International Journal of I.C. Engines and Gas Turbines vol 2 issue 2

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« International Journal of Radio Frequency Design« International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology« International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

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Civil Engineering« International Journal of Water Resources Engineering« International Journal of Concrete Technology« International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis« International Journal of Construction Engineering and

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Electrical Engineering« International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits« International Journal of Automatic Control System« International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives« International Journal of Electrical Communication

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Material Sciences and Engineering « International Journal of Energetic Materials« International Journal of Bionics and Bio-Materials« International Journal of Ceramics and Ceramic Technology« International Journal of Bio-Materials and Biomedical

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EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS

Dr. Chitranjan AgarwalCollege of Technology and Engineering,

Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, (Rajasthan), India

Dr. Veeredhi Vasudeva RaoCollege of Science Engineering and

Technology, University of South Africa, South Africa

Dr. Balram KunduDepartment of Mechanical Engineering,

Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India

Shivaji BhandarkarDepartment of Automobile Engineering,Pusa Institute, DTTE, New Delhi, India

Mr. Anjaneya GorkalRVCE, Bengaluru, India

Bo-Wun HuangDepartment of Mechanical Engineering,

Cheng Shiu University, Taiwan

Dr. Harishankar ChandraDepartment of Mechanical Engineering,Vishwavidyalaya Engineering College,

Lakhanpur Sarguja University, Ambikapur

(Chhattisgarh), India

Dr. Jayanta Kumar BiswasDr. Jayanta Kumar Biswas Associate Professor & Head Department of Ecological Engineering

& Environmental Management and Coordinator, International Centre for

Ecological Engineering University of Kalyani Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal

Dr Shaharin A. SulaimanDr Shaharin A. Sulaiman, Associate Professor,

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Petronas, 31750 Tronoh,

Perak Malaysia, Malaysia

Dr. Mark OvinisSenior Lecturer Mechanical Engineering

Department Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS 32610 Bandar Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia,

Malaysia

Dr. R. SuriyaprabhaCentre for Nanoscience and Technology, K. S.

Rangasamy College of Technology, Tiruchengode, Tamil Nadu India, India

Dr. Nikhil Dev GargAssistant Professor, YMCA University of

Science & Technology, Faridabad, Haryana, India

Jahar SarkarDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, IIT

Varanasi, India

Qingsong WangState Key Laboratory of Fire Science,

University of Science and Technology of China

Dr Ramjee RepakaIndian Institute of Technology Ropar, India

Dr. Sarang PandeFaculty of PG and Research, Marwadi Education Foundation, Rajkot, India

Dr. Masoud AsgariFaculty of Mechanical Engineering, K.N. Toosi

University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.

From the Editor's Desk

Dear Readers,

We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly

journal, International Journal of I.C. Engines and Gas Turbines. This journal is part of the

Engineering Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present I.C. Engines and Gas Turbines

from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging

technologies.

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excellently, well-time & successfully.

International Journal of I.C. Engines and Gas Turbines focuses on original high-quality research in the

realm of Two-stroke, four-stroke (Otto cycle) and six-stroke engine, Diesel engine and Wankel rotary engine,

Atkinson cycle, Engine configurations, Jet engines and Turboprop engines, Aeroderivative and amateur gas

turbines, Gas turbine locomotive etc.

The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of I.C. Engines

and Gas Turbines and solutions in the area.

Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the I.C. Engines and Gas

Turbines community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of

creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting

new developments in the field of I.C. Engines and Gas Turbines.

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editorial staff of Journals Pub, who supported us at every stage of the project.

It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for engineering readers and will

stimulate further research into the vibrant area of I.C. Engines and Gas Turbines.

Puneet Mehrotra

Managing Director

1. A Brief Note on of Spark Ignition Engine C. Chinglenthoiba, V. Balaji, B. Abbas, A. Madhan Kumar 1

2. A Short Note on I.C. Engine and Its Components C. Chinglenthoiba, V. Balaji, B. Abbas, A. Madhan Kumar 3

3. Performance Analysis of a Biodiesel Fuelled Diesel Engine with the Effect of Titanium Oxide (TiO )-Coated Piston2

K. Kusuma, E.L. Nagesh 7

4. Effect of Various Parameters on Engine Performance and Emissions for a Single Cylinder VCR Diesel EngineNaveen Kumar Sain, Ashish Nayyar, Chandan Kumar 20

5. A Review on Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engine Fueled With BiodieselMahesh Chand Saini, Omprakash Gurjar 26

Contents

IJICEGT (2016) 1-2 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1

International Journal of I.C. Engine and Gas Turbines Vol. 2: Issue 2

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A Brief Note on of Spark Ignition Engine

C. Chinglenthoiba*, V. Balaji, B. Abbas, A. Madhan Kumar Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mahendra Engineering College Namakkal, Affiliated to Anna

University, Chennai, India

ABSTRACT

The main objective of automobile industry is set on developing efficient engine technology that can bring a breakthrough in minimal fuel dissipation along with reduction in pollution. In this article, a short description is presented about the use of SI ignition engine based on Otto cycle principle. Advantages and disadvantages have been realized to influence on commercial use of SI ignition engine in vehicles.

Keywords: compression, gasoline, Otto cycle, polluting, SI engine

INTRODUCTION

Spark Ignition Engine

A spark ignition (SI) engine runs on an Otto cycle – most gasoline engines run on a modified Otto cycle. This cycle uses a homogeneous air-fuel mixture which is combined prior to entering the combustion chamber. Once in the combustion chamber, the mixture is compressed, and then ignited using a spark plug (spark ignition). The SI engine is controlled by limiting the amount of air allowed into the engine. This is accomplished through the use of a throttling valve placed on the air intake (carburetor or throttle body). Mitsubishi is working on the development of a certain type of SI engine called the gasoline direct injection engine.[1–5]

ADVANTAGES

A century of development and refinement – For the last century the SI engine has been developed and used widely in automobiles. Continual development of this technology has produced an engine that easily meets emissions and fuel economy standards. With current computer controls and reformulated gasoline, today's engines

are much more efficient and less polluting than those built 20 years ago.[6–11]

Low cost – The SI engine is the lowest cost engine because of the huge volume currently produced.

DISADVANTAGES

The SI engine has a few weaknesses that have not been significant problems in the past, but may become problems in the future.[12–23] Difficulty in meeting future emissions

and fuel economy standards at a reasonable cost - Technology has progressed and will enable the SI engine to meet current standards, but as requirements become tougher to meet, the associated engine cost will continue to rise.

Throttling loss lowers the efficiency - To control an SI engine, the air allowed into the engine is restricted using a throttling plate. The engine is constantly fighting to draw air past the throttle, which expends energy.

Friction loss due to many moving parts - The SI engine is very complex and



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A Short Note on I.C. Engine and Its Components

C. Chinglenthoiba*, V. Balaji, B. Abbas, A. Madhan Kumar Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mahendra Engineering College Namakkal, Affiliated to Anna

University, Chennai, India

ABSTRACT

This article presents a brief description of IC engine and its components. Working principle is also explained which conveys a clear idea about efficiency that it starts immediately without much efforts and has higher efficiency than the external combustion engine. Other aspect of IC is that it is portable because of its light weight and compact size. Since it is safer to use, IC engine is commonly preferred for various industrial applications.

Keywords: combustion, crankshaft, cylinder, efficiency, four stroke

INTRODUCTION

The foremost commercial model of an IC engine was successfully developed by Étienne Lenoir around 1859. Later, the modern version of it was created by Nikolaus Otto in 1876. The modern version was then utilized in most of the IC engine applications. Lately practical designs have compromised by trade-offs between different properties like efficiency, weight, power, heat, response, exhaust emissions or noise. Efforts are going on in increasing the efficiency of IC engines that will lead to better fuel economy but only if the fuel cost per energy content is the same. Over last 30 years, research and development has helped manufacturers reduce ICE emissions of criteria pollutants, such as nitrogen oxides and particulate matter by more than 99%. Internal combustion engines are those heat engines that burn their fuel inside the engine cylinder. In internal combustion engine the chemical energy stored in their operation. The heat energy is converted in to mechanical energy by the expansion of gases against the piston attached to the crankshaft that can rotate. IC engine is applied in road vehicles, light- weighted aircrafts, motorboats and other small machines such

as lawn mowers, chain saws and portable engine generators.[1–15] ENGINE TERMINOLOGY

The engine terminologies are detailed below.

Cylinder

It is a cylindrical vessel or space in which the piston makes a reciprocating motion.

Piston

It is a cylindrical component fitted to the cylinder which transmits the bore of explosion to the crankshaft.

Combustion Chamber

It is the space exposed in the upper part of the cylinder where the combustion of fuel takes place.

Connecting Rod

It inter connects the piston and the crankshaft and transmits the reciprocating motion of the piston into the rotary motion of crankshaft.

IJICEGT (2016) 7–19 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 7

International Journal of I.C. Engines and Gas Turbines Vol. 2: Issue 2

www.journalspub.com

Performance Analysis of a Biodiesel Fuelled Diesel Engine with

the Effect of Titanium Oxide (TiO2)-Coated Piston

K. Kusuma*, E.L. Nagesh Department of Mechanical Engineering, JNTUH, Hyderabad, India

St. Peter’s Engineering College, Hyderabad, India

ABSTRACT

Biodiesel is one of the best alternative fuel to diesel engine among other sources due to having potential to reduce emissions. Biodiesel is a renewable, biodegradable and environment friendly fuel in nature. The advantages of biodiesel are lower exhaust gas emissions and its biodegradability and renewability compared with petroleum based diesel fuel. The energy of the biodiesel can be released more efficiently with the concept of semi adiabatic (thermal barrier coated piston) engine. The objective of this study is to investigate the performance and emission characteristics of a single cylinder direct injection (DI) diesel engine using 25% biodiesel blend (Jatropha Di-Ethyl Ether: JDEE) as fuel with thermal barrier coated piston. Initially the piston crown was coated with Titanium Oxide (TiO2) of thickness of 300 micron (0.3mm) by plasma coating method. The results revealed that the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) was increased by 4% and BSFC was decreased by 9% for B25 with coated piston compared to uncoated piston with diesel. The smoke, CO and HC emissions were also decreased for B25 blend with coated piston compared with the uncoated piton engine. The combustion characteristics such as peak pressure, maximum rate of pressure rise and heat release rate were increased and the ignition delay was decreased for B25 blend for the coated piston compared with diesel fuel. Keywords: biodiesel, combustion, diesel engine, emission, Jatropha di-ethyl ether INTRODUCTION

Energy demand is increasing day by day due to modernization and industrialization of any country in world wide. Most of the developing countries like India import fossil fuels to fulfil their energy demand. In the current situation, fast depletion of fossil fuels, increasing cost of petroleum fuels and stringent emission norms imposed by the government have urged the researchers to search for an alternative fuel for compression ignition engines like biofuel and biomass. Vegetable oils and biomass fuels have been found to be potential fuel for diesel engines. These fuels are easily available, biodegradable, environment friendly and renewable in

nature.[1,2] The use of raw vegetable oils used as fuel for diesel engines without modification causes some damage to parts of the engine and also, the performance is greatly affected.[3,4] However, the long term operation of the engine problems of injector coking, dilution of engine oil, deposits in various parts of the engine due to its higher viscosity.[5] Purushothaman and Nagarajan[6] conducted the experiment in compression ignition engine to study the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a diesel engine using with orange oil and reported that that the brake thermal efficiency was higher



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Effect of Various Parameters on Engine Performance and

Emissions for a Single Cylinder VCR Diesel Engine

Naveen Kumar Sain*, Ashish Nayyar, Chandan Kumar Department of Mechanical Engineering, Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology, Management and

Gramothan, Jaipur, India

ABSTRACT

Diesel Engines are playing crucial role in field of automobile in current scenario. In Present world there are so many research works are going on in the field of renewable energy sources to replace conventional sources. Variable Compression Ratio (VCR) Engine provides facility to change engine parameters to optimize the power output and the emissions. From experimental Investigation it is clear that the better performance is obtained at 18.5 CR and 210 bar Injection pressure.

Keywords: diesel engine, emissions, smoke, variable compression ratio

INTRODUCTION

Diesel Engines are playing crucial role in field of automobile in current scenario. In Present world there are so many research works are going on in the field of renewable energy sources to replace conventional sources. But it is not very easy to replace diesel engines with other engines when the matter comes about power and reliability. The Emissions from Diesel Engines are very harmful for the environment as well as for humans. The Major Emissions are NOx and Smoke which need to be controlled in an effective manner. Due to smoke formation power output from the engine is reduced and this phenomenon is known as smoke limited power. So to improve the engine performance smoke must be minimizing by any means. A lot of research is going on to reduce the emissions from Compression Ignition engines by using some additives, use of alternative fuels etc. An another method for reducing the emissions is to find the optimum engine parameters like Compression Ratio, Injection Pressure, Injection timing etc. in

common engines we cannot change the engine parameters easily without any modification. But Variable Compression Ratio (VCR) Engine provides facility to change engine parameters to optimize the power output and the emissions. In this study we are using a single cylinder VCR Diesel Engine to determine the engine parameters to find the improved performance with reduced emissions [1–5].

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

The schematic layout of the experimental setup for the present investigation is shown in Figure 1. It consists of a test-bed, having a diesel engine, eddy current dynamometer, fuel tank, air box, computerized data acquisition panel having controls and displays for different thermocouples, speed sensor, and flow meters. Fuel supply is measured using load cell. AVL 437C smoke meter will be used to measure exhaust smoke. Other emissions will be measured with the help of i3syssix gas analyzer.

IJICGT (2016) 26-32 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 26


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A Review on Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel

Engine Fueled With Biodiesel

Mahesh Chand Saini, Omprakash Gurjar Department of Mechanical, Poornima University, Jaipur, India

ABSTRACT

With increasing energy demands in the transport sectors and power generation together with the limited availability of fossil fuels and the adverse environmental effects causing from their use attracts a lot off researchers towards finding alternative fuels to successively substitute conventional fuels. Among the alternative fuels, biodiesel has received great attention due to their attractive characteristics of being renewable in nature. A lot of research has been done on performance and emission characteristics of the diesel engine fueled with biodiesel. In this paper a review report is presented on biodiesel engine performances and emissions on the basis of the research papers which are published by highly rated scientific indexes journals. From these reports, the effect of biodiesel on engine power, durability, economy and emissions, including regulated and non-regulated emissions and the corresponding effect factors are analyzed and surveyed with deep attention. The use of biodiesel leads to the accountable reduction in HC and CO emissions accompanying with the insignificant power loss, the increase in fuel consumption and the increase in NOx emission on conventional diesel engines with no or minor modification. Keywords: biodiesel, brake power, BSFC, emission, thermal efficiency

INTRODUCTION

Rapid growth in population and industrialization results in the rapid increase in energy demand. All countries are dependent on fossil fuel to fulfill their energy demands. Increase in energy demand due to growth in population affects the underground fossil fuel resources and worldwide petroleum consumption steadily increases. The total consumption in 2009 was 4,060 million tons, with an average annual growth rate of about 1.5 % in the last 20 years. Due to this, crude oil is becoming more expensive, limited and a highly volatile commodity. The annual statistical review of world energy was estimated the 1.7 X 105 million tons of proven oil reserves in late 2008, that is a reserve to production

ratio of 42 years. Now a day, the worldwide transportation sector is almost entirely dependent on petroleum-derived fuels. Petroleum-based products are one of the main causes of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions to the atmosphere. The transport sector creates one-fifth of global CO2 emissions that accounts for about 60% of global oil consumption. Around the world about 806 million cars and light trucks were on the road in 2007. These numbers are projected to increase to 1.3 billion by 2030 and to over 2 billion vehicles by 2050. This growth will affect the stability of global climate and ecosystems as well as global oil reserves. In order to prevent this problem, researchers are looking for alternative

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¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy andApplications

¬ International Journal of Production Engineering¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

and Design¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation

« International Journal of Radio Frequency Design« International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology« International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies« International Journal of Digital Electronics« International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Signals

« International Journal of Housing and Human SettlementPlanning

« International Journal of Architecture and Infrastructure Planning

« International Journal of Rural and Regional Planning Development

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Applied Mechanics

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Computer Science and Engineering « International Journal of Wireless Network Security« International Journal of Algorithms Design and Analysis« International Journal of Mobile Computing Devices« International Journal of Software Computing and Testing« International Journal of Data Structures and Algorithms

Nanotechnology« International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology« International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures« International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

« International Journal of Solid State Materials« International Journal of Optical Sciences

Physics

« International Journal of Renewable Energy and itsCommercialization

« International Journal of Environmental Chemistry« International Journal of Agrochemistry« International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution

Civil Engineering« International Journal of Water Resources Engineering« International Journal of Concrete Technology« International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis« International Journal of Construction Engineering and

Planning

Electrical Engineering« International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits« International Journal of Automatic Control System« International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives« International Journal of Electrical Communication

Engineering« International Journal of Integrated Electronics Systems and

Circuits

Material Sciences and Engineering « International Journal of Energetic Materials« International Journal of Bionics and Bio-Materials« International Journal of Ceramics and Ceramic Technology« International Journal of Bio-Materials and Biomedical

Engineering

Chemistry « International Journal of Photochemistry« International Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry« International Journal of Green Chemistry« International Journal of Chemical and Molecular

Engineering

« International Journal of Electro Mechanics andMechanical Behaviour

« International Journal of Machine Design andManufacturing

« International Journal of Mechanical Dynamicsand Analysis

« International Journal of Fracture and damageMechanics

« International Journal of Structural Mechanicsand Finite Elements

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Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and

Biomaterials« International Journal of Plant Biotechnology« International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology« International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules« International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and

Applications3 more...

Nursing « International Journal of Immunological Nursing« International Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing« International Journal of Neurological Nursing« International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing« International Journal of Oncological Nursing

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I.C. Engines

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