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1. Measurement of Chakra Energy: Effect of Different Activities on Consciousness Ankita Soni, Sulochana Wadhwani, Devendra Kumar Chaturvedi 1
2. A Study of Modified Space Vector PWM Based Algorithm for Multilevel Inverter Akhilesh Kumar Tripath, Imran Khan, Rafat Qunai, Malik Rafi 6
3. Output Analysis of Solar Power System Using One-Diode Model of PV Cell Based on MATLABHemant Kumar Sharma, Hitesh Verma, Deepak Parashar 16
4. A Relative Study of Employees Occupational Stress in Public and Private SectorRamachandran Narayanan 24
5. Puppet: A ReviewSavita Sehgal, Neetu Sharma 37
6. A New Topology for 7-Level Multilevel Inverter with Converting Its Optimal StructureRajat Singh Kushwah, Praveen Bansal 47
7. Prepaid Energy Meter With 8051 Microcontroller Using GSMSantosh Agrahari, Rahul Jain, Neha Patidar, Pooja Mahich, Surbhi Gupta 55
Contents
IJECE (2016) 1–5 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1
International Journal of Electrical Communication Engineering Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Measurement of Chakra Energy: Effect of Different Activities on
Consciousness
Ankita Soni1*, Sulochana Wadhwani
1, Devendra Kumar Chaturvedi
2
1Department of Electrical Engineering, MITS, Gwalior, India
2Department of Electrical Engineering, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Dayalbagh, Agra, India
Abstract
Consciousness is the measure of awareness, alertness and sensations of mind. The purpose of
this experimental study is to measure the energy of different chakra energy center (eye center
and throat center). The motive of this study is to determine the effect of our daily routine
activities on the level of chakra energy of different chakras. In this study we observed that how
the chakra energy is related with our mental state and our daily activities. For this
experimental study we use an Energy measurement system for measurement of energy level of
chakra centers. The data is collected from a group of 25 MITS hostel inmates for 7 days and the
results are tabulated and analyzed with effect of different daily routine and mental activities.
The data is also collected from the class of B.E. 1st year of mechanical engineering. In this
measurement we observed that the level of chakra energy is highest at third eye center than
lower centers and find the relation between the daily activates and chakra center energy.
Keywords: chakra energy, consciousness, eye center, throat center
INTRODUCTION
Chakras are the energy centers of our body,
located at the midline of our body. There
are many chakras present in our body, but
the basic seven chakras are the crown
chakra, the third eye chakra, the throat, the
heart the solar plexus, the sacral, and the
root chakra. Each chakra associated with
different energy levels. The level of chakra
energy is changed when the person doing
different activities related to their daily
routine. These chakras have different
energy level, and by measuring the energy
level of these chakras, we can determine
the level of consciousness of our body. The
openness and flow of energy through our
chakras determine our state of health and
balance.[1]
Consciousness is our awareness
of thoughts, sensations, and other internal
process. There are three levels of
consciousness as, physical consciousness,
mental consciousness, and spiritual
(highest level) consciousness. We can
implement this feature in different groups
like student, workers, or patients, and by
measuring the chakra energy of them we
can determine the level of consciousness. If
the value of chakra energy is higher than
the level of consciousness is more or if the
value of chakra
Energy is lower than the level of
consciousness is less. Means the person
whose chakra energy is higher, is more
conscious. This study is based on the
measurement of CHAKRA energy
Consciousness is very important term for
the performance level of human.
Consciousness level will change when we
deal with different situations. Our
experience of conscious is always changes
when our thoughts and environment is
IJECE (2016) 6–15 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 6
International Journal of Electrical Communication Engineering Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
A Study of Modified Space Vector PWM Based Algorithm for
Multilevel Inverter
Akhilesh Kumar Tripath*, Imran Khan, Rafat Qunai, Malik Rafi AZAD IET, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
Abstract This paper describes a multilevel inverter for renewable energy systems. The study is carried
out for three different cases. In the first case, one of the two dc-link capacitors of the inverter
is replaced by a battery bank and the other by a supercapacitor bank. In the second case, dc-
link capacitors are replaced by two battery banks. In the third case, ordinary dc-link
capacitors are replaced by two supercapacitor banks. The first system is supposed to mitigate
both long-term and short-term power fluctuations while the last two systems are intended for
smoothening long-term and short-term power fluctuations, respectively.
Keywords: multilevel inverter, PWM, renewable energy, super capacitor
INTRODUCTION The technology of multilevel inverter,
basically it was developed for medium
voltage drive of ac motor. Multilevel
inverter is based on the process of
composition of voltage waveform from
DC voltage level. The waveform of output
voltage add more steps with the number of
voltage level increases, and the total
harmonic distortion in output current
waveform is decrease. In comparison to
conventional two level inverter, the
switching frequency of multilevel inverter
can be lower for the same THD of the
output voltage, which means reduced
switching loss and increased efficiency.[1-5]
Fig. 1. Interface for Battery Energy Storage Scheme (a) Direct Connection to the DC Link
(b) Connection to the DC link Through a DC-DC Converter(c) Proposed Battery / Super
Capacitor Direct Integration Scheme.
IJECE (2016) 16–23 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 16
International Journal of Electrical Communication Engineering Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Output Analysis of Solar Power System Using One-Diode Model
of PV Cell Based on MATLAB
Hemant Kumar Sharma*, Hitesh Verma, Deepak Parashar
Department of Electrical Engineering, B.S.A. College of Engineering and Technology, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh,
India
Abstract This paper proposes a Simulink-based model of a solar power system using one-diode model
of PV cell. This study is based on the comparison between one-diode and two-diode model of
PV cell and determines the behavior of solar power system. The electric characteristic (I-V,
P-V) will be determined & the impact of radiation (external factors) on a one-diode model of
a PV cell has been carried out with the help of MATLAB/SIMULINK.
Keywords: cells/modules/arrays, irradiance, I-V, one-diode, photovoltaic, P-V, simulation,
two-diode
INTRODUCTION
Solar cell is basically a p-n junction
fabricate in a thin wafer or layer of
semiconductors. The electromagnetic
radiation of solar energy can be directly
converted to electricity through
photovoltaic effect.[1]
The basic view of
solar cell is shown in Figure 1. When it
exposed to sunlight, photons with energy
greater than the band-gap energy of the
semiconductor are absorbed and create
some electron-hole pair proportional to the
incident irradiation. Under the influence of
the internal electric fields of the p-n
junction, these carriers are swept apart and
create a photocurrent which is directly
proportional to solar irradiation.[2]
Fig. 1. Basic View of Solar Cell.
An accurate knowledge of solar cell
parameters from experimental data is of
vital importance for the design of solar
cells and for estimates of their
performance. Thus, different solar cell
modules have been developing to describe
their electrical behavior, but the electrical
equivalent circuit is a convenient and
common way in most simulation studies.
The five parameters of interest in the
equivalent circuit are the photo-current
(IPH), series resistance (RS), diode
saturation current (I0), shunt resistance
(RSH) and the ideality factor (a), therefore;
the evaluation of these parameters has
been the subject of investigation of several
authors. While some authors use numerical
analysis methods to solve the non-linear
implicit equation of I-V relation[3-5]
and
many uses analytical methods with a series
of simplifications and approximations.[6-8]
Naturally, PV system exhibits a nonlinear
current-voltage (I-V) and power-voltage
(P-V) characteristics which vary with the
radiant intensity and cell temperature. The
IJECE (2016) 24–36 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 24
International Journal of Electrical Communication Engineering Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
A Relative Study of Employees Occupational Stress in Public and
Private Sector
Ramachandran Narayanan*
Business Administration Wing, Directorate of Distance Education, Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu, India
Abstract
The present study aims to find out the level of occupational stress of employees working in a
public and private sector organization. A samples of 100 employees selected stratified
randomly were studied using Srivatsava and Singh (1981) scale. The results revealed that
employees differed in occupational stress on the basis of type of organizations.
Keywords: job stress, occupational stress, public and private sector
INTRODUCTION
The growth and development of
employees at higher levels of competency
is much expected in organisations. Human
resource management approach helps
people to develop self-control and
responsibility, and also tries to create a
climate in which all the employees may
contribute to the best of their improved
abilities. People acquiring expanded
capabilities and opportunities will lead
directly to improvements in operating
effectiveness.[1]
Work satisfaction also will be a direct
result, when employees make fuller use of
their capabilities. Essentially, the human
resources approach means that capable
people achieve better results. Working
men undergo much stress while they are
on the work. Such occupational stress
varies from person to person, occupation
to occupation and time to time. Bernard
(1998)[2]
opined that Occupational stress is
an adjustive demand, which occurs in the
workplace by physical, mental or
emotional factors that require coping
behaviour.
STAGES OF STRESS
Seyle (1976)[3]
described stress-related
illness in three stages as alarm stage,
resistance stage and exhaustion stage.
Alarm Stage
The alarm stage is first shock phase of
dropped resistance and trailed by counter
attack that occur during which the
individual’s defence mechanisms is
activated.
Resistance Stage
Here, occur maximum adaptations and the
individual return to equilibrium. However,
if the stressor continues of the defence
does not work, he will move on to the third
stage.
Exhaustion Stage
This phase happens on failure of adaptive
mechanisms. If this phase continues,
individual is affected physically and
mentally. Some psychological changes
such as mood change, negative emotion
and feeling of helplessness will occur
causing the individual’s decision to leave
the job and profession.
IJECE (2016) 37–46 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 37
International Journal of Electrical Communication Engineering Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Puppet: A Review
Savita Sehgal*, Neetu Sharma
Scholar, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Ganga Institute of Technology and Management,
Kablana, Jhajjar, Haryana, India
Abstract
In figuring, Puppet is an exposed source conformation controlling usefulness. It runs on
many Unix-like schemes as well as on Microsoft Windows, and comprises its own declarative
language to designate system arrangement. Puppet is manufactured by Puppet Labs,
originated by Luke Kanies in 2005. It is inscribed in Ruby and unconfined as free software
under the GPL until version 2.7.0 and the Apache 2.0 license after that. It is a tool intended
to achieve the formation of Unix-like and Microsoft Windows systems declaratively. The user
designates scheme possessions and their state, either using Puppet's declarative language or
a Ruby DSL (domain-specific language). This info is stowed in files called "Puppet
manifests". Puppet learns the system info via a utility called Factor, and accumulates the
Puppet establishes into a system-particular catalog comprising resources and resource
dependence, which are practical in contradiction of the target systems. Any actions taken by
Puppet are then described. Puppet contains of a custom declarative language to define
system formation, which can be either practical straight on the system, or accumulated into a
catalog and dispersed to the target system via client–server paradigm (using a REST API),
and the agent uses system specific providers to enforce the resource specified in the
manifests. The reserve concept layer allows administrators to define the conformation in
high-level terms, such as users, services and packages without the need to specify OS specific
commands (such as rpm, yum, apt).Puppet is a tool designed to manage the configuration
of Unix-like and Microsoft Windows systems declaratively. This information is stored in files
called "Puppet manifests". Puppet discovers the system information via a utility called
Facter, and accumulates the Puppet demonstrates into a system-specific catalog comprising
resources and resource dependency, which are practical in contradiction of the target
systems. Any movements taken by Puppet are then stated.
INTRODUCTION
Description: Puppet contains of a custom
declarative linguistic to define scheme
conformation, which can be whichever
practical straight on the scheme, or
amassed into a catalog and dispersed to the
target system via client–server
paradigm (using a REST API), and the
agent usages system particular workers to
apply the reserve quantified in the
establishes. The resource abstraction layer
allows managers to define the
configuration in high-level terms, such as
users, services and correspondences
deprived of the essential to stipulate OS
specific instructions (such as rpm, yum,
apt).
In calculating, Puppet is an open-source
outline organization utility.
It turns on many Unix-like schemes as
well as on Microsoft Windows, and
comprises its own declarative linguistic to
designate classification formation.[1]
IJECE (2016) 47–54 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 47
International Journal of Electrical Communication Engineering Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
A New Topology for 7-Level Multilevel Inverter With Converting
Its Optimal Structure
Rajat Singh Kushwah, Praveen Bansal Department of Electrical Engineering, Madhav Institute of Technology and Science, Gwalior, India
Abstract
Multilevel inverter tools have emerged recently as a very imperative substitute in the area of
high power intermediate voltage energy control. This paper presents new topology of
multilevel inverter with reducing switches. This paper also presents the most pertinent
control and modulation methods residential for this family of converters multilevel sinusoidal
pulse width modulation, multilevel selective harmonic purging. Special consideration is keen
to different level of multilevel inverter so that total harmonic distortion (THD) might be
reduced. The need of an active have frontage on end at the input plane for those inverters
supplying regenerative loads is also discussed, and the circuit topology option are also
offered. Finally, the peripherally upward areas such as high voltage high power devices and
optical sensors and other opportunities for future development are addressed.
Keywords: multi-level inverter (MLIs), optimization and PWM techniques
INTRODUCTION
The concept of multilevel converters has
been set up since 1974. The term
multilevel commence with the three-level
converter. Later, several multilevel
converter topologies have been urbanized.
However, the basic concept of a multilevel
converter to achieve higher power is to use
a series of power semiconductor switches
with quite a few lower voltage dc sources
to perform the power exchange by
synthesizing a staircase voltage waveform.
The commutation of the power switches
collective these multiple dc sources in
order to attain high voltage at the output.
However, the rated voltage of the power
semiconductor switches depends only
upon the rating of the dc voltage sources to
which they are associated. MLI have
inward more and more concentration
because of their capability of high voltage
operation, high good organization and low
electromagnetic interference(EMI).[1–5]
The three types of multilevel converter
structures report in the creative writing are
cascaded H-bridge converter with separate
dc sources, diode clamped (neutral-
clamped), and flying capacitors (capacitor
clamped).[1]
Modulation techniques and
control paradigms have been urbanized for
multilevel converters such as Sinusoidal
pulse width modulation (SPWM), selective
harmonic elimination (SHE-PWM), space
vector modulation (SVM), and others.
Many, multilevel converter application
include industrial medium-voltage motor
drives, renewable energy systems with
utility interface, flexible Alternative
Current transmission system (FACTS),
and traction drive systems.[4]
The frequent
multilevel converter topologies are the
neutral-point-clamped converter (NPC),
flying capacitor converter (FC) and
Cascade H-Bridge (CHB) have residential
from last two decades. Multilevel inverters
IJACS (2016) 55–59 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 55
International Journal of Electrical Communication Engineering Vol. 2: Issue 1
www.journalspub.com
Prepaid Energy Meter With 8051 Microcontroller Using GSM
Santosh Agrahari, Rahul Jain*, Neha Patidar, Pooja Mahich, Surbhi Gupta
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Poornima University, Rajasthan, India
Abstract
This paper presents the Prepaid Energy Meter with 8051 Microcontroller using GSM for
prepaid billing of electricity used in house. Today in India, the present energy billing
system is manual which increases processing time and becomes labor consuming. The
manual billing system makes data reading and processing errors which may occur at
every stage of energy billing. The aim of this system is to minimize the errors by
introducing a new system of Prepaid Energy Metering using GSM. Also using this system,
it reduces the queue at the electricity billing counters and to restrict the usage of
electricity inevitably, if the bill is not paid. The GSM expertise is used so that the
consumer would get messages about the consumption of power (in watts) and if it touches
the minimum amount, it would automatically alert the consumer to recharge. The GSM
module affords a mode of communication among the user and service provider. So, the
user can recharge his/her electricity account from phone while sitting at home. The
implementation of this system will help in better energy management, conservation of
energy and automatic and authentic billing system. The automated billing system will keep
track of the real time consumption.
Keywords: energy meter, GSM, microcontroller, prepaid billing system, SMS
INTRODUCTION
This system works on prepaid energy
meter which is utilized for sensing the
energy automatically consumed at home.
GSM SIM 300 is the interface in this
system, which will make the interaction
between the user and the energy meter.[1]
This paper describes an approach of
transmitting the consumed electricity
data and bill using GSM modem.
Traditional meter reading is not fully
efficient and more time consuming for
meter readings and further processing to
generate bills as well as the user has to
pay bills in queue at the counter which is
very much time consuming as well as
inefficient.[2]
So, a system is required
which collects meter readings
automatically i.e. Automatic Meter
Reading (AMR) systems. Its application
lies in the household, commercial and
industries. In this proposed method, the
consumption of energy will be monitored
by the prepaid energy meter
automatically.[3]
It records those readings
continuously and transmits to the user
through the GSM network. The GSM
network sends a SMS (Short Messaging
System) for electricity used and amount
paid to the user.[4]
The service will be
quick, fast and in a no time costumer will
get the updated bill.
BACKGROUND
It is incompetent to have a collection of
meter readings, because to take the
readings, an onsite meter reader should
be there. This method becomes more
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