Abstract

The birth of a child brings immense happiness to the parents and the whole family. However,

couples who are infertile remain elusive to this happiness. Though there are different

treatment strategies to overcome this problem, but these methods also remain futile in certain

cases. Such couples should plan for adoption, which can also be a form of rehabilitation for

the child as well. This study was done to assess the effectiveness of self-informational module

regarding knowledge and attitude of child adoption among infertile couple in selected

infertility clinics in Punjab. There were a total of 50 participants in the study.

Keywords: child adoption, self-informational module, infertility, knowledge, attitude

INTRODUCTION

“A child is precious and beautiful, A

source of joy and happiness, A focus of

love and care, A Subject of dream for the

future.”

Child care 1996

The birth of a baby is one of the most

inspiring and emotional events that occurs

in one’s life time. The child signifies the

beginning of life and provides the

foundation for future for the fertile

couples. But for the infertile couples, this

is not achieved and it can be very

upsetting. It rescues as a threat to the

women identity and may influence their

self-concept in terms of their inability to

conceive.[1]

Infertility is a tragic condition.

Though Infertility does not claim an

individual’s life, it inflicts devastating

emotional trauma on the individual for

being unable to fulfill the biological role of

parenthood. In India for infertility, the

female partner is generally blamed and she

becomes the victim of social gossip for her

barrenness. This gradually brings

unhappiness in the female partner,

psychosomatic ill health and even

suicide.[2]

Infertility which affects as many

as 1in 6 couples is defined as a failure to

conceive with in one or more years of

regular unprotected intercourse. Infertility

can be caused by a wide variety of factors.

40–50% of infertility results from female

factors, 30–40% from male factors, in 10

percent of cases, the cause is unknown,

and the remaining 10 per cent of the

infertility results from both male and

female factors.[3]

In India, Infertility appears to be an un-

important question for policy makers and

women’s groups alike. None of the

programmes on National reproductive

health policy has focused on implementing

preventive and curative services for

IJNCC (2016) 61–63 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 61


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Short Communication: Risks Associated With Pregnancy in

Primigravida Women

Jyoti Arora Bharat College of Nursing, Baba Farid University of Health Sciences, Jalandhar, Punjab, India

Primigravida is a term used to refer to

women who are pregnant for the first time.

Certain pregnancies get affected by

different kinds of warning signs that are

indications of possible danger during

pregnancy regarding complications. In

such cases women should be aware of

factual information regarding warning

signs. Primigravida women may have

knowledge of warning signs during

pregnancy, which is influenced by their

demographic variables like age, type of

family, religion, area of residence,

educational status and family income. The

modifying factors and perceptual factors

directly influence them to participate in

health promotion activities. The outcome

of this can be very poor, poor, average,

good and very good knowledge. The

primigravida women with very good and

good knowledge are capable of enhancing

the likelihood for having active role to

overcome the problem. Thereby,

promoting the health and for better

adoption of treatment modalities.

On the other hand, the primigravida

women with average knowledge and poor

and very poor knowledge can result in

likelihood for having moderate and not

having any active role respectively, in

overcoming the problem. This can lead to

poor management modalities. At this

junction a researcher can provide health

education material on warning signs

during pregnancy in the view to improve

the existing knowledge which acts as cues

to action to obtain a very good level of

knowledge on warning signs during

pregnancy.

According to statistical reports from World

Health Organization, approximately 53%

of African women, followed by Asians

(42%) and Latin Americans (4%), die each

year due to pregnancy or childbirth related

complications. Less than 1% of maternal

deaths occur in developed countries.[1]

According to a study by Gupta N, five

direct obstetric causes that can lead to

four–fifths of the maternal deaths

worldwide, can actually be prevented and

managed. The direct causes include severe

bleeding (81%), sepsis (15%), unsafe

abortions (13%), eclampsia (12%), and

obstructed labor (8%). Other direct causes

are ectopic pregnancy (8%), embolism.

Indirect causes (19%) are malaria, anemia

and heart diseases.[2]

As per another study conducted by Prual

A, Bouvier, Bernis, Breart on direct

causes, incidence, and fatality rates with

respect to maternal morbidity, the direct

causes of severe maternal morbidity

includes hemorrhage (3.05 per 100 live

births), obstructed labor (2.05 per 100), 23

cases of which involved uterine rupture

(0.12 per 100). Other direct obstetric

causes accounted for 12.2% of cases. The

mortality rates were very high for sepsis

(33.3%), uterine rupture (30.4%) and

eclampsia (18.4%); hemorrhage varied

from 1.9% for antepartum hemorrhage to



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A Short Review Article on Knowledge and Attitude of Child

Adoption among Infertile Couple

Laxami Thakur Bharat College of Nursing, Punjab, India

Infertility is quite common among couples

nowadays. The standard of living of

today’s generation is one of the major

causes that contribute to it. Infertility is

referred to as the incompetence to

conceive after 12 months of unprotected

sexual intercourse. Having a child in a

couple’s life is the greatest happiness a

couple can experience. Due to this infertile

couples can also look for child adoption as

an alternative. Child adoption is the

process by which a child is taken in to a

family by one or more adults who are not

the biological parents; but are recognized

as child’s parents by the law. Infertile

couples often have different personal

opinions or views regarding child

adoption.

A study was conducted by EzugWu FO,

Obi SN, Onah H.E in 2002 on knowledge,

attitude and practice of child adoption

amongst infertile women in Nigeria.

According to the results, 86.4% of the

target population for the study was had

knowledge regarding child adoption,

followed by 27.3%, who knew its correct

meaning, 21.6% women knew the

procedure to adopt a baby while the rest

did not have any idea regarding adoption.

69.3% of women stated their reluctance to

adopt a baby while the remaining 30.7%

were prepared to adopt a child. The

conclusion drawn from this study was that,

although majority of Nigerian women who

were infertile and had taken part in the

study, had heard about child adoption,

whereas, only a fraction of them knew its

real meaning, its legal procedure and

protocol.[1,2]

Karpel L, Frydman N, Hesters L, Fanchin

R, Frydman R, Flis-Trèves M.(1999) did a

study on the location of adoption for

couples engaged in medical help for

reproduction. Results from the study

implied that 49% of the couples were not

in support of adoption, particularly when

they had already conceived earlier through

medical help. 84.5% considered adoption

as an alternative as soon as they got to

know about their infertility, 69% had

shown their interest in adoption by reading

books, watching television or by speaking

with adoptive parents or adopted children.

29% had begun the procedure for

adoption, out of which, only 18% actually

meant to adopt a child.[3]

Archana Banyal (2009) conducted a study

on the factors influencing the decisions for

child adoption among the infertile couples

attending the outpatient department of

obstetrics and gynecology at All India

Institute of Medical Sciences in India. The

study consists of 25 infertile couples. The

findings revealed that 56% of the total

sample favored child adoption among

which 52% were in the age group of 26-30

years and 83.33% in the age group of

31.35 years. 50% of the sample that

favored for adoption wanted a male child,

14.29% opted for a female child, 35.71%

had no preference and 57.14% of couples

wanted to adopt a relatives child.[4]

Mechanical Engineering

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Computer Science and Engineering

Nanotechnology« International Journal of Solid State Materials« International Journal of Optical Sciences

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016


Nursing Critical

Care

www.journalspub.com

Jan – Jun 2016 IJNCC