International Journal of Microwave Engineering and Technology (Vol 2 Issue 2)

International Journal of

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Jul–Dec 2016 IJMET

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Technologies« International Journal of Digital Electronics« International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

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Computer Science and Engineering « International Journal of Wireless Network Security« International Journal of Algorithms Design and Analysis« International Journal of Mobile Computing Devices« International Journal of Software Computing and Testing« International Journal of Data Structures and Algorithms

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Puneet Mehrotra

Managing Director

1. Simulation of Pyramidal Structures of Coco Peat and Coconut Shell Activated Carbon as Radar Absorbing Material Suneet Gupta, Gagan Deep Aul 1

2. A Next Generation Wireless Power Transmission – A Review Ajay Kumar 7

3. A Partial Defected Ground Microstrip Array Antenna for Energy Harvesting at GSM Band with Enhanced Bandwidth and GainR. Chouhan, P.K. Singhal 12

4. A Review Paper on Smart AntennaVikas Choudhary 18

5. Efficient Tracking of Mobile Objects in Wireless Sensor Network Using BFOAPuneet Garg 22

6. Reduced the Size of Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna by Using Double Sided MetamaterialAnkit Shrivastava, Bimal Garg 28

Contents

IJMET (2016) 1-6 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1

International Journal of Microwave Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2455-0337

Vol. 2: Issue 2 www.journalspub.com

Simulation of Pyramidal Structures of Coco Peat and Coconut Shell Activated Carbon as Radar Absorbing Material

Suneet Gupta, Gagan Deep Aul*

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, DAV University, Jalandhar, India

ABSTRACT

Shape is the main parameter that influences the performance of the pyramidal microwave absorber. The pyramidal shape is mostly installed in the anechoic chamber. But the shapes of these pyramidal structures are very large. The aim is to design a structure of pyramidal absorber with different materials and with low height to achieve maximum absorption. In this paper, we have investigated the different structures of the pyramidal absorber and simulate their dielectric properties and reflection loss. It is shown in this paper that the maximum absorption achieved by the material is coco peat + coconut shell activated carbon with the single pyramidal absorber of (10X10X10) cm dimensions of about -60 dB. In the dimension of (5X5X10) cm pyramidal absorber structure. Keywords: CSAC, dielectric loss, microwave, radar INTRODUCTION As the increase in the demand of Radar Absorbing Material (RAM), the agricultural materials are used as a base material. This waste material has the capability to use as alternative material for pyramidal microwave absorber in radio frequency. Because of its extremely low cost, it became the most effective substitute of conventional microwave absorber present in the industry. In this section, the field of microwave (radar) absorbing materials (RAM) is reviewed with consideration of the historical development, physical theory, design optimization and materials behind these devices. The technique used to generate low reflectivity is to match the impedance of the electromagnetic radiation at the air-absorber interface, permit the electromagnetic radiation to propagate into the absorber. Another technique used is to create the destructive interference between the electromagnetic waves reflecting from different layers of the absorber. The reflectivity by these absorbers can be

calculated if the thickness, permittivity and permeability of all layers are known. The method is to calculate the reflection and transmission coefficients for each layer, based on the permittivity and permeability, and then recursively propagate the EM field through the absorber [6]. The dielectric materials are the material having μ=1. The dielectric properties (ɛ) of the material can be represented by complex Permittivity and is shown as ɛ=ɛʹ-jɛʺ (1) The other factors on which the EM wave absorption depends are tangent loss, reflection coefficient and return loss which can be calculated with the formulas given below tan δ= ɛʺ (2) ɛʹ ρ=∣Ѓ∣=(VSWR-1)/(VSWR+1) (3)




A Next Generation Wireless Power Transmission – A Review

Ajay Kumar* Department of Electronics and Communication, Doon Valley Institute of Engineering and Technology, Karnal,

Haryana, India

ABSTRACT

Presently, we display the idea of transmitting force without utilizing wires i.e., transmitting power as Beneficial too require based cutting edge control transmission system. Wireless power transmission Transfer the power starting with one place then onto the next is to diminish the transmission and circulation misfortunes. We likewise have talked about the innovative improvements in Wireless Power Transmission (WPT). The favorable circumstances, weaknesses, natural effects and uses of WPT are additionally exhibited. The fundamental idea driving this is Magnetic Resonance. Two resonant objects of the same resonant frequency tend to trade energy productively, while scattering generally little energy in superfluous off-full protests. In frameworks of coupled resonances, there is frequently a general "Strongly Coupled" administration of operation. In the event that one can work in that administration in a given system, the energy exchange is required to be extremely productive. Keeping in view, the need of great importance and country, let it ought to happen sooner than later.

Keywords: magnetic resonance, microwave power transmission, wireless power transmission, wireless sensor network INTRODUCTION Wireless power transfer (WPT) is the transmission of electrical power from a power source to a devouring gadget without utilizing discrete synthetic channels. Analysts have built up a few strategies for moving power over long separation without wires. Some exist just as hypotheses or models however others are as of now being used. This paper gives the methods used to remote power transmission. It is a nonspecific term that alludes to various diverse power transmission innovations that utilization time differing electromagnetic fields. Wireless transmission system essentially is a guideline to exchange the power through remote. The primary ever rule which appeared war "Witricity". The Term

"Witricity" is only the short name of Wireless Electricity. The essential idea driving this is Magnetic Resonance. Two thunderous objects of the same full recurrence tend to trade vitality effectively, while scattering moderately little vitality in superfluous off resounding articles. In systems of coupled resonances, there is regularly a general "Firmly Coupled" administration of operation. In the event that one can work in that administration in a given system, the vitality exchange is relied upon to be extremely proficient. One of the significant issue in power system is the misfortunes happens amid the transmission and dissemination of electrical influence. As the request builds step by step, the power era increments and




A Partial Defected Ground Microstrip Array Antenna for Energy Harvesting at GSM Band with Enhanced Bandwidth and Gain

R. Chouhan*, P.K. Singhal

Department of Electronics Engineering, Madhav Institute of Technology and Science, Gwalior, India

ABSTRACT

An array of 2×1 microstrip patch antenna array is designed having a defected ground partial ground plane. This array covers the entire GSM band defined by IEEE standards i.e. 890–960 MHz. It is a Wide Band microstrip patch array with enhanced gain and directivity compared to conventional single microstrip patch antenna. Partial ground plane increases the bandwidth of the antenna, thus by creating a partial ground plane of right dimension we can enhance bandwidth over the entire GSM band or further. The radiation pattern of designed antenna is approximately Omnidirectional that is same as antennas used for mobile communication. Keywords: microstrip array, partial ground, rectangular microstrip patch antenna, RF energy harvesting INTRODUCTION Microstrip array antenna [1] has many advantages as that of single microstrip patch antenna [2, 3] in terms of radiation pattern, gain, directivity. RF energy harvesting drawn the interest of research scholars to avert the wastage of RF energy being transmitted [4]. Utilization of Energy upto its maximum capacity through reducing losses would be a step towards clean environment. Traditionally bandwidth and gain enhancement has been matter of concern for antenna designers since a faithful gain at particular band of frequency is must for faithful radiation [5]. A corporate feed 2×1 microstrip antenna array is designed and fabricated operating at GSM band for gain and directivity enhancement while partial defected ground plane is the key factor for bandwidth enhancement and antenna’s pattern [6]. SINGLE PATCH ANTENNA Before designing an array a single patch antenna is designed [7]. The Figure 1 shows 3D view of basic RMPA.

Conventional RMPA is designed using the following design equations.

Fig. 1. 3-Dimensional view of RMPA.

Design Procedure (1) Specify fr in Hz, Ɛr and h in mm of the patch. (2) For an efficient radiator, a practical width that leads to good radiation efficiencies is W = 𝐶

2𝑓ₒ√𝜀𝑟+1

2




A Review Paper on Smart Antenna

Vikas Choudhary* Department of Electronics, Vaish College, Rohtak, India

ABSTRACT

In the recent years, progression in media transmission innovations and the expanding interest of information rate has propelled the upgraded utilization of frequency range. One procedure for the proficient use of recurrence is Smart Antenna system. They give a keen answer for the issue of correspondence movement over-burden i.e. they increment the activity limit. Smart Antenna advancements will change the financial matters of 3G radio systems. They give either a major information capacity gain or a signing of base stations required to accomplish a base level of administration. This paper is a review of Smart Antenna innovation, their advantages is centered on deciding the possibility of smart transmit and receive handset antennas. Keyword: adaptive array, 3G, phase array, smart antenna INTRODUCTION A smart antenna is a digital wireless communications antenna system that exploits differing qualities impact at the source (transmitter), the destination (receiver), or both. Assorted qualities impact includes the transmission or reception of various radio frequency (RF) waves to expand information speed and lessen the mistake rate. In conventional wireless communications, a single antenna is utilized at the source, and another single reception antenna is utilized at the destination. This is called SISO (single information, single yield). Such system defenseless against issues created by multipath impacts. At the point when an electromagnetic field (EM field) is met with obstacles, for example, slopes, gorge, structures, and utility wires, the wave fronts are scattered, and in this manner they take numerous ways to achieve the destination. The late entry of scattered segments of the flag causes issues, for example, blurring, cut-out

(precipice impact), and irregular gathering (picket fencing). In an advanced correspondences framework like the Internet, it can bring about a diminishment in information speed and an expansion in the quantity of mistakes. The utilization of shrewd receiving wires can decrease or wipe out the inconvenience created by multipath wave engendering. Smart antennas fall into three noteworthy classifications: SIMO (single input, multiple output), MISO (multiple input, single output), and MIMO (multiple input, multiple output). In SIMO innovation, one antenna is utilized at the source, and at least two antennas are utilized at the goal. In MISO innovation, at least two antennas are utilized at the source, and one antenna is utilized at the goal. In MIMO innovation, numerous antennas are utilized at both the source and the goal. MIMO has pulled in the most consideration as of late in light of the fact that it cannot just dispense with the unfriendly impacts of




Efficient Tracking of Mobile Objects in Wireless Sensor Network Using BFOA

Puneet Garg*

Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Ganga Institute of Technology and Management, Kablana, Jhajjar, Haryana, India

ABSTRACT

Wireless Sensor Network has the probability to interface the physical world with the virtual world by framing a system of sensor hubs. Energy effective object tracking is one of the fundamental plan issues for wireless sensor systems. Vitality proficiency is required as the entire WSN is reliant on the force of batteries and the object tracking is required for checking the shifting rate of target, target exactness and missing target recuperation. BFOA works for giving the energy productive groups and bunch head choice and the assignment of object tracking is performed by forecast based grouping algorithm.

Keywords: algorithm, BFOA, object tracking, WSN INTRODUCTION In wireless sensor arranges there are a few wireless sensors which are equipped for detecting a unique wonder in the earth and send the information back to one or a few base stations. The fundamental element of WSN that makes it novel is its adaptability as far as the state of the system and portability of the sensors. With no wires, WSN can be sent in territories where normal sensor systems can't work. Likewise the self-forming highlight of WSN, alongside the opportunity of the remote sensors development makes it a perfect apparatus for the circumstances where the sensors are portable. Having these components, WSN is utilized as a part of therapeutic applications, military purposes, hazardous situation observing and so on [1, 2]. The adaptability of wireless sensor systems accompanies a progression of difficulties. Since remote sensors are not physically associated with any focal source

they are totally subject to their battery to work; additionally remote sensors positions are not decided preceding the system arrangement, along these lines sensors ought to have the capacity to work in a way that can consequently create an ideal directing way and convey the detected data back to the base-station. Base-station coordinates the got information and applies a procedure over it and sends the outcomes to be seen by a client or for further preparing. Every remote sensor hub is not physically associated with any wellspring of force, in this way its own battery is the main dependable power supply for it. Sensor hubs are likewise obliged on data transfer capacity. Considering these two impediments, steering and detecting calculations that utilization inventive strategies to protect the force of the sensors are required [3]. Since the lifetime of the system is exceptionally reliant on the lifetime of the Sensors Sensing Environment Base-Station sensors'




Reduced the Size of Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna by Using Double Sided Metamaterial

Ankit Shrivastava*, Bimal Garg

Department of Electronics Engineering, Madhav Institute of Technology and Science, Gwalior, India

ABSTRACT

This paper, present the design of double sided metamaterial which reduces the size of rectangular microstrip patch antenna. First of all, design the rectangular microstrip patch antenna (RMPA) then simulate it with and without metameterial. Without metamaterial, rectangular microstrip patch antenna, is resonate at 5.54 Ghz and its gain is 1.79 dB, directivity is 4.81 dBi and its total efficiency is 30% and with metamaterial RMPA is resonate at frequency is 2.24 Ghz and gain is 2.03 dB and directivity is 5.22 dBi, efficiency is 48.27%. The result indicates that metamatarial based rectangular microstrip patch antenna reduces the size as well as increases the performance of antenna. Keywords: RMPA, NRW method, impedance bandwidth, gain, return loss INTRODUCTION Metamaterials are artificially structured to have properties which are not found in nature, they are built by periodically arranging unit cell and these unit cells are not made of physical atom and molecules, instead it contain small metallic resonator which interact with external electromagnetic wave. Metamaterial have negative permittivity εr<<<<0 and negative permeability [1–6] µr<<<<0. Metamaterial was first introduced by Victor Vesalago in 1967 [1,7,8], but only as a theoretical concept. Veselago remain silent for next 29 year and in 1996, J.B pendry published research on artificial metallic construction which exhibit negative permittivity and negative permeability [3]. Later in year 2001 Dr. smith [2], fabricated a structure with spilt ring resonator and thin wire and its named as LHM [9–15]. Here computer simulation technology (CST) microwave studio 2010 software has been used for designing and simulation. CST-MW Studio is best software for simulation and designing. S11

and S21 parameter was obtained from CST-MW Studio software then exported to microsoft excel for calculation of permittivity and permeability by using Nicoloson-Ross-Wier (NRW) approach. FORMULATION AND DESIGNING Rectangular Microstrip patch antenna (RMPA) parameters are calculated by the formulas which are given below: Calculation of width (W):

W= 1

2𝑓𝑟√µ𝑜𝜀𝑜√

2

𝜀𝑟+1 = 𝐶

2𝑓𝑟√

2

𝜀𝑟+1 (1)

where C=free space velocity of light, εr=Dielectric constant of substrate The effective dielectric constant of the microstrip patch antenna εeff=

εr+1

2 + εr−1

2( 1

√1+12h

w

) (2)

International Journal of

Microwave Engineering & Technology

Jul–Dec 2016 IJMET

Mechanical Engineering

Electronics and Telecommunication Chemical Engineering

Architecture

Office No-4, 1 Floor, CSC, Pocket-E,Mayur Vihar, Phase-2, New Delhi-110091, India

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¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy andApplications

¬ International Journal of Production Engineering¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

and Design¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation

« International Journal of Radio Frequency Design« International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology« International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies« International Journal of Digital Electronics« International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Signals

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Applied Mechanics

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Computer Science and Engineering « International Journal of Wireless Network Security« International Journal of Algorithms Design and Analysis« International Journal of Mobile Computing Devices« International Journal of Software Computing and Testing« International Journal of Data Structures and Algorithms

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Physics

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Pollution

Civil Engineering« International Journal of Water Resources Engineering« International Journal of Concrete Technology« International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis« International Journal of Construction Engineering and

Planning

Electrical Engineering« International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits« International Journal of Automatic Control System« International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives« International Journal of Electrical Communication

Engineering« International Journal of Integrated Electronics Systems and

Circuits

Material Sciences and Engineering « International Journal of Energetic Materials« International Journal of Bionics and Bio-Materials« International Journal of Ceramics and Ceramic Technology« International Journal of Bio-Materials and Biomedical

Engineering

Chemistry « International Journal of Photochemistry« International Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry« International Journal of Green Chemistry« International Journal of Chemical and Molecular

Engineering

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Biomaterials« International Journal of Plant Biotechnology« International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology« International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules« International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and

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International Journal of Microwave Engineering and Technology (Vol 2 Issue 2)